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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 64-65 \(internal citations and quotation marks omitted\).) Tj
12 -26.7 Td
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12 -26.2 Td
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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-28.56 -26 Td
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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3.73 Tw
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4.21 Tw
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(\() Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
(at 282, 284.) Tj
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12 -26 Td
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.88 Tw
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.15 Tw
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12 -26 Td
2.11 Tw
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1.4 Tw
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2.16 Tw
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2.66 Tw
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.01 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(to practice his common calling is merely incidental." 780 F.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Supp. 2d at 447. We agree. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.57 Tw
(Nothing in the language of the VFOIA prohibits Hurlbert) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.22 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.27 Tw
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1.67 Tw
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(Court's jurisprudence recognizes that burdens short of a) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Court of Va.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 822 F.2d 423, 427 \(4th Cir. 1987\), ) Tj
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(Friedman) Tj
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(, 487 U.S. 59. Unlike the provision in ) Tj
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(Friedman) Tj
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(,) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
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(Toomer) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(U.S. at 396. As such, we conclude the VFOIA does not impli-) Tj
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(cate Hurlbert's right to pursue a common calling under the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(not err in so holding. ) Tj
.9 -26 Td
(2.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Other Claimed Privileges and Immunities Clause Rights) Tj
11.1 -26 Td
2.41 Tw
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-12 -13.1 Td
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(tected right they enunciate as "equal access to information,") Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.43 Tw
(the Appellants rely on the Third Circuit's decision in ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(Minner) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 458 F.3d 194 \(3d Cir. 2006\). There, the Third Circuit) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
.41 Tw
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(records to Delaware citizens. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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2.72 Tw
("`essential activity' which `bear[s] upon the vitality of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.34 Tw
(Nation as a single entity.'" ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( at 200. The Appellants assert) Tj
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(that VFOIA similarly burdens their ability to obtain public) Tj
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(Virginia citizens." \(Opening Br. 23.\) ) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(reasons. First, as out-of-circuit authority, it is not binding on) Tj
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( "to engage in the political process with regard to matters) Tj
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
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( at) Tj
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(trast, the Appellants want access to information of ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(information that reaches far more broadly than even ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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(forth. For these reasons, we find Appellants' argument that) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
(Lee) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
('s rationale applies here unpersuasive.) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
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(To the extent Appellants urge us to adopt the position that) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
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0 -13.4 Td
.38 Tw
(information acts generally and grounded in "the First Amend-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.28 Tw
(ment's guarantees of free speech and free press," we are simi-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
6.16 Tw
(larly not persuaded. \() Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Opening Br. 25.\) While the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(Appellants may well be correct that access to public records) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.77 Tw
(is of "increasing importance . . . in the information age," that) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.03 Tw
(assertion misses the salient inquiry. \() Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Opening Br. 26 \(cita-) Tj
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(tion omitted\).\) ) Tj
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( v. Y) Tj
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(jurisprudence simply does not lead to the conclusion Appel-) Tj
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22 -26 Td
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(identification with a particular State. No one would) Tj
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(suggest that the Privileges and Immunities Clause) Tj
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(requires a State to open its polls to a person who) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(declines to assert that the State is the only one where) Tj
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(he claims a right to vote. The same is true as to qual-) Tj
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(a State always apply all its laws or all its services) Tj
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(equally to anyone, resident or nonresident, who may) Tj
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(this is a Nation composed of individual States, and) Tj
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(because they hinder the formation, the purpose, or) Tj
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(the development of a single Union of those States.) Tj
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(ties" bearing upon the vitality of the Nation as a sin-) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
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-22 -26 Td
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(436 U.S. at 383 \(internal citations omitted\). Access to a) Tj
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(state's records simply does not "bear[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.01 Tw
(] upon the vitality of the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(Nation as a single entity" such that VFOIA's citizen-only pro-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(vision implicates the Privileges and Immunities Clause. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf. ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
12 -26 Td
.25 Tw
(A sidebar to this argument is McBurney's assertion that the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.26 Tw
(VFOIA burdens his "ability to advocate for his interests and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.83 Tw
(the interests of others similarly situated." \(Opening Br. 26.\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.36 Tw
(McBurney claims on brief that the district court read his) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(uments regarding DCSE processing of child support cases) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. Y) Tj
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(permitted to "take part in an interstate dialogue regarding state) Tj
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(child support practices that directly affect his life and income,) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(as well as the life and income of others." \(Opening Br. 27.\)) Tj
12 -26 Td
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-12 -13 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
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(noting that without the information he sought, he cannot "par-) Tj
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(ticipate in Virginia's governmental and political processes,") Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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2.71 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
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(resolution, and cannot resolve the issues surrounding his child) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(support application." \(J.A. 15A-17A.\) McBurney did not pur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(port to be acting on behalf of others similarly situated, and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.62 Tw
(only contended that the VFOIA limited his ability to advance) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.21 Tw
(his ) Tj
(own) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( interests. McBurney never argued before the district) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
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(larly situated.") Tj
12 -26 Td
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-12 -13.1 Td
2.32 Tw
("to advocate for his interests," a right that has not directly) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(been recognized under the Privileges and Immunities Clause.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.85 Tw
(To the extent McBurney's argument encompasses a general) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.63 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.23 Tw
(reasons set forth previously. To the extent it overlaps with a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.06 Tw
(right to access to courts, that argument fails for the reasons set) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.66 Tw
(forth below. In addition, and contrary to McBurney's conten-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.45 Tw
(tion, the VFOIA's citizen's-only provision does not bar him) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.37 Tw
(from engaging in the political process, advocating his own) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.78 Tw
(interests, or advancing his political or legal arguments within) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(the Commonwealth. For all of these reasons, we also reject) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.21 Tw
(McBurney's argument that VFOIA impermissibly restricts his) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(ability to advocate his own and others' interests.) Tj
12 -26 Td
.38 Tw
(Appellants next contend that VFOIA implicates their "right) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
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1.1 Tw
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(URNEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. Y) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OUNG) Tj
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(legal papers in suits against Virginia public officials." \(Open-) Tj
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1.85 Tw
(ing Br. 28.\) However, what the Appellants invoke is some-) Tj
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2.08 Tw
(thing much different than any court access right previously) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
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(recognized under the Privileges and Immunities Clause.) Tj
12 -26.7 Td
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(The Supreme Court has long held that the Privileges and) Tj
-12 -13.5 Td
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(Immunities Clause protects the right of a citizen of one state) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
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(to access the courts of another state. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Canadian N. Railway Co.) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
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(v. Eggen) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 252 U.S. 553, 560 \(1920\) \(recognizing the "right of) Tj
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(a citizen of one state . . . to institute and maintain actions of) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(any kind in the courts of another"\) \(internal quotation marks) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.12 Tw
(and citation omitted\). Nothing in VFOIA directly or indirectly) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.67 Tw
(speaks to the Appellants' ability to file a proceeding in any) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
4.21 Tw
(court or otherwise enforce a legal right within Virginia.) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
0 Tw
(Access to courts has never been interpreted to mean that states) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.25 Tw
(must provide individuals with access to public records that) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(may or may not lead to discovery of a potential legal claim.) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.03 Tw
(We decline to do so here. The Privileges and Immunities) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.12 Tw
(Clause is not a mechanism for pre-lawsuit discovery, and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.34 Tw
(access to public records as part of the preparation for possible) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(litigation is not "sufficiently basic to the livelihood of the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.97 Tw
(Nation" so as to fall within the protection of the Privileges) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(and Immunities Clause. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf. ) Tj
(Friedman) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 487 U.S. at 65.) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
5.42 Tw
(Citing ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pruitt) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Appellants also assert that VFOIA) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(infringes on their "ability to pursue their economic interests) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(on equal footing with Virginia residents." \(Opening Br. 29.\)) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(But ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pruitt) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( is a common calling case and does not set forth) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.11 Tw
(some novel generic right to pursue "economic interests" under) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(the Privileges and Immunities Clause. 4 F.3d at 266. Appel-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(lants' arguments related to a right to pursue economic inter-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.03 Tw
(ests largely mirror the arguments they make with regard to) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(other rights for McBurney, the ability to access courts on) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(equal footing as Virginia citizens, and for Hurlbert, the right) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(to pursue a common calling. We find no support in the rele-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.87 Tw
(vant case law to identify a new right to pursue economic) Tj
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.79 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(URNEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. Y) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OUNG) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(Clause. Accordingly, this argument also fails.) Tj
12 -26 Td
2.12 Tw
(For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the district court) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.32 Tw
(did not err in concluding that the VFOIA does not infringe on) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.66 Tw
(any of the Appellants' fundamental rights or privileges pro-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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(tected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Accordingly,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
1.36 Tw
(of the Supreme Court's test for whether a provision violates) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(the Clause. Having failed to satisfy the first part of that test,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.82 Tw
(Appellants' claim that the VFOIA violates the Privileges and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Immunities Clause cannot succeed as a matter of law.) Tj
70.308 -26 Td
(B.) Tj
9 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Dormant Commerce Clause) Tj
-58.308 -26 Td
.75 Tw
(Hurlbert lastly contends the district court erred in conclud-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.47 Tw
(ing the citizens-only provision of VFOIA does not violate the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.05 Tw
(dormant Commerce Clause. Dormant Commerce Clause juris-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.86 Tw
(prudence arises as a "negative implication" of the Constitu-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.13 Tw
(tion's Commerce Clause, U.S. Const. art. I, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.13 Tw
(8, cl. 3, which) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.01 Tw
(empowers Congress "[t]o regulate Commerce . . . among the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.25 Tw
(several States." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Dep't of Revenue of Ky. v. Davis) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.48 Tw
(U.S. 328, 337 \(2008\) \(quoting U.S. Const. art. I, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.48 Tw
(8, cl. 3\).) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.02 Tw
(The dormant Commerce Clause restrains "the several States") Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.38 Tw
(by limiting "the power of the States to erect barriers against) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(interstate trade." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Dennis v. Higgins) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 498 U.S. 439, 446 \(1991\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(\(internal quotation marks omitted\). And it "is driven by con-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(cern about economic protectionismthat is, regulatory mea-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
5 Tw
(sures ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(designed) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( to benefit in-state economic interests by) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.34 Tw
(burdening out-of-state competitors." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Davis) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at 337-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(38 \(internal quotation marks omitted\) \(emphasis added\).) Tj
12 -26 Td
3.88 Tw
(There are two "tiers" in analyzing dormant Commerce) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
(Clause claims, depending on the type of burden at issue. The) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.37 Tw
(first tier applies "where a state law discriminates facially, in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(its practical effect, or in its purpose" against interstate com-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.06 Tw
(merce. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Envtl Tech. Council v. Sierra Club) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 98 F.3d 774, 785) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.26 Tw
(\(4th Cir. 1996\). Under such first tier review, "`discrimination') Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
156 -136.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(22) Tj
102.1999 0 Td
(M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(C) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(URNEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. Y) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OUNG) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.08 Tw
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0 -13 Td
2.2 Tw
(the latter." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.03 Tw
(Waste Mgmt. Auth.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 550 U.S. 330, 338 \(2007\). The principle) Tj
0 -13 Td
.45 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.67 Tw
(should not foreclose a producer in one State from access to) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.38 Tw
(markets in other States" and it prohibits states from "enact[-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.16 Tw
(ing] laws that burden out-of-state producers or shippers sim-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(ply to give a competitive advantage to in-state businesses.") Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.56 Tw
(Granholm v. Heald) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 544 U.S. 460, 472 \(2005\). "Unless dis-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(crimination is demonstrably justified by a factor unrelated to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.28 Tw
(economic protectionism, a `discriminatory law is virtually ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(per) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.24 Tw
(se) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( invalid.'" ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Brown v. Hovatter) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 561 F.3d 357, 363 \(4th Cir.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(2009\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Davis) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at 338\).) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.75 Tw
(The second tier of dormant Commerce Clause analysis is) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.58 Tw
(commonly called the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pike) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( test. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Pike v. Bruce Church,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.01 Tw
(Inc.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 397 U.S. 137 \(1970\). Used in the absence of "discrimina-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.85 Tw
(tion for the forbidden purpose," the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pike) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( analysis requires) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.24 Tw
(courts to consider "whether the state law[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.24 Tw
(] unjustifiably . . .) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.22 Tw
(burden[s] the interstate flow of articles of commerce." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Brown) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.33 Tw
(561 F.3d at 363 \(quotation marks and citation omitted\). In) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.44 Tw
(second tier analysis, the regulatory measure at issue is not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.44 Tw
(scrutinized as strictly as under the first method and "will be) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(upheld unless the burden imposed on [interstate] commerce is) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 363 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pike) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 397 U.S. at 142\).) Tj
12 -26 Td
.77 Tw
(Hurlbert asserts that the district court erred in applying the) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
3.18 Tw
(second tier analysis instead of first tier analysis, and that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.53 Tw
(under the first tier analysis, VFOIA violates the dormant) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.12 Tw
(Commerce Clause. Hurlbert contends VFOIA is per se uncon-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.33 Tw
(stitutional under first tier analysis because it facially discrimi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.4 Tw
(nates by "expressly guarantee[ing] access to public records) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.7 Tw
(only to Virginia citizens and authoriz[ing] the state to bar) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.31 Tw
(noncitizens." \(Opening Br. 38.\) At the very least, he asserts,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
(VFOIA discriminates in effect because it "den[ies] access to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3 Tw
(records to noncitizens who seek to use public records for) Tj
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445 -136.5 Td
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.79 Tw
(C) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(B) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(URNEY) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. Y) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(OUNG) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(commercial purposes while allowing unfettered access to in-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
2.68 Tw
(state requestors with similar economic interests." \(Opening) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Br. 38-39.\)) Tj
12 -26.3 Td
2.11 Tw
(Hurlbert's argument fails because it is not enough that a) Tj
-12 -13.3 Td
.06 Tw
(statute discriminates on the basis of citizenship for it to offend) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.78 Tw
(dormant Commerce Clause principles. Rather, the challenged) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
3.36 Tw
(statute must discriminate "against interstate commerce" or) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.98 Tw
("out-of-state economic interests." ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf. ) Tj
(United Haulers Ass'n) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(550 U.S. at 338.) Tj
4.9 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( Although the VFOIA discriminates against) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.01 Tw
(noncitizens of Virginia, it does not discriminate "against inter-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
3.61 Tw
(state commerce" or "out-of-state economic interests." The) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.02 Tw
(object of the VFOIA is to provide a mechanism for access and) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.66 Tw
(copying of public records to Virginia citizens to reflect that) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
.12 Tw
("[t]he affairs of government are not . . . conducted in an atmo-) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(sphere of secrecy . . . ." Va. Code Ann. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.1 Tw
(2.2-3700\(B\), para.) Tj
0 -13.3 Td
1.23 Tw
(1. The VFOIA is wholly silent as to commerce or economic) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.33 Tw
(interests, both in and out of Virginia. Therefore, the VFOIA) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.81 Tw
(does not facially, or in its effect, discriminate against inter-) Tj
0 -13.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(state commerce or out-of-state economic interests.) Tj
12 -26.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(Any effect on commerce is incidental and unrelated to the) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
-2 -26 Td
4.1 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(As we have previously noted, "[t]he clearest example of a state law that) Tj
-10 -11.2 Td
.83 Tw
(violates the Dormant Commerce Clause is one that ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(facially discriminates) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.11 Tw
(against interstate commerce, such as a protective tariff or customs duty) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.83 Tw
(Even a facially neutral state law, however, violates the Dormant Com-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.18 Tw
(merce Clause `) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(when its effect is to favor instate economic interests over) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.78 Tw
(out-of-state interests) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(.'" ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(DIRECTV, Inc. v. Tolson) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 513 F.3d 119, 122 \(4th) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.13 Tw
(Cir. 2008\) \(emphases added\); ) Tj
/F4 10 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc.) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.75 Tw
(v. Town of Harrison, Me.) Tj
/F2 10 Tf 100 Tz
(, 520 U.S. 564, 575-76 \(1997\) \("It is not neces-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(sary to look beyond the text of this statute to determine that it discrimi-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.58 Tw
(nates against interstate commerce. The Maine law expressly distinguishes) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.78 Tw
(between entities that serve a principally interstate clientele and those that) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.64 Tw
(primarily serve an intrastate market, singling out camps that serve mostly) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.7 Tw
(in-staters for beneficial tax treatment, and penalizing those camps that do) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.72 Tw
(a principally interstate business. As a practical matter, the statute encour-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.47 Tw
(ages affected entities to limit their out-of-state clientele, and penalizes the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.15 Tw
(principally nonresident customers of businesses catering to a primarily) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1 Tw
(interstate market."\). ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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(actual language of VFOIA or its citizens-only provision. As) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(we have previously observed:) Tj
22 -26 Td
.04 Tw
(The dormant Commerce Clause is implicated by bur-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.52 Tw
(dens placed ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(on the flow of interstate commerce) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.25 Tw
(flow of goods, materials, and other articles of com-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.3 Tw
(merce across state lines. And it is a trade barrier to) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.41 Tw
(the free flow of goods, materials, and other articles) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.91 Tw
(of commerce across state lines that violates the dor-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.9 Tw
(mant Commerce Clause. ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(The Clause does not pur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.49 Tw
(port to . . . protect the participants in intrastate or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.93 Tw
(interstate markets, nor the participants' chosen way) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(of doing business) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -26 Td
1.91 Tw
(Brown) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
(, 561 F.3d at 364 \(internal citations omitted\) \(second) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.6 Tw
(emphasis added\). Nothing in VFOIA burdens "the flow of) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.91 Tw
(interstate commerce." At most, it prevents Hurlbert from) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.38 Tw
(using his "chosen way of doing business," but it does not pre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.95 Tw
(vent him from engaging in business in the Commonwealth.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.73 Tw
(The VFOIA simply does not fall within the type of provision) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(to which the first tier test of analyzing dormant Commerce) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.47 Tw
(Clause claims applies. Hurlbert's argument that the district) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(court erred in applying the second tier, rather than first tier,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(analysis thus fails.) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.83 Tw
(Significantly, Hurlbert's opening brief does not challenge) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.7 Tw
(the district court's application of the second tier analysis. It) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.15 Tw
(only contends that the "district court erred by not applying) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
4 Tw
(rigorous scrutiny to VFOIA's citizens-only provision and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.85 Tw
(instead applying the ) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
(Pike) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
( balancing analysis reserved for) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.5 Tw
(evenhanded statutes." \(Opening Br. 40.\) Having rejected the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.53 Tw
(challenge Hurlbert makes to the district court's analysis, we) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.15 Tw
(need not go beyond it to consider how the court undertook the) Tj
/F4 12 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
1.75 Tw
(Pike) Tj
/F2 12 Tf 100 Tz
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/T1_1 11 Tf
1.1 Tw -240.684 138.6 Td
(26)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_1 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_1 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_1 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.53 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(actual language of VFOIA or its citizens-only provision. As)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13 TD
(we have previously observed:)Tj
0.04 Tw 22 -26 Td
(The dormant Commerce Clause is implicated by bur-)Tj
0.52 Tw T*
(dens placed )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
82.356 -60.4 Td
(on the flow of interstate commerce)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(\320the)Tj
1.25 Tw -60.356 -13 Td
(flow of goods, materials, and other articles of com-)Tj
1.3 Tw T*
(merce across state lines. And it is a trade barrier to)Tj
1.41 Tw T*
(the free flow of goods, materials, and other articles)Tj
0.91 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(of commerce across state lines that violates the dor-)Tj
1.9 Tw T*
(mant Commerce Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(The Clause does not pur-)Tj
1.49 Tw T*
(port to . . . protect the participants in intrastate or)Tj
0.93 Tw T*
(interstate markets, nor the participants' chosen way)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(of doing business)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(.)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.91 Tw -22 -26 Td
(Brown)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 561 F.3d at 364 \(internal citations omitted\) \(second)Tj
2.6 Tw T*
(emphasis added\). Nothing in VFOIA burdens "the flow of)Tj
3.91 Tw T*
(interstate commerce." At most, it prevents Hurlbert from)Tj
0.38 Tw T*
(using his "chosen way of doing business," but it does not pre-)Tj
1.95 Tw T*
(vent him from engaging in business in the Commonwealth.)Tj
0.73 Tw T*
(The VFOIA simply does not fall within the type of provision)Tj
2.03 Tw T*
(to which the first tier test of analyzing dormant Commerce)Tj
2.47 Tw T*
(Clause claims applies. Hurlbert's argument that the district)Tj
1.53 Tw T*
(court erred in applying the second tier, rather than first tier,)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(analysis thus fails.)Tj
1.83 Tw 12 -26 Td
(Significantly, Hurlbert's opening brief does not challenge)Tj
1.7 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(the district court's application of the second tier analysis. It)Tj
2.15 Tw T*
(only contends that the "district court erred by not applying)Tj
4 Tw T*
(rigorous scrutiny to VFOIA's citizens-only provision and)Tj
3.85 Tw T*
(instead applying the )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Pike)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( balancing analysis reserved for)Tj
1.5 Tw T*
(evenhanded statutes." \(Opening Br. 40.\) Having rejected the)Tj
1.53 Tw T*
(challenge Hurlbert makes to the district court's analysis, we)Tj
0.15 Tw T*
(need not go beyond it to consider how the court undertook the)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.75 Tw T*
(Pike)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( analysis because Hurlbert has waived any challenge to)Tj
1.28 Tw T*
(that component of the district court's analysis by not raising)Tj
0.9 Tw T*
(it in his opening brief. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(See)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( Fed. R. App. P. 28\(a\)\(9\)\(A\) \(stat-)Tj
0.67 Tw T*
(ing that an appellant's opening brief must contain the "appel-)Tj
0.31 Tw T*
(lant's contentions and the reasons for them"\); )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(IGEN Int'l, Inc.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 289 504 Td
(25)Tj
-186.8 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.28 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(commercial purposes while allowing unfettered access to in-)Tj
2.68 Tw 0 -13.3 TD
(state requestors with similar economic interests." \(Opening)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(Br. 38-39.\))Tj
2.11 Tw 12 -26.3 Td
(Hurlbert's argument fails because it is not enough that a)Tj
0.06 Tw -12 -13.3 Td
(statute discriminates on the basis of citizenship for it to offend)Tj
0.78 Tw T*
(dormant Commerce Clause principles. Rather, the challenged)Tj
3.36 Tw T*
(statute must discriminate "against interstate commerce" or)Tj
1.98 Tw T*
("out-of-state economic interests." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
169.704 -114.5 Td
(Cf. United Haulers Ass'n)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
1.12 Tw -169.704 -13.3 Td
(550 U.S. at 338.)Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
4.9 Ts (4)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
0 Ts ( Although the VFOIA discriminates against)Tj
0.01 Tw T*
(noncitizens of Virginia, it does not discriminate "against inter-)Tj
3.61 Tw T*
(state commerce" or "out-of-state economic interests." The)Tj
0.02 Tw T*
(object of the VFOIA is to provide a mechanism for access and)Tj
1.66 Tw T*
(copying of public records to Virginia citizens to reflect that)Tj
0.12 Tw T*
("[t]he affairs of government are not . . . conducted in an atmo-)Tj
1.1 Tw T*
(sphere of secrecy . . . ." Va. Code Ann. \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.1 Tw (2.2-3700\(B\), para.)Tj
1.23 Tw T*
(1. The VFOIA is wholly silent as to commerce or economic)Tj
1.33 Tw 0 -13.2 TD
(interests, both in and out of Virginia. Therefore, the VFOIA)Tj
1.81 Tw T*
(does not facially, or in its effect, discriminate against inter-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(state commerce or out-of-state economic interests.)Tj
1.07 Tw 12 -26.3 Td
(Any effect on commerce is incidental and unrelated to the)Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
0 Tw 4.1 Ts -2 -26 Td
(4)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
0 Ts (As we have previously noted, "[t]he clearest example of a state law that\
)Tj
0.83 Tw -10 -11.2 Td
(violates the Dormant Commerce Clause is one that )Tj
/T1_1 10 Tf
(facially discriminates)Tj
1.11 Tw 0 -11.2 TD
(against interstate commerce, such as a protective tariff or customs duty\
)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
(.)Tj
1.83 Tw T*
(Even a facially neutral state law, however, violates the Dormant Com-)Tj
1.18 Tw T*
(merce Clause `)Tj
/T1_1 10 Tf
(when its effect is to favor instate economic interests over)Tj
0.78 Tw T*
(out-of-state interests)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
(.'" )Tj
/T1_1 10 Tf
(DIRECTV, Inc. v. Tolson)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
(, 513 F.3d 119, 122 \(4th)Tj
1.13 Tw T*
(Cir. 2008\) \(emphases added\); )Tj
/T1_1 10 Tf
(see also Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc.)Tj
0.75 Tw T*
(v. Town of Harrison, Me.)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
(, 520 U.S. 564, 575-76 \(1997\) \("It is not neces-)Tj
1.16 Tw T*
(sary to look beyond the text of this statute to determine that it discri\
mi-)Tj
0.58 Tw T*
(nates against interstate commerce. The Maine law expressly distinguishes\
)Tj
0.78 Tw T*
(between entities that serve a principally interstate clientele and those\
that)Tj
0.64 Tw T*
(primarily serve an intrastate market, singling out camps that serve most\
ly)Tj
0.7 Tw T*
(in-staters for beneficial tax treatment, and penalizing those camps that\
do)Tj
0.72 Tw T*
(a principally interstate business. As a practical matter, the statute en\
cour-)Tj
0.47 Tw T*
(ages affected entities to limit their out-of-state clientele, and penali\
zes the)Tj
2.15 Tw T*
(principally nonresident customers of businesses catering to a primarily)Tj
1 Tw T*
(interstate market."\). )Tj
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300 0 l
h
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Q
Q
BT
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 156 655.5 Td
(24)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
ET
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1 0 0 1 0 792 cm
0.5 w
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
3 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(simply means differential treatment of in-state and out-of-)Tj
1.08 Tw 0 -13 TD
(state economic interests that benefits the former and burdens)Tj
2.2 Tw T*
(the latter." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
57.62 -34.4 Td
(United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid)Tj
1.03 Tw -57.62 -13 Td
(Waste Mgmt. Auth.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 550 U.S. 330, 338 \(2007\). The principle)Tj
0.45 Tw T*
(is grounded in the belief that "[t]he mere fact of nonresidence)Tj
1.67 Tw T*
(should not foreclose a producer in one State from access to)Tj
1.38 Tw T*
(markets in other States" and it prohibits states from "enact[-)Tj
1.16 Tw T*
(ing] laws that burden out-of-state producers or shippers sim-)Tj
2.1 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(ply to give a competitive advantage to in-state businesses.")Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.56 Tw T*
(Granholm v. Heald)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 544 U.S. 460, 472 \(2005\). "Unless dis-)Tj
1.08 Tw T*
(crimination is demonstrably justified by a factor unrelated to)Tj
0.28 Tw T*
(economic protectionism, a `discriminatory law is virtually )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(per)Tj
1.24 Tw T*
(se)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( invalid.'" )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Brown v. Hovatter)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 561 F.3d 357, 363 \(4th Cir.)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(2009\) \(quoting )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Davis)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 553 U.S. at 338\).)Tj
1.75 Tw 12 -26 Td
(The second tier of dormant Commerce Clause analysis is)Tj
2.58 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(commonly called the )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Pike)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( test. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(See Pike v. Bruce Church,)Tj
0.01 Tw T*
(Inc.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 397 U.S. 137 \(1970\). Used in the absence of "discrimina-)Tj
2.85 Tw T*
(tion for the forbidden purpose," the )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Pike)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( analysis requires)Tj
1.24 Tw T*
(courts to consider "whether the state law[)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.24 Tw (] unjustifiably . . .)Tj
0.22 Tw T*
(burden[s] the interstate flow of articles of commerce." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Brown)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
2.33 Tw T*
(561 F.3d at 363 \(quotation marks and citation omitted\). In)Tj
2.44 Tw T*
(second tier analysis, the regulatory measure at issue is not)Tj
1.44 Tw T*
(scrutinized as strictly as under the first method and "will be)Tj
0.33 Tw T*
(upheld unless the burden imposed on [interstate] commerce is)Tj
0.37 Tw T*
(clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.2 Tw T*
(at 363 \(quoting )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Pike)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 397 U.S. at 142\).)Tj
0.77 Tw 12 -26 Td
(Hurlbert asserts that the district court erred in applying the)Tj
3.18 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(second tier analysis instead of first tier analysis, and that)Tj
3.53 Tw T*
(under the first tier analysis, VFOIA violates the dormant)Tj
0.12 Tw T*
(Commerce Clause. Hurlbert contends VFOIA is per se uncon-)Tj
0.33 Tw T*
(stitutional under first tier analysis because it facially discrimi-)Tj
2.4 Tw T*
(nates by "expressly guarantee[ing] access to public records)Tj
2.7 Tw T*
(only to Virginia citizens and authoriz[ing] the state to bar)Tj
1.31 Tw T*
(noncitizens." \(Opening Br. 38.\) At the very least, he asserts,)Tj
T*
(VFOIA discriminates in effect because it "den[ies] access to)Tj
3 Tw T*
(records to noncitizens who seek to use public records for)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 289 504 Td
(23)Tj
-186.8 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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0.5 w
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300 0 l
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
2.32 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(interests within the ambit of the Privileges and Immunities)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13 TD
(Clause. Accordingly, this argument also fails.)Tj
2.12 Tw 12 -26 Td
(For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the district court)Tj
0.32 Tw -12 -13 Td
(did not err in concluding that the VFOIA does not infringe on)Tj
1.66 Tw T*
(any of the Appellants' fundamental rights or privileges pro-)Tj
0.71 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(tected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Accordingly,)Tj
T*
(we need not address the parties' arguments regarding the rest)Tj
1.36 Tw T*
(of the Supreme Court's test for whether a provision violates)Tj
1.18 Tw T*
(the Clause. Having failed to satisfy the first part of that test,)Tj
0.82 Tw T*
(Appellants' claim that the VFOIA violates the Privileges and)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(Immunities Clause cannot succeed as a matter of law.)Tj
70.308 -26 Td
(B.)Tj
9 Tw 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
81.312 -178 Td
( )Tj
1.2 Tw (Dormant Commerce Clause)Tj
0.75 Tw -69.312 -26 Td
(Hurlbert lastly contends the district court erred in conclud-)Tj
0.47 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(ing the citizens-only provision of VFOIA does not violate the)Tj
0.05 Tw T*
(dormant Commerce Clause. Dormant Commerce Clause juris-)Tj
1.86 Tw T*
(prudence arises as a "negative implication" of the Constitu-)Tj
1.13 Tw T*
(tion's Commerce Clause, U.S. Const. art. I, \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.13 Tw (8, cl. 3, which)Tj
1.01 Tw T*
(empowers Congress "[t]o regulate Commerce . . . among the)Tj
2.25 Tw T*
(several States." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(See Dep't of Revenue of Ky. v. Davis)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 553)Tj
1.48 Tw T*
(U.S. 328, 337 \(2008\) \(quoting U.S. Const. art. I, \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.48 Tw (8, cl. 3\).)Tj
1.02 Tw T*
(The dormant Commerce Clause restrains "the several States")Tj
1.38 Tw T*
(by limiting "the power of the States to erect barriers against)Tj
0.37 Tw T*
(interstate trade." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Dennis v. Higgins)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 498 U.S. 439, 446 \(1991\))Tj
1.07 Tw T*
(\(internal quotation marks omitted\). And it "is driven by con-)Tj
1.28 Tw T*
(cern about economic protectionism\320that is, regulatory mea-)Tj
5 Tw T*
(sures )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(designed)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( to benefit in-state economic interests by)Tj
1.34 Tw T*
(burdening out-of-state competitors." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Davis)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 553 U.S. at 337-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(38 \(internal quotation marks omitted\) \(emphasis added\).)Tj
3.88 Tw 12 -26 Td
(There are two "tiers" in analyzing dormant Commerce)Tj
0.8 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(Clause claims, depending on the type of burden at issue. The)Tj
1.37 Tw T*
(first tier applies "where a state law discriminates facially, in)Tj
1.53 Tw T*
(its practical effect, or in its purpose" against interstate com-)Tj
1.06 Tw T*
(merce. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Envtl Tech. Council v. Sierra Club)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 98 F.3d 774, 785)Tj
0.26 Tw T*
(\(4th Cir. 1996\). Under such first tier review, "`discrimination')Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 0 504 TD
(22)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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0.5 w
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300 0 l
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.04 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(access to public records needed to prepare and file meaningful)Tj
0.6 Tw 0 -13.5 TD
(legal papers in suits against Virginia public officials." \(Open-)Tj
1.85 Tw T*
(ing Br. 28.\) However, what the Appellants invoke is some-)Tj
2.08 Tw T*
(thing much different than any court access right previously)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(recognized under the Privileges and Immunities Clause.)Tj
1.81 Tw 12 -26.7 Td
(The Supreme Court has long held that the Privileges and)Tj
1.07 Tw -12 -13.5 Td
(Immunities Clause protects the right of a citizen of one state)Tj
0.03 Tw T*
(to access the courts of another state. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
176.166 -116.1 Td
(Canadian N. Railway Co.)Tj
0.48 Tw -176.166 -13.5 Td
(v. Eggen)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 252 U.S. 553, 560 \(1920\) \(recognizing the "right of)Tj
1.07 Tw T*
(a citizen of one state . . . to institute and maintain actions of)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(any kind in the courts of another"\) \(internal quotation marks)Tj
0.12 Tw T*
(and citation omitted\). Nothing in VFOIA directly or indirectly)Tj
1.67 Tw T*
(speaks to the Appellants' ability to file a proceeding in any)Tj
4.21 Tw T*
(court or otherwise enforce a legal right within Virginia.)Tj
0 Tw T*
(Access to courts has never been interpreted to mean that states)Tj
2.25 Tw T*
(must provide individuals with access to public records that)Tj
1.27 Tw T*
(may or may not lead to discovery of a potential legal claim.)Tj
3.03 Tw 0 -13.4 TD
(We decline to do so here. The Privileges and Immunities)Tj
3.12 Tw T*
(Clause is not a mechanism for pre-lawsuit discovery, and)Tj
0.34 Tw T*
(access to public records as part of the preparation for possible)Tj
2.74 Tw T*
(litigation is not "sufficiently basic to the livelihood of the)Tj
1.97 Tw T*
(Nation" so as to fall within the protection of the Privileges)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(and Immunities Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Cf. Friedman)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 487 U.S. at 65.)Tj
5.42 Tw 12 -26.6 Td
(Citing )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Pruitt)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, the Appellants also assert that VFOIA)Tj
1.72 Tw -12 -13.4 Td
(infringes on their "ability to pursue their economic interests)Tj
1.51 Tw T*
(on equal footing with Virginia residents." \(Opening Br. 29.\))Tj
1.96 Tw T*
(But )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Pruitt)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( is a common calling case and does not set forth)Tj
0.11 Tw T*
(some novel generic right to pursue "economic interests" under)Tj
1.33 Tw T*
(the Privileges and Immunities Clause. 4 F.3d at 266. Appel-)Tj
1.36 Tw T*
(lants' arguments related to a right to pursue economic inter-)Tj
2.03 Tw T*
(ests largely mirror the arguments they make with regard to)Tj
1.1 Tw T*
(other rights \320 for McBurney, the ability to access courts on)Tj
1.14 Tw T*
(equal footing as Virginia citizens, and for Hurlbert, the right)Tj
1.15 Tw T*
(to pursue a common calling. We find no support in the rele-)Tj
2.87 Tw T*
(vant case law to identify a new right to pursue economic)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 289 504 Td
(21)Tj
-186.8 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.89 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(generally, and not just as related to his own case, he was not)Tj
0.01 Tw 0 -13 TD
(permitted to "take part in an interstate dialogue regarding state)Tj
0.3 Tw T*
(child support practices that directly affect his life and income,)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(as well as the life and income of others." \(Opening Br. 27.\))Tj
3.05 Tw 12 -26 Td
(However, McBurney's complaint belies his assertion on)Tj
1.3 Tw -12 -13 Td
(appeal that he was attempting to advance an interest beyond)Tj
0.63 Tw T*
(his personal one. In the complaint, McBurney only asserted a)Tj
2.12 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(Privileges and Immunities Clause claim on his own behalf,)Tj
0.26 Tw T*
(noting that without the information he sought, he cannot "par-)Tj
2.01 Tw T*
(ticipate in Virginia's governmental and political processes,")Tj
0.1 Tw T*
("cannot advocate effectively on his own behalf, cannot invoke)Tj
2.71 Tw T*
(any of Virginia's dispute resolution procedures for dispute)Tj
0.2 Tw T*
(resolution, and cannot resolve the issues surrounding his child)Tj
0.58 Tw T*
(support application." \(J.A. 15A-17A.\) McBurney did not pur-)Tj
1.9 Tw T*
(port to be acting on behalf of others similarly situated, and)Tj
0.62 Tw T*
(only contended that the VFOIA limited his ability to advance)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.21 Tw T*
(his )Tj
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
18.214 -230.4 Td
(own)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( interests. McBurney never argued before the district)Tj
1.58 Tw -18.214 -13.1 Td
(court that he sought to advance the interests of those "simi-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(larly situated.")Tj
0.63 Tw 12 -26 Td
(McBurney's argument rests then on the assertion of a right)Tj
2.32 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
("to advocate for his interests," a right that has not directly)Tj
0.85 Tw T*
(been recognized under the Privileges and Immunities Clause.)Tj
1.85 Tw T*
(To the extent McBurney's argument encompasses a general)Tj
1.63 Tw T*
(right of access to public records, that argument fails for the)Tj
1.23 Tw T*
(reasons set forth previously. To the extent it overlaps with a)Tj
0.06 Tw T*
(right to access to courts, that argument fails for the reasons set)Tj
0.66 Tw T*
(forth below. In addition, and contrary to McBurney's conten-)Tj
1.45 Tw T*
(tion, the VFOIA's citizen's-only provision does not bar him)Tj
2.37 Tw T*
(from engaging in the political process, advocating his own)Tj
0.78 Tw T*
(interests, or advancing his political or legal arguments within)Tj
1.81 Tw T*
(the Commonwealth. For all of these reasons, we also reject)Tj
0.21 Tw T*
(McBurney's argument that VFOIA impermissibly restricts his)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(ability to advocate his own and others' interests.)Tj
0.38 Tw 12 -26 Td
(Appellants next contend that VFOIA implicates their "right)Tj
0.11 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(of equal access to courts" because "VFOIA denies noncitizens)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 0 504 TD
(20)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
ET
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
3.33 Tw 168 635.1 Td
(The Supreme Court's Privileges and Immunities Clause)Tj
1.41 Tw -12 -13 Td
(jurisprudence simply does not lead to the conclusion Appel-)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13 TD
(lants advance. As the Supreme Court in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
201.708 -34.4 Td
(Baldwin)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( observed:)Tj
0.3 Tw -179.708 -26 Td
(It has not been suggested . . . that state citizenship or)Tj
2.33 Tw T*
(residency may never be used by a State to distin-)Tj
0.71 Tw T*
(guish among persons. Suffrage, for example, always)Tj
2.91 Tw T*
(has been understood to be tied to an individual's)Tj
1.32 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(identification with a particular State. No one would)Tj
2.76 Tw T*
(suggest that the Privileges and Immunities Clause)Tj
2.33 Tw T*
(requires a State to open its polls to a person who)Tj
0.27 Tw T*
(declines to assert that the State is the only one where)Tj
0.19 Tw T*
(he claims a right to vote. The same is true as to qual-)Tj
0.52 Tw T*
(ification for an elective office of the State. Nor must)Tj
1.93 Tw T*
(a State always apply all its laws or all its services)Tj
0.61 Tw T*
(equally to anyone, resident or nonresident, who may)Tj
1.45 Tw T*
(request it to do so. Some distinctions between resi-)Tj
2.42 Tw T*
(dents and nonresidents merely reflect the fact that)Tj
1.53 Tw T*
(this is a Nation composed of individual States, and)Tj
6.6 Tw T*
(are permitted; other distinctions are prohibited)Tj
2.14 Tw T*
(because they hinder the formation, the purpose, or)Tj
1.78 Tw T*
(the development of a single Union of those States.)Tj
0.04 Tw T*
(Only with respect to those "privileges" and "immuni-)Tj
0.51 Tw T*
(ties" bearing upon the vitality of the Nation as a sin-)Tj
2.12 Tw T*
(gle entity must the State treat all citizens, resident)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(and nonresident, equally.)Tj
3.7 Tw -22 -26 Td
(436 U.S. at 383 \(internal citations omitted\). Access to a)Tj
0.01 Tw T*
(state's records simply does not "bear[)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
0.01 Tw (] upon the vitality of the)Tj
0.15 Tw T*
(Nation as a single entity" such that VFOIA's citizen-only pro-)Tj
0.03 Tw T*
(vision implicates the Privileges and Immunities Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Cf. id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.25 Tw 12 -26 Td
(A sidebar to this argument is McBurney's assertion that the)Tj
1.26 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(VFOIA burdens his "ability to advocate for his interests and)Tj
1.83 Tw T*
(the interests of others similarly situated." \(Opening Br. 26.\))Tj
3.36 Tw T*
(McBurney claims on brief that the district court read his)Tj
0.55 Tw T*
(VFOIA request too narrowly and that because he sought doc-)Tj
3 Tw T*
(uments regarding DCSE processing of child support cases)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 289 504 Td
(19)Tj
-186.8 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
ET
q
1 0 0 1 0 792 cm
0.5 w
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.31 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(records and "advocate for their interests on equal footing with)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13.5 TD
(Virginia citizens." \(Opening Br. 23.\) )Tj
2.03 Tw 12 -26.7 Td
(Appellants' reliance on )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
133.062 -48.6 Td
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( is misplaced for at least two)Tj
1.11 Tw -133.062 -13.5 Td
(reasons. First, as out-of-circuit authority, it is not binding on)Tj
1.84 Tw T*
(this Court. Although the Third Circuit traced its analysis to)Tj
3.88 Tw T*
(general principles from Privileges and Immunities Clause)Tj
0.88 Tw T*
(jurisprudence, the specific right that )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( identified is not one)Tj
2.62 Tw T*
(previously recognized by the Supreme Court, or any other)Tj
2.23 Tw T*
(court, as an activity within the scope of the Privileges and)Tj
2.58 Tw T*
(Immunities Clause. Second, even were we to follow )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
('s)Tj
0.45 Tw T*
(rationale, that case is materially distinguishable from the situ-)Tj
0.81 Tw T*
(ation presented by the Appellants. The right identified in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.38 Tw T*
(\320 "to engage in the political process with regard to matters)Tj
2.47 Tw T*
(of both national political and economic importance," )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at)Tj
0.66 Tw T*
(199 \320 is not the same right the Appellants advance. By con-)Tj
1.71 Tw T*
(trast, the Appellants want access to information of )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(personal)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
3.16 Tw T*
(import rather than information to advance the interests of)Tj
1.25 Tw 0 -13.4 TD
(other citizens or the nation as a whole, or that is of political)Tj
1.68 Tw T*
(or economic importance. Thus, the "right" the Third Circuit)Tj
0.03 Tw T*
(identified in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, and the basis for concluding it implicates the)Tj
0.95 Tw T*
(Privileges and Immunities Clause, does not apply to the case)Tj
2.74 Tw T*
(at bar. The Appellants assert a generalized right to access)Tj
1.52 Tw T*
(information that reaches far more broadly than even )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( set)Tj
2.08 Tw T*
(forth. For these reasons, we find Appellants' argument that)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.2 Tw T*
(Lee)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
('s rationale applies here unpersuasive.)Tj
0.93 Tw 12 -26.6 Td
(To the extent Appellants urge us to adopt the position that)Tj
2.43 Tw -12 -13.4 Td
(there is a "broad right of access to information" stemming)Tj
0.66 Tw T*
(from the policy of open government undergirding freedom of)Tj
0.38 Tw T*
(information acts generally and grounded in "the First Amend-)Tj
0.28 Tw T*
(ment's guarantees of free speech and free press," we are simi-)Tj
6.16 Tw T*
(larly not persuaded. \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Cf.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( Opening Br. 25.\) While the)Tj
1.3 Tw T*
(Appellants may well be correct that access to public records)Tj
0.77 Tw T*
(is of "increasing importance . . . in the information age," that)Tj
0.03 Tw T*
(assertion misses the salient inquiry. \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(See)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( Opening Br. 26 \(cita-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(tion omitted\).\) )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 0 504 TD
(18)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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1 0 0 1 0 792 cm
0.5 w
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300 0 l
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116 0 obj
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.18 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(cumstance never recognized by the Supreme Court in its Priv-)Tj
1.96 Tw 0 -13 TD
(ileges and Immunities Clause case law. While the Supreme)Tj
4.42 Tw T*
(Court's jurisprudence recognizes that burdens short of a)Tj
0.02 Tw T*
("wholesale restriction[)Tj
0 Tw 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
108.56 -47.4 Td
( )Tj
0.02 Tw (]" fall within the right to pursue a com-)Tj
0.36 Tw -108.56 -13 Td
(mon calling, no case has ever struck down a statute or regula-)Tj
1.95 Tw T*
(tion with such an indirect and tangential relationship to the)Tj
2.04 Tw T*
(practice of a trade or profession. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(See Friedman v. Supreme)Tj
2.62 Tw T*
(Court of Va.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 822 F.2d 423, 427 \(4th Cir. 1987\), )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(aff'd by)Tj
2.37 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(Friedman)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 487 U.S. 59. Unlike the provision in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Friedman)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
1.91 Tw T*
(which restricted the method by which a noncitizen attorney)Tj
1.57 Tw T*
(could enter into the practice of law in the state, the VFOIA)Tj
2.47 Tw T*
(simply does not regulate Hurlbert's ability to enter into or)Tj
4.17 Tw T*
(pursue his trade or profession in Virginia. At most, the)Tj
1.44 Tw T*
(VFOIA limits one method by which Hurlbert may carry out)Tj
1.55 Tw T*
(his business and thus has an "incidental effect" on his com-)Tj
1.5 Tw T*
(mon calling in Virginia. But the ease or method of carrying)Tj
1.47 Tw T*
(out one's work within a state is several steps removed from)Tj
2.64 Tw T*
(the right to work within the state on "terms of substantial)Tj
1.78 Tw T*
(equality" as residents in the first instance. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(See Toomer)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 334)Tj
0.2 Tw T*
(U.S. at 396. As such, we conclude the VFOIA does not impli-)Tj
2.03 Tw T*
(cate Hurlbert's right to pursue a common calling under the)Tj
2.25 Tw T*
(Privileges and Immunities Clause and the district court did)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(not err in so holding. )Tj
0.9 -26 Td
(2.)Tj
9 Tw ( )Tj
1.2 Tw (Other Claimed Privileges and Immunities Clause Rights)Tj
2.41 Tw 11.1 -26 Td
(To support their contention that VFOIA infringes a pro-)Tj
1.57 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(tected right they enunciate as "equal access to information,")Tj
1.43 Tw T*
(the Appellants rely on the Third Circuit's decision in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lee v.)Tj
0.3 Tw T*
(Minner)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 458 F.3d 194 \(3d Cir. 2006\). There, the Third Circuit)Tj
0.25 Tw T*
(held that Delaware's Freedom of Information Act violated the)Tj
0.41 Tw T*
(Privileges and Immunities Clause by limiting access to public)Tj
0.82 Tw T*
(records to Delaware citizens. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 195. The court concluded)Tj
2.78 Tw T*
(that "[e]ffective advocacy and participation in the political)Tj
2.41 Tw T*
(process" requires "access to public records" and thus is an)Tj
2.72 Tw T*
("`essential activity' which `bear[s] upon the vitality of the)Tj
1.34 Tw T*
(Nation as a single entity.'" )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 200. The Appellants assert)Tj
2.32 Tw T*
(that VFOIA similarly burdens their ability to obtain public)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 289 504 Td
(17)Tj
-186.8 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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0.5 w
q 1 0 0 1 156 -140.25 cm
0 0 m
300 0 l
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Q
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117 0 obj
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.18 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(within Virginia. It does not act as a wholesale barrier to enter-)Tj
2 Tw 0 -13 TD
(ing a business, nor does it establish a license, fee, or other)Tj
1.46 Tw T*
(burden to nonresidents entering or engaging in a profession.)Tj
0.63 Tw T*
(On its face, it is clear the VFOIA addresses no business, pro-)Tj
2.28 Tw T*
(fession, or trade. Simply put, there is something inherently)Tj
1.58 Tw T*
(and qualitatively different about the VFOIA as compared to)Tj
0.53 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(any of the provisions considered by the Supreme Court in the)Tj
2.82 Tw T*
(context of the Privileges and Immunities Clause's right to)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(pursue a common calling.)Tj
2.62 Tw 12 -26 Td
(Indeed, no Supreme Court case or precedent within this)Tj
2 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(Circuit has ever held that a statute whose purpose and lan-)Tj
3.46 Tw T*
(guage is unrelated to engaging in a particular profession,)Tj
0.96 Tw T*
(trade, or livelihood implicates the right to pursue one's com-)Tj
2.57 Tw T*
(mon calling for purposes of the Privileges and Immunities)Tj
4.1 Tw T*
(Clause. Hurlbert nonetheless contends that because he is)Tj
1.27 Tw T*
(unable to file VFOIA requests on behalf of his clients while)Tj
1.18 Tw T*
(Virginia residents could do so for their clients, the VFOIA's)Tj
1.26 Tw T*
(citizens-only provision implicates nonresidents' \(and specifi-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(cally his own\) right to pursue a common calling. At bottom,)Tj
0.41 Tw T*
(Hurlbert argues that even if the multiple thousands of VFOIA)Tj
0.88 Tw T*
(requests annually are unrelated to a common calling, the sin-)Tj
0.15 Tw T*
(gle instance of a tangential effect on him is sufficient to inval-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(idate the VFOIA's citizens-only provision. We disagree.)Tj
2.11 Tw 12 -26 Td
(While it may be true that VFOIA coincidentally limits a)Tj
1.4 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(method by which Hurlbert conducts some of his business, it)Tj
2.16 Tw T*
(does not follow that the VFOIA impermissibly burdens his)Tj
2.66 Tw T*
(ability to pursue his common calling within the Common-)Tj
0.81 Tw T*
(wealth in a Privileges and Immunities Clause context. As the)Tj
0.01 Tw T*
(district court found, "[t]he statute's effect on Hurlbert's ability)Tj
1.41 Tw T*
(to practice his common calling is merely incidental." 780 F.)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(Supp. 2d at 447. We agree. )Tj
1.57 Tw 12 -26 Td
(Nothing in the language of the VFOIA prohibits Hurlbert)Tj
0.22 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(from pursuing his profession in Virginia, or regulates his abil-)Tj
1.27 Tw T*
(ity as a noncitizen to enter or engage in business there. Any)Tj
1.67 Tw T*
(effect on Hurlbert by the VFOIA is by happenstance; a cir-)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 0 504 TD
(16)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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1 0 0 1 0 792 cm
0.5 w
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118 0 obj
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BT
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.04 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(lar profession \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
74.728 -8.4 Td
(Toomer)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 334 U.S. 385\); requiring nonresident)Tj
1.08 Tw -74.728 -13 Td
(commercial fisherman to pay ten times more for commercial)Tj
0.16 Tw 0 -13 TD
(fishing licenses \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Mullaney v. Anderson)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 342 U.S. 415 \(1952\)\);)Tj
0.81 Tw T*
(resident-based hiring preferences for employment in the field)Tj
0.87 Tw T*
(of oil and gas development \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Hicklin v. Orbeck)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 437 U.S. 518)Tj
0.62 Tw T*
(\(1978\)\); limiting admission to the practice of law to residents)Tj
2.43 Tw T*
(\()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Piper)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 470 U.S. 274\); local rule limiting admission to the)Tj
0.87 Tw T*
(practice of law within a federal district court bar to individu-)Tj
1.25 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(als who lived in or maintained an office in the state, even if)Tj
4.28 Tw T*
(nonresidents could be admitted pro hac vice \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Frazier v.)Tj
3.7 Tw T*
(Heebe)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 482 U.S. 641 \(1987\)\); and limiting admission by)Tj
0.1 Tw T*
(motion to the practice of law to residents, even if nonresidents)Tj
1.5 Tw T*
(could be admitted by examination \()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Friedman)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 487 U.S. 59\).)Tj
2.53 Tw T*
(Similarly, in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Tangier Sound Waterman's Ass'n v. Pruitt)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 4)Tj
0.88 Tw T*
(F.3d 264 \(4th Cir. 1993\), we held that a Virginia statute "tri-)Tj
3.94 Tw T*
(pling the nonresident commercial fisherman's harverster's)Tj
1.1 Tw T*
(license fee" "effects a restriction" on the "right to earn a liv-)Tj
1.82 Tw T*
(ing." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 265, 266. And in )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(O'Reilly v. Board of Appeals)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
1.45 Tw T*
(942 F.2d 281 \(4th Cir. 1991\), we held that the county's use)Tj
2.08 Tw T*
(of residency as a determining factor in awarding Passenger)Tj
3.9 Tw T*
(Vehicle Licenses, which were required for individuals to)Tj
3.14 Tw T*
(operate taxi services within the county, burdened nonresi-)Tj
1.07 Tw T*
(dents' rights under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.2 Tw T*
(at 282, 284.)Tj
0.58 Tw 12 -26 Td
(In each instance cited above, the provision at issue directly)Tj
1.75 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(prohibited, restricted, or otherwise regulated the ability of a)Tj
1.3 Tw T*
(nonresident to engage in a certain profession or trade within)Tj
2.95 Tw T*
(the state. Each such regulatory enactment was specifically)Tj
1.67 Tw T*
(directed at a commercial activity and differentiated between)Tj
2.63 Tw T*
(residents and nonresidents solely as to the conduct of that)Tj
0.05 Tw T*
(commercial activity. This fact fundamentally distinguishes the)Tj
1.65 Tw T*
(typical provision that implicates the Privileges and Immuni-)Tj
0.87 Tw T*
(ties Clause in the context of a common calling from the stat-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(ute at issue here. )Tj
2.42 Tw 12 -26 Td
(The VFOIA does not regulate anyone's qualifications or)Tj
0.2 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(prerequisites to enter into or engage in any profession or trade)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 289 504 Td
(15)Tj
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/T1_0 12 Tf
0.84 Tw 156 635.1 Td
("fundamental rights" the Supreme Court has previously iden-)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13 TD
(tified as protected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause.)Tj
40.56 -26 Td
(1.)Tj
9 Tw 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
49.56 -47.4 Td
( )Tj
1.2 Tw (The Right to Pursue a Common Calling)Tj
1.5 Tw -37.56 -26 Td
(Hurlbert contends the VFOIA unduly burdens his right to)Tj
1 Tw -12 -13 Td
(pursue a common calling because it prevents him from prac-)Tj
0.66 Tw T*
(ticing his trade, which he defines as obtaining records related)Tj
2.47 Tw T*
(to real property on behalf of his clients, in Virginia. Even)Tj
2.85 Tw T*
(though the VFOIA does not regulate professions, Hurlbert)Tj
1.96 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(asserts the statute nonetheless burdens his right to pursue a)Tj
1.51 Tw T*
(common calling because it prevents him from using his pri-)Tj
0.7 Tw T*
(mary means of acquiring government records, that is, by per-)Tj
0.22 Tw T*
(sonally filing a freedom of information act request. He further)Tj
1.52 Tw T*
(asserts the district court erred in concluding VFOIA did not)Tj
4.76 Tw T*
(impermissibly infringe on his claimed fundamental right)Tj
1.02 Tw T*
(because any effect was "merely incidental." This is so, Hurl-)Tj
1.03 Tw T*
(bert contends, because upon showing any burden to a funda-)Tj
4.61 Tw T*
(mental right protected by the Privileges and Immunities)Tj
1.16 Tw T*
(Clause, the analysis shifts to whether the state can justify its)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(action. )Tj
0.36 Tw 12 -26 Td
(The ability to pursue one's profession or "common calling")Tj
1.06 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(is one of the limited number of foundational rights protected)Tj
1.5 Tw T*
(under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Toomer v. Wit-)Tj
0.6 Tw T*
(sell)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 334 U.S. 385, 396 \(1948\); )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(see also United Bldg. & Con-)Tj
2.7 Tw T*
(str. Trades Council v. Camden)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 465 U.S. 208, 219 \(1984\))Tj
2.54 Tw T*
(\("Certainly, the pursuit of a common calling is one of the)Tj
5.95 Tw T*
(most fundamental of those privileges protected by the)Tj
3.73 Tw T*
(Clause."\). Indeed, "[m]any, if not most, of [the Supreme)Tj
4.21 Tw T*
(Court's] cases expounding the Privileges and Immunities)Tj
0.2 Tw T*
(Clause have dealt with this basic and essential activity." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Cam-)Tj
1.18 Tw T*
(den)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 465 U.S. at 219. The Supreme Court has found the fol-)Tj
3.1 Tw T*
(lowing provisions to impermissibly burden an individual's)Tj
0.33 Tw T*
(right to pursue a common calling \320 requiring nonresidents to)Tj
1.66 Tw T*
(pay substantially more for annual licenses to trade in goods)Tj
0.3 Tw T*
(\()Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Ward v. Maryland)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 79 U.S. \(12 Wall.\) 418 \(1870\)\); requiring)Tj
0.55 Tw T*
(nonresidents to pay substantially more to engage in a particu-)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 0 504 TD
(14)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
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267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
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0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
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1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
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2.08 Tw 178 635.1 Td
(secur[ing] to citizens of each State in the [United])Tj
0.36 Tw 0 -13.2 TD
(States . . . those privileges and immunities which are)Tj
3.07 Tw T*
(common to the citizens in the latter States under)Tj
1.91 Tw T*
(their constitution and laws by virtue of their being)Tj
3.26 Tw T*
(citizens. Special privileges enjoyed by citizens in)Tj
1.81 Tw T*
(their own States are not secured in other States by)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(this provision. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
2.93 Tw -22 -26.2 Td
(Paul)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
22.668 -113.8 Td
(, 75 U.S. \(8 Wall.\) at 180. As a result, the Supreme)Tj
0.52 Tw -22.668 -13.2 Td
(Court's jurisprudence has recognized that states are permitted)Tj
1.41 Tw T*
(to distinguish between residents and nonresidents so long as)Tj
1.46 Tw T*
(those distinctions do not "hinder the formation, the purpose,)Tj
1.9 Tw T*
(or the development of a single Union of those States. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Only)Tj
2.51 Tw T*
(with respect to those `privileges' and `immunities' bearing)Tj
0.15 Tw T*
(upon the vitality of the Nation as a single entity must the State)Tj
0.3 Tw T*
(treat all citizens, resident and nonresident, equally)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Baldwin)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
3.58 Tw T*
(436 U.S. at 383 \(emphasis added\). Toward that end, the)Tj
1.47 Tw T*
(Supreme Court has "held that certain rights are fundamental)Tj
1.9 Tw T*
([under the Privileges and Immunities Clause], including the)Tj
0.8 Tw T*
(rights to: \(1\) practice a trade or profession; \(2\) access courts;)Tj
5.5 Tw T*
(\(3\) transfer property; and \(4\) obtain medical services.")Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
0.11 Tw T*
(McBurney)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 780 F. Supp. 2d at 447 \(internal citations omitted\).)Tj
1.44 Tw 12 -26.2 Td
(In arguing for reversal of the grant of summary judgment)Tj
0.28 Tw -12 -13.2 Td
(to the Appellees, the Appellants contend the VFOIA infringes)Tj
4.15 Tw T*
(on rights they identify as "equal access to information,")Tj
0.7 Tw T*
("equal access to courts,")Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
4.9 Ts (3)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
0 Ts ( and the "ability to pursue their eco-)Tj
0.4 Tw T*
(nomic interests on equal footing." Separately, Hurlbert argues)Tj
0.77 Tw T*
(the VFOIA impermissibly burdens his right to pursue a com-)Tj
1.03 Tw T*
(mon calling. McBurney also posits that the VFOIA infringes)Tj
2.67 Tw T*
(his "ability to advocate for his [political] interests and the)Tj
0.67 Tw T*
(interests of others similarly situated." \(Opening Br. 26.\) Only)Tj
1.11 Tw T*
(two of these asserted rights \320 the right to access courts and)Tj
0.02 Tw T*
(the right to pursue a common calling \320 are among the limited)Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
1.35 Tw 4.1 Ts 10 -26 Td
(3)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
0 Ts (Although Appellants jointly raise this argument in the opening brief,)Tj
1.26 Tw -10 -11.2 Td
(it appears that McBurney was the only one to advance this claim in the)Tj
1 Tw 0 -11.2 TD
(district court. )Tj
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/T1_0 12 Tf
1.51 Tw 156 635.1 Td
("[t]hose protections are not `absolute,' . . . the Clause `does)Tj
0.5 Tw 0 -13.5 TD
(bar discrimination against citizens of other States where there)Tj
3.16 Tw T*
(is no substantial reason for the discrimination beyond the)Tj
0.52 Tw T*
(mere fact that they are citizens of other States." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
234.852 -48.9 Td
(Saenz v. Roe)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
1.2 Tw -234.852 -13.5 Td
(526 U.S. 489, 502 \(1999\) \(citations omitted\).)Tj
2.25 Tw 12 -26.7 Td
(The Supreme Court has articulated a two-step inquiry to)Tj
3.54 Tw -12 -13.5 Td
(determine whether "claims that a citizenship or residency)Tj
1.14 Tw T*
(classification offends privileges and immunities protections.")Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.43 Tw T*
(Supreme Court of Va. v. Friedman)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 487 U.S. 59, 64 \(1988\).)Tj
2.84 Tw 22 -26.7 Td
(First, the activity in question must be sufficiently)Tj
1.75 Tw T*
(basic to the livelihood of the Nation . . . as to fall)Tj
0.8 Tw T*
(within the purview of the Privileges and Immunities)Tj
2.58 Tw T*
(Clause . . . . Second, if the challenged restriction)Tj
2.05 Tw T*
(deprives nonresidents of a protected privilege, [the)Tj
1.66 Tw T*
(court] will invalidate it only if [it] conclude[s] that)Tj
1.41 Tw T*
(the restriction is not closely related to the advance-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(ment of a substantial state interest.)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.16 Tw -22 -26.7 Td
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 64-65 \(internal citations and quotation marks omitted\).)Tj
0.06 Tw 12 -26.7 Td
(Although the Privileges and Immunities Clause "establishes)Tj
1.22 Tw -12 -13.5 Td
(a norm of comity," it does not "specify[)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.22 Tw (] the particular sub-)Tj
0.14 Tw T*
(jects as to which citizens of one State coming within the juris-)Tj
4.35 Tw T*
(diction of another are guaranteed equality of treatment.")Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1.66 Tw 0 -13.4 TD
(Austin v. New Hampshire)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 420 U.S. 656, 660 \(1975\). It has)Tj
0.57 Tw T*
(been left to the Supreme Court and lower courts to define the)Tj
1.96 Tw T*
(scope of the Privileges and Immunities Clause, as "its con-)Tj
1.28 Tw T*
(tours . . . are not well developed." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Baldwin v. Fish & Game)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(Comm'n of Mont.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 436 U.S. 371, 379-80 \(1978\).)Tj
1.08 Tw 12 -26.7 Td
(Significantly, the "fundamental rights" protected under the)Tj
0.01 Tw -12 -13.4 Td
(Privileges and Immunities Clause are not identical to the "fun-)Tj
1.51 Tw T*
(damental rights" protected by other constitutional provisions)Tj
1.26 Tw T*
(and cover a much narrower range of activity. The Privileges)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(and Immunities Clause is geared toward )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 0 504 TD
(12)Tj
102.2 0 Td
(M)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz 1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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/T1_0 12 Tf
3.18 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(lenges the district court's determination that the provision)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13.8 TD
(does not violate the dormant Commerce Clause. )Tj
4.71 Tw 12 -27.3 Td
(We review the constitutionality of a statute )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
254.61 -49.5 Td
(de novo)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(,)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
0.36 Tw -254.61 -13.8 Td
(McLaughlin v. N.C. Bd. of Elections)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 65 F.3d 1215, 1221 \(4th)Tj
0 Tw T*
(Cir. 1995\), and now consider the two constitutional arguments)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(raised by the Appellants in turn.)Tj
44.106 -27.3 Td
(A.)Tj
9 Tw ( )Tj
1.2 Tw (The Privileges and Immunities Clause)Tj
1 Tw -32.106 -27.3 Td
(The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV of the)Tj
2.67 Tw -12 -13.8 Td
(United States Constitution provides: "The Citizens of each)Tj
0.26 Tw T*
(State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citi-)Tj
2.3 Tw T*
(zens in the several States.")Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
4.9 Ts (2)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
0 Ts ( U.S. Const. art. IV, \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
2.3 Tw (2, cl. 1.)Tj
2.82 Tw T*
("The object of the Privileges and Immunities Clause is to)Tj
1.14 Tw T*
(`strongly . . . constitute the citizens of the United States [as])Tj
0.84 Tw T*
(one people,' by `plac[ing] the citizens of each State upon the)Tj
0.18 Tw T*
(same footing with citizens of other States, so far as the advan-)Tj
4.33 Tw T*
(tages resulting from citizenship in those States are con-)Tj
2.76 Tw T*
(cerned.'" )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Lunding v. N.Y. Tax Appeals Tribunal)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 522 U.S.)Tj
2 Tw T*
(287, 296 \(1998\) \(citing )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Paul v. Virginia)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 75 U.S. \(8 Wall.\))Tj
1.72 Tw T*
(168, 180 \(1868\)\). The Clause thus "provides important pro-)Tj
4.76 Tw T*
(tections for nonresidents who enter a State," and while)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
2.86 Tw 10 -27.1 Td
(Amici supporting the Appellants on appeal constitute a number of)Tj
1.58 Tw -10 -11.7 Td
(media organizations and First Amendment public interest organizations.)Tj
0.61 Tw 0 -11.6 TD
(While they join the Appellants in arguing that the citizens-only limitat\
ion)Tj
0.97 Tw T*
(violates the Privileges and Immunities Clause, some of them also appear)Tj
0.22 Tw T*
(to represent different interests than the Appellants given that they may\
fall)Tj
1.87 Tw T*
(under the media exception to the VFOIA. Because the contours of the)Tj
1.22 Tw T*
(media exception are not at issue with regard to the Appellants, we need)Tj
1.91 Tw T*
(not consider it, nor do we consider whether Amici could raise distinct)Tj
2.44 Tw T*
(arguments as to the applicability of the citizens-only provision of the)Tj
0.25 Tw T*
(VFOIA to their own situations. This opinion considers only the arguments\
)Tj
1 Tw T*
(the Appellants raise regarding the constitutionality of the VFOIA. )Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
1.47 Tw 4.1 Ts 10 -14.5 Td
(2)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
0 Ts (In the Privileges and Immunities Clause context, "citizen" and "resi-)Tj
0.13 Tw -10 -11.6 Td
(dent" are interchangeable terms. )Tj
/T1_1 10 Tf
(Supreme Court of N.H. v. Piper)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
(, 470 U.S.)Tj
1 Tw T*
(274, 279 n.6 \(1985\). )Tj
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/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
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/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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/T1_0 12 Tf
4.9 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(noncitizens with respect to requesting public records or)Tj
1.18 Tw 0 -12.9 TD
(whether the discrimination bears a substantial relationship to)Tj
1.75 Tw T*
(the state's objectives," both of which would also have been)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(necessary for the Appellants' claims to succeed. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
242.34 -47.1 Td
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 451.)Tj
1.08 Tw -230.34 -25.7 Td
(The district court then turned to Hurlbert's contention that)Tj
0.17 Tw -12 -12.9 Td
(VFOIA violates the dormant commerce clause because it neg-)Tj
1.43 Tw T*
(atively impacts his ability to pursue his business in Virginia)Tj
0.78 Tw T*
(on substantially equal terms as Virginia citizens. Because the)Tj
2.48 Tw T*
("VFOIA does not implicate principles of economic protec-)Tj
1.72 Tw T*
(tionism" and its "purpose is not to protect in-state business,)Tj
0.37 Tw T*
(but, instead, . . . to hold government officials accountable and)Tj
1.18 Tw T*
(prevent secrecy in government," the court rejected this argu-)Tj
1.5 Tw T*
(ment. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 453. The district court concluded that while the)Tj
3.05 Tw 0 -13 TD
(VFOIA "may have some incidental impact on out-of-state)Tj
0.9 Tw T*
(business, the goal is not to favor Virginia business over non-)Tj
0.31 Tw T*
(Virginia business" and thus the statute did not violate the dor-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(mant Commerce Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
3.1 Tw 12 -25.7 Td
(Having found no infringement of either the Appellants')Tj
2.25 Tw -12 -13 Td
(rights under the Privileges and Immunities Clause or Hurl-)Tj
0.37 Tw T*
(bert's rights under the dormant Commerce Clause, the district)Tj
1.52 Tw T*
(court granted the Appellees' motion for summary judgment.)Tj
0.25 Tw 12 -25.7 Td
(The Appellants noted a timely appeal and we have jurisdic-)Tj
1.2 Tw -12 -13 Td
(tion under 28 U.S.C. \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.2 Tw (1291. )Tj
144.504 -25.8 Td
(II.)Tj
1.55 Tw -132.504 -25.8 Td
(Raising the same arguments they did in the district court,)Tj
2.83 Tw -12 -13 Td
(the Appellants appeal the district court's rejection of their)Tj
2.14 Tw T*
(claim that the VFOIA's citizens-only provision violates the)Tj
0.42 Tw T*
(Privileges and Immunities Clause.)Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
4.9 Ts (1)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
0 Ts ( In addition, Hurlbert chal-)Tj
/T1_2 6 Tf
0.93 Tw 4.1 Ts 10 -25.6 Td
(1)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
0 Ts (Appellants do not contend that they fall under the media provision or)Tj
2.97 Tw -10 -11.1 Td
(otherwise make any argument related to that portion of the VFOIA.)Tj
1.86 Tw 0 -11.1 TD
(Instead, they direct their contentions to the VFOIA's general policy of)Tj
0.21 Tw T*
(providing records solely to "citizens of the Commonwealth." )Tj
/T1_1 10 Tf
(Cf.)Tj
/T1_0 10 Tf
( Va. Code)Tj
1 Tw T*
(Ann. \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1 Tw (2.2-3704\(A\). )Tj
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102.2 0 Td
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267.979 -136.5 Td
(C)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz (B)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (URNEY)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
1.1 Tw 100 Tz ( v. Y)Tj
/T1_0 7.7 Tf
0.79 Tw 101.2 Tz (OUNG)Tj
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/T1_0 12 Tf
3.28 Tw 156 635.1 Td
(Immunities Clause or Hurlbert's rights under the dormant)Tj
1.2 Tw 0 -13 TD
(Commerce Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
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96.72 -21.4 Td
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/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 780 F. Supp. 2d)Tj
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(439 \(E.D. Va. 2011\).)Tj
2.36 Tw 12 -26 Td
(First, the district court held that the Appellants failed to)Tj
0.24 Tw -12 -13 Td
(show that VFOIA's citizens-only provision burdened a funda-)Tj
4.61 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(mental right protected by the Privileges and Immunities)Tj
0.53 Tw T*
(Clause. The court rejected two of the asserted rights, which it)Tj
0.9 Tw T*
(identified as access to government information and advocacy)Tj
0.3 Tw T*
(for one's own economic interests, as concepts that did not fall)Tj
0.77 Tw T*
(within the scope of the Privileges and Immunities Clause. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
1.2 Tw T*
(at 447-51. )Tj
1.32 Tw 12 -26 Td
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2.15 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
("engage[d] in a common calling within the meaning of the)Tj
1.38 Tw T*
(Privileges and Immunities Clause." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 447. However, the)Tj
2.55 Tw T*
(district court found that the VFOIA did not infringe Hurl-)Tj
0.05 Tw T*
(bert's right to pursue a common calling: "VFOIA's distinction)Tj
1.44 Tw T*
(between citizens and noncitizens is not a regulation of busi-)Tj
2.66 Tw T*
(ness and does not constitute discrimination pertaining to a)Tj
1.37 Tw T*
(common calling. The statute's effect on Hurlbert's ability to)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(practice his common calling is merely incidental." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( )Tj
1.66 Tw 12 -26 Td
(The district court also noted that VFOIA did not infringe)Tj
2.87 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(McBurney's ability to access Virginia's courts because "if)Tj
2.5 Tw T*
(McBurney were to file a lawsuit in Virginia, he would be)Tj
0.68 Tw T*
(treated the same as a citizen litigant." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 449. Distinguish-)Tj
0.87 Tw T*
(ing the fundamental right of access to courts under the Privi-)Tj
6.75 Tw T*
(leges and Immunities Clause from the sort of claim)Tj
3.21 Tw T*
(McBurney asserted, the district court noted that access to)Tj
0.98 Tw T*
("documents to help decide whether he should file a lawsuit,")Tj
0.21 Tw T*
(was something "the Constitution does not require that nonciti-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(zens be given." )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
0.25 Tw 12 -26 Td
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1.95 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(the Appellants' fundamental rights under the Privileges and)Tj
2.48 Tw T*
(Immunities Clause, it did "not reach the issues of whether)Tj
2.52 Tw T*
(Virginia has a substantial reason for discriminating against)Tj
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(Hurlbert is a citizen of California and the sole proprietor of)Tj
3.53 Tw -12 -13 Td
(Sage Information Services. Hurlbert is in the business of)Tj
2.25 Tw 0 -13 TD
(requesting real estate tax assessment records for his clients)Tj
1.87 Tw T*
(from state agencies across the United States, including Vir-)Tj
1.37 Tw T*
(ginia. Hulbert filed a VFOIA request for assessment records)Tj
2.96 Tw T*
(for certain real estate parcels in Henrico County, Virginia)Tj
0.46 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(with the Henrico County Real Estate Assessor's Office. Hurl-)Tj
0.05 Tw T*
(bert's request was denied on the ground that he is not a citizen)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(of the Commonwealth. )Tj
3.78 Tw 12 -26 Td
(The Appellants subsequently filed an amended verified)Tj
0.4 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(complaint in the District Court for the Eastern District of Vir-)Tj
4.9 Tw T*
(ginia seeking declaratory and injunctive relief under 42)Tj
0.56 Tw T*
(U.S.C. \247)Tj
0 Tw 1 0 0 1 156 643.5 Tm
41.9 -178 Td
( )Tj
0.56 Tw (1983. In their complaint they pled that the "citizens-)Tj
5.52 Tw -41.9 -13.1 Td
(only provision [of VFOIA] impermissibily discriminates)Tj
3.75 Tw T*
(against [them] by denying them access to public records)Tj
2.63 Tw T*
(solely because [they] are not Virginia citizens." \(J.A. 8A.\))Tj
0.95 Tw T*
(Relying on the Privileges and Immunities Clause, the Appel-)Tj
3.57 Tw T*
(lants asserted that VFOIA impermissibly denies them the)Tj
1.54 Tw T*
("right to participate in Virginia's governmental and political)Tj
0.55 Tw T*
(processes" by barring them "from obtaining information from)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(Virginia's government." \(J.A. 15A-16A.\) )Tj
0.25 Tw 12 -26 Td
(Hurlbert also raised a separate claim alleging that VFOIA's)Tj
5.62 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(citizens-only provision "violates the dormant Commerce)Tj
1.66 Tw T*
(Clause because it grants Virginia citizens an exclusive right)Tj
0.8 Tw T*
(of access to Virginia's public records" and thus "bar[s] [him])Tj
2.14 Tw T*
(from pursuing any business stemming from Virginia public)Tj
1.77 Tw T*
(records on substantially equal terms with Virginia citizens.")Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(\(J.A. 18A.\) )Tj
3.42 Tw 12 -26 Td
(As noted earlier, after deciding the preliminary matters)Tj
2.95 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(concerning jurisdiction and justiciability, we remanded the)Tj
0.23 Tw T*
(case to the district court for consideration on the merits. Upon)Tj
2.62 Tw T*
(remand, the parties filed cross motions for summary judg-)Tj
2.78 Tw T*
(ment. The district court granted summary judgment to the)Tj
1.38 Tw T*
(Appellees, holding that VFOIA's citizens-only provision did)Tj
2.82 Tw T*
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(pers and magazines with circulation in the Common-)Tj
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(wealth, and representatives of radio and television)Tj
1.26 Tw T*
(stations broadcasting in or into the Commonwealth.)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(. . .)Tj
-22 -26 Td
(Va. Code Ann. \247)Tj
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84.588 -73.4 Td
( )Tj
1.2 Tw (2.2-3704\(A\). )Tj
1.33 Tw -72.588 -26 Td
(McBurney is a citizen of Rhode Island. He has ties to his)Tj
1.47 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(former residence of Virginia through divorce, child custody,)Tj
0.95 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(and child support decrees adjudicated in the Commonwealth.)Tj
1.1 Tw 12 -26 Td
(When McBurney's former wife defaulted on child support)Tj
1.28 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(obligations, he asked the Virginia Division of Child Support)Tj
1.02 Tw T*
(Enforcement \("DCSE"\) to file a petition for child support on)Tj
3.03 Tw T*
(his behalf. Although the petition was eventually filed and)Tj
0.63 Tw T*
(granted, there was a nine-month delay in his ability to collect)Tj
4.85 Tw T*
(child support payments. McBurney then filed a VFOIA)Tj
1.12 Tw T*
(request with the DCSE seeking, inter alia, "all emails, notes,)Tj
1.62 Tw T*
(files, memos, reports, policies, [and] opinions" pertaining to)Tj
3.41 Tw T*
(him, his son, and his ex-wife, as well as "all documents)Tj
1.22 Tw T*
(regarding his application for child support" and the handling)Tj
0.67 Tw T*
(of child support claims where one spouse resides in a foreign)Tj
2.38 Tw T*
(country. McBurney asserts the DCSE possessed documents)Tj
0 Tw T*
(that would assist him in determining how his petition was pro-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(cessed and why the delay occurred.)Tj
3.95 Tw 12 -26 Td
(The DCSE denied McBurney's VFOIA request on the)Tj
1.85 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(grounds that the information was confidential and protected)Tj
3.37 Tw T*
(under Va. Code Ann. \247\247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
3.37 Tw (63.2-102 and -103, and because)Tj
2.11 Tw T*
(McBurney was not a citizen of the Commonwealth of Vir-)Tj
4.67 Tw T*
(ginia. A second substantively identical request was also)Tj
1.81 Tw T*
(denied by DCSE solely on the grounds that McBurney was)Tj
2.12 Tw T*
(not a citizen of the Commonwealth. While McBurney later)Tj
0.91 Tw T*
(sought and acquired most of the requested information under)Tj
3.4 Tw T*
(Virginia's Government Data Collection and Dissemination)Tj
0.97 Tw T*
(Practices Act, Va. Code Ann. \247\247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
0.97 Tw (2.2-3800 et seq., he did not)Tj
1.34 Tw T*
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1.2 Tw T*
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(regarding parties and claims not at issue in the present appeal.)Tj
2.17 Tw 0 -13 TD
(Of relevance in that proceeding was our determination that)Tj
1.28 Tw T*
(the Appellants had standing to sue the Appellees. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
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249.88 -34.4 Td
(McBurney)Tj
0.43 Tw -249.88 -13 Td
(v. Cuccinelli)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
(, 616 F.3d 393 \(4th Cir. 2010\). We remanded the)Tj
1.52 Tw 0 -13.1 TD
(case for the district court to consider the Appellants' claims)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(on the merits. )Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
(Id.)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
( at 404. )Tj
0.77 Tw 12 -26 Td
(We begin by briefly setting out the statutory framework of)Tj
2.47 Tw -12 -13.1 Td
(the VFOIA because it is central to the proceedings in this)Tj
0.83 Tw T*
(case. In enacting the VFOIA, the Virginia General Assembly)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(stated its purpose to:)Tj
3.5 Tw 22 -26 Td
(ensure[)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
3.5 Tw (] the people of the Commonwealth ready)Tj
1.88 Tw T*
(access to public records in the custody of a public)Tj
0.58 Tw T*
(body or its officers and employees, and free entry to)Tj
2.32 Tw T*
(meetings of public bodies wherein the business of)Tj
0.21 Tw T*
(the people is being conducted. The affairs of govern-)Tj
1.66 Tw T*
(ment are not intended to be conducted in an atmo-)Tj
1.53 Tw T*
(sphere of secrecy since at all times the public is to)Tj
0.4 Tw T*
(be the beneficiary of any action taken at any level of)Tj
1.46 Tw T*
(government. Unless a public body or its officers or)Tj
2.11 Tw T*
(employees specifically elect to exercise an exemp-)Tj
2.45 Tw T*
(tion provided by this chapter or any other statute,)Tj
2.55 Tw T*
(every meeting shall be open to the public and all)Tj
1.67 Tw T*
(public records shall be available for inspection and)Tj
1.32 Tw T*
(copying upon request. All public records and meet-)Tj
0.62 Tw T*
(ings shall be presumed open, unless an exemption is)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(properly invoked.)Tj
1.5 Tw -22 -26 Td
(Va. Code Ann. \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
1.5 Tw (2.2-3700\(B\), para. 1. The statute provides,)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(in relevant part:)Tj
0.38 Tw 22 -26 Td
(Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, all)Tj
0.75 Tw T*
(public records shall be open to inspection and copy-)Tj
0.41 Tw T*
(ing by any citizens of the Commonwealth during the)Tj
0.3 Tw T*
(regular office hours of the custodian of such records.)Tj
0.11 Tw T*
(Access to such records shall not be denied to citizens)Tj
2.94 Tw T*
(of the Commonwealth, representatives of newspa-)Tj
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(Brown, Laurie A. Babinski, BAKER & HOSTETLER LLP,)Tj
3.55 Tw 0 -13.4 TD
(Washington, D.C., for Society of Professional Journalists;)Tj
4.6 Tw T*
(Frank D. LoMonte, STUDENT PRESS LAW CENTER,)Tj
2.14 Tw T*
(Arlington, Virginia, for Student Press Law Center; Andrew)Tj
6.5 Tw T*
(Lachow, Vice President and Deputy General Counsel-)Tj
3.33 Tw T*
(Litigation, TIME INC., New York, New York, for Time,)Tj
1.86 Tw T*
(Incorporated; Megan Rhyne, VIRGINIA COALITION FOR)Tj
0.12 Tw T*
(OPEN GOVERNMENT, Williamsburg, Virginia, for Virginia)Tj
0.03 Tw 0 -13.3 TD
(Coalition for Open Government; Eric N. Lieberman, James A.)Tj
3.1 Tw T*
(McLaughlin, Washington, D.C., for The Washington Post,)Tj
3.38 Tw T*
(Amici Supporting Appellants. R. Lucas Hobbs, ELLIOTT)Tj
1.16 Tw T*
(LAWSON & MINOR, PC, Bristol, Virginia, for Amici Sup-)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(porting Appellees.)Tj
/T1_1 12 Tf
123.666 -44.7 Td
(OPINION)Tj
/T1_0 12 Tf
-123.666 -26.5 Td
(AGEE, Circuit Judge:)Tj
2.9 Tw 12 -26.4 Td
(Mark J. McBurney and Roger W. Hurlbert \(collectively)Tj
2.35 Tw -12 -13.3 Td
("Appellants"\) appeal the district court's award of summary)Tj
2.41 Tw T*
(judgment to the Deputy Commissioner and Director of the)Tj
3.37 Tw T*
(Division of Child Support Enforcement for the Common-)Tj
0.33 Tw T*
(wealth of Virginia and the Director of the Real Estate Assess-)Tj
4.93 Tw T*
(ment Division of Henrico County, Virginia \(collectively)Tj
1.07 Tw T*
("Appellees"\). The district court held that Virginia's Freedom)Tj
0.52 Tw T*
(of Information Act, Va. Code Ann. \247)Tj
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180.756 -359.4 Td
( )Tj
0.52 Tw (2.2-3700 et seq. \(2011\),)Tj
1.43 Tw -180.756 -13.3 Td
(\("VFOIA"\) does not violate the Appellants' rights under the)Tj
0.33 Tw T*
(Privileges and Immunities Clause \(U.S. Const. art. IV, \247)Tj
0 Tw ( )Tj
0.33 Tw (2, cl.)Tj
0.48 Tw T*
(1\) or Hurlbert's rights under the dormant commerce clause of)Tj
4.2 Tw T*
(the United States Constitution. For the reasons set forth)Tj
1.2 Tw T*
(below, we affirm the judgment of the district court.)Tj
146.502 -26.4 Td
(I.)Tj
1.03 Tw -134.502 -26.4 Td
(This case is before us for the second time. Our prior deci-)Tj
5.66 Tw -12 -13.3 Td
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(nelli, II, Attorney General, Stephen R. McCullough, Senior)Tj
5.16 Tw T*
(Appellate Counsel, Craig M. Burshem, Senior Assistant)Tj
4.16 Tw T*
(Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GEN-)Tj
0.71 Tw T*
(ERAL, Richmond, Virginia; Joseph P. Rapisarda, Jr., County)Tj
1.9 Tw T*
(Attorney, Karen M. Adams, Senior Assistant County Attor-)Tj
3.71 Tw T*
(ney, OFFICE OF THE COUNTY ATTORNEY, Henrico,)Tj
3.03 Tw T*
(Virginia, for Appellees. Lucy A. Dalglish, Mark R. Cara-)Tj
0.93 Tw T*
(manica, Christine L. Beckett, THE REPORTERS COMMIT-)Tj
0.94 Tw T*
(TEE FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, Arlington, Virginia,)Tj
6.33 Tw T*
(for Amici Supporting Appellants; Kevin M. Goldberg,)Tj
1.76 Tw T*
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(Capitol Reporters and Editors, and Maryland D.C. Delaware)Tj
2.28 Tw T*
(Broadcasters Association; David Ardia, Citizen Media Law)Tj
1.42 Tw T*
(Project, Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Cambridge,)Tj
3.67 Tw T*
(Massachusetts, for Citizen Media Law Project; David M.)Tj
3.9 Tw T*
(Giles, Cincinnati, Ohio, for The E.W. Scripps Company;)Tj
1.9 Tw T*
(Peter Scheer, First Amendment Coalition, San Rafael, Cali-)Tj
1.57 Tw T*
(fornia, for First Amendment Coalition; Jonathan R. Donnel-)Tj
1.67 Tw T*
(lan, HEARST CORPORATION, New York, New York, for)Tj
2.38 Tw T*
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3.75 Tw T*
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3.14 Tw T*
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1.81 Tw T*
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2.83 Tw T*
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0.38 Tw T*
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1.71 Tw T*
(for NPR, Incorporated; Rene P. Milam, Arlington, Virginia,)Tj
1.38 Tw T*
(for Newspaper Association of America; Barbara L. Camens,)Tj
1.51 Tw T*
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1.33 Tw T*
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2.71 Tw T*
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0.85 Tw T*
(North Jersey Media Group, Incorporated; Kathleen A. Kirby,)Tj
1.14 Tw T*
(WILEY REIN LLP, Washington, D.C., for Radio Television)Tj
4.85 Tw T*
(Digital News Association; Bruce W. Sanford, Bruce D.)Tj
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