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( ) Tj
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(109-148, ) Tj
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1.37 Tw
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(___, slip op. at 70 \(June 12, 2008\). ) Tj
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(ion, ) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(precedent and responding to the arguments on rehearing of the Govern-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(ment and of our colleagues. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(infra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 7-8 & n.2, 12, 16 & n.6,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(19-21 & nn.9-10, 30, 31-33, 34-52 & nn.18-25, 55, 57-58, 63-64. ) Tj
10.5 -13.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.01 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.96 Tw
(One of the dissenters repeatedly insists that we are really suggesting) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.38 Tw
(that the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Constitution) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( prohibits the detention of al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(129, 144-45, 157, 159 n.5, 175, 183 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.09 Tw
(and dissenting in part\). In fact, the panel explicitly refused to so hold, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 487 F.3d at 193 n.17, and we refuse to do so here. Because) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.23 Tw
(Congress has not empowered the President to subject civilians within the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(United States to indefinite military detention, we need not, and do not,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.83 Tw
(determine whether such a grant of authority would violate the Constitu-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(tion. ) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(Although our preferred disposition does not command a majority) Tj
-12 -12 Td
.54 Tw
(of the court, a majority does refuse to affirm the judgment of the dis-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.07 Tw
(trict court. To give effect to the conclusion of that majority, we join) Tj
0 -12 Td
.95 Tw
(in "ordering remand on terms closest to those" we would prefer. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12 Td
.77 Tw
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 553 \(2004\) \(Souter, J., concurring) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.46 Tw
(in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.26 Tw
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.26 Tw
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Screws v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 325 U.S. 91, 134 \(1945\) \(Rutledge, J.,) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.8 Tw
(concurring in the result\). In this case, that means that we join in a) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.15 Tw
(judgment reversing and remanding for evidentiary proceedings to) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.82 Tw
(determine whether al-Marri actually is an enemy combatant and so) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(subject to military detention. Although we believe that Congress in) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.06 Tw
(the Authorization for Use of Military Force \(AUMF\), 115 Stat. 224,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.4 Tw
(note following 50 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.4 Tw
(1541 \(West 2003\), has not authorized) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.13 Tw
(al-Marri's military detention, the evidentiary proceedings envisioned) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.65 Tw
(by Judge Traxler will at least place the burden on the Government to) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.85 Tw
(make an initial showing that "the normal due process protections) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.43 Tw
(available to all within this country" are impractical or unduly burden-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.29 Tw
(some in al-Marri's case and that the hearsay declaration that consti-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.72 Tw
(tutes the Government's only evidence against al-Marri is "the most) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.56 Tw
(reliable available evidence" supporting the Government's allegations.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 94-95. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.12 Tw
(In reaching our conclusions, we note at the outset that we respect) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(our dissenting colleagues' strongly held contrary views and the) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.13 Tw
(rhetoric with which they advance those views. But rhetoric and pas-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.73 Tw
(sion no matter how sincere cannot substitute for faithful appli-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.84 Tw
(cation of the Constitution and controlling legal principles. In this) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.73 Tw
(respect, the dissents fail. Finding scant legal support for their posi-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(tions, our hardworking dissenting colleagues resort to inventing new) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.23 Tw
(definitions of enemy combatant. Not only have none of their differing) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.82 Tw
(definitions been adopted by Congress or advocated by the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.51 Tw
(ment, these definitions are contrary to law-of-war principles long fol-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.04 Tw
(lowed by the Supreme Court. The absence of authority supporting any) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(of these divergent positions unsurprisingly results in our colleagues') Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.01 Tw
(inability to agree on the scope of the Executive's power to detain or) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.78 Tw
(the correct process for reviewing such detentions. Thus, while we do) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(not doubt the dissenters' good faith and good will, we must reject) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(their approaches. ) Tj
12 -24.7 Td
2.11 Tw
(As the Supreme Court recently reminded us, "[s]ecurity subsists) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(. . . in fidelity to freedom's first principles. Chief among these are) Tj
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(8) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(freedom from arbitrary and unlawful restraint and the personal liberty) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.49 Tw
(that is secured by adherence to the separation of powers." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumed-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 68-69. To allow the President, in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.48 Tw
(absence of congressional authorization, to exercise military force) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.87 Tw
(against civilians in this country is to abandon these principles. With-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(out them, neither freedom nor security can survive. ) Tj
158.6477 -25.2 Td
(I.) Tj
-146.6477 -25.2 Td
2.54 Tw
(Al-Marri, a citizen of Qatar, lawfully entered the United States) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(with his wife and children on September 10, 2001, to pursue a mas-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(ter's degree at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, where he had) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.88 Tw
(obtained a bachelor's degree in 1991. The following day, terrorists) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(hijacked four commercial airliners and used them to kill and inflict) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.74 Tw
(grievous injury on thousands of Americans. Three months later, on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(December 12, 2001, FBI agents arrested al-Marri at his home in Peo-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(ria as a material witness in the Government's investigation of the Sep-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.13 Tw
(tember 11th attacks. Al-Marri was imprisoned in civilian jails in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Peoria and then New York City. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.5 Tw
(In February 2002, al-Marri was charged in the Southern District of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(New York with the possession of unauthorized or counterfeit credit) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(card numbers with the intent to defraud. A year later, in January 2003,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(he was charged in a second, six-count indictment with two counts of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(making a false statement to the FBI, three counts of making a false) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(statement on a bank application, and one count of using another per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(son's identification for the purpose of influencing the action of a fed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(erally insured financial institution. Al-Marri pleaded not guilty to all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(of these charges. In May 2003, a federal district court in New York) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dismissed the charges against al-Marri for lack of venue. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(The Government then returned al-Marri to Peoria, and he was re-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(indicted in the Central District of Illinois on the same seven counts,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(to which he again pleaded not guilty. The district court set a July 21,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(2003, trial date. On Friday, June 20, 2003, the court scheduled a hear-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.7 Tw
(ing on pre-trial motions, including a motion to suppress evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.32 Tw
(against al-Marri assertedly obtained by torture. On the following) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(Monday, June 23, before that hearing could be held, the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(moved ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ex ) Tj
(parte) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to dismiss the indictment based on an order signed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(that morning by the President. ) Tj
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(9) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(In the order, President George W. Bush stated that he "DETER-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(MINE[D] for the United States of America that" al-Marri: \(1\) is an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.84 Tw
(enemy combatant; \(2\) is closely associated with al Qaeda; \(3\) "en-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(gaged in conduct that constituted hostile and war-like acts, including) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(conduct in preparation for acts of international terrorism"; \(4\) "pos-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.19 Tw
(sesses intelligence . . . that . . . would aid U.S. efforts to prevent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(attacks by al Qaeda"; and \(5\) "represents a continuing, present, and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(grave danger to the national security of the United States." The Presi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(dent determined that al-Marri's detention by the military was "neces-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.03 Tw
(sary to prevent him from aiding al Qaeda" and thus ordered the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.82 Tw
(Attorney General to surrender al-Marri to the Secretary of Defense) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(and further directed the Secretary of Defense to "detain him as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant." ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.46 Tw
(The federal district court in Illinois granted the Government's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(motion to dismiss the criminal indictment against al-Marri. In accor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(dance with the President's order, al-Marri was then transferred to mil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(itary custody and brought to the Naval Consolidated Brig in South) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Carolina. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(Since that time \(that is, for five years\) the military has held al-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant, without charge and without any indica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(tion when this confinement will end. For the first sixteen months of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(his military confinement, the Government did not permit al-Marri any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(communication with the outside world, including his attorneys, his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(wife, and his children. He alleges that he was denied basic necessities,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(interrogated through measures creating extreme sensory deprivation,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(and threatened with violence. A pending civil action challenges the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
("inhuman, degrading," and "abusive" conditions of his confinement.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Complaint at 1, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, No. 2:05-cv-02259-HFF-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(RSC \(D.S.C. Aug. 8, 2005\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.9 Tw
(On July 8, 2003, counsel for al-Marri petitioned on his behalf) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(\(because it was undisputed that he was unavailable to petition\) for a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(writ of habeas corpus in the Central District of Illinois. The district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(court dismissed the petition for lack of venue, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 274) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(F. Supp. 2d 1003 \(C.D. Ill. 2003\); the Seventh Circuit affirmed, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 F.3d 707 \(7th Cir. 2004\); and the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(Court denied certiorari, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 543 U.S. 809 \(2004\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(On July 8, 2004, al-Marri's counsel filed the present habeas petition) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10) Tj
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(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(on al-Marri's behalf in the District of South Carolina. On September) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(9, 2004, the Government answered al-Marri's petition, citing the Dec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.93 Tw
(laration of Jeffrey N. Rapp, Director of the Joint Intelligence Task) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
(Force for Combating Terrorism, as support for the President's order) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.17 Tw
(The Rapp Declaration asserts that al-Marri: \(1\) is "closely associ-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.72 Tw
(ated with al Qaeda, an international terrorist organization with which) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.7 Tw
(the United States is at war"; \(2\) trained at an al Qaeda terrorist train-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(ing camp in Afghanistan sometime between 1996 and 1998; \(3\) in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.66 Tw
(summer of 2001, was introduced to Osama Bin Laden by Khalid) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(Shaykh Muhammed; \(4\) at that time, volunteered for a "martyr mis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.06 Tw
(sion" on behalf of al Qaeda; \(5\) was ordered to enter the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(sometime before September 11, 2001, to serve as a "sleeper agent" to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.98 Tw
(facilitate terrorist activities and explore disrupting this country's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(financial system through computer hacking; \(6\) in the summer of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(2001, met with terrorist financier Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, who) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(gave al-Marri money, including funds to buy a laptop; \(7\) gathered) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(technical information about poisonous chemicals on his laptop; \(8\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(undertook efforts to obtain false identification, credit cards, and bank-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(ing information, including stolen credit card numbers; \(9\) communi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(cated with known terrorists, including Khalid Shaykh Muhammed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.06 Tw
(and al-Hawsawi, by phone and e-mail; and \(10\) saved information) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(about jihad, the September 11th attacks, and Bin Laden on his laptop) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(computer. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.37 Tw
(The Rapp Declaration does ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( assert that al-Marri: \(1\) is a citizen,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(or affiliate of the armed forces, of any nation at war with the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(States; \(2\) was seized on, near, or having escaped from a battlefield) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(on which the armed forces of the United States or its allies were) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(engaged in combat; \(3\) was ever in Afghanistan during the armed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.4 Tw
(conflict between the United States and the Taliban there; or \(4\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(directly participated in any hostilities against United States or allied) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(armed forces. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.27 Tw
(On October 14, 2004, the Government permitted al-Marri access to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
(his counsel for the first time since his initial confinement as an enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(combatant sixteen months before. \(According to al-Marri's counsel,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(as of the time of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( filings, the Government still has not per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(mitted al-Marri to speak to his wife or any of his five children.\) Al-) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(Marri then submitted a reply to the Government's evidence, contend-) Tj
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(ing that he is not an enemy combatant; he then moved for summary) Tj
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2.2 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(appropriate process to be afforded al-Marri in light of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(U.S. 507. The magistrate judge ruled that the Rapp Declaration pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.31 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(an enemy combatant and directed al-Marri to file rebuttal evidence.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.08 Tw
(In response to the magistrate's ruling, al-Marri again denied the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(Government's allegations but filed no rebuttal evidence, contending) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(that the Government had an initial burden to produce evidence that he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
4.02 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(the Rapp Declaration. In August 2006, the district court adopted the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.8 Tw
(magistrate judge's report and recommendation and dismissed al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(Marri's habeas petition. A few days later, al-Marri noted this appeal.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
.54 Tw
(After oral argument, a panel of this court reversed the judgment of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(the district court and remanded the case for further proceedings. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 487 F.3d 160. On the Government's motion for rehearing,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(the court voted to vacate the panel opinion and hear the case ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(For the reasons set forth within, we would once again hold that al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(Marri must be afforded habeas relief and so would reverse the judg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(ment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(consistent with that holding. ) Tj
156.733 -25.3 Td
(II.) Tj
-144.733 -25.3 Td
2.9 Tw
(Al-Marri premises his habeas claim on the Fifth Amendment's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(guarantee that no person living in this country can be deprived of lib-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.16 Tw
(erty without due process of law. He maintains that even if he has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(committed the acts the Government alleges, he is not a combatant but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(a civilian protected by our Constitution, and thus is not subject to mil-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Numerous amici have submitted briefs to us, both on the jurisdictional) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.24 Tw
(and merits questions. Many of these briefs have been helpful, and we are) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.8 Tw
(especially grateful for the care exhibited in focusing on different issues,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(thus avoiding redundancy. ) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(itary detention. Al-Marri acknowledges that the Government can) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.62 Tw
(deport him or charge him with a crime and, if he is convicted in a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(military detention, without criminal charge or process. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.02 Tw
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-12 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(habeas relief to al-Marri, because the Constitution allows detention of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.2 Tw
(enemy combatants by the military without criminal process, and,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.93 Tw
(according to the Government, it has proffered evidence that al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.29 Tw
(is an enemy combatant. The Government argues that the AUMF, as) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(construed by precedent and considered in conjunction with the "legal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(background against which [it] was enacted," empowers the President) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.23 Tw
(on the basis of that proffered evidence to order al-Marri's indefinite) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(ment contends that even if the AUMF does not authorize the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(dent to order al-Marri's military detention, the President has "inherent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(constitutional power" to do so. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
3.18 Tw
(Each party grounds its case on well-established legal doctrine.) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(Moreover, important principles guiding our analysis seem undisputed.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(Before addressing the conflicting contentions of the parties, we note) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(these fundamental principles, which we take to be common ground.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.7 Tw
(The Constitution guarantees that no "person" shall "be deprived of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." U.S. Const.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(amend. V; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( amend. XIV, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.23 Tw
(1. The text of the Fifth Amend-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(ment affords this guarantee to "person[s]," not merely citizens, and so) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(the constitutional right to freedom from deprivation of liberty without) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.01 Tw
(due process of law extends to all lawfully admitted aliens living) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(within the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Wong Wing v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 163 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(228, 238 \(1896\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(U.S. 259, 271 \(1990\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.38 Tw
(To be sure, as al-Marri's counsel conceded at oral argument before) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court, our Constitution has no "force in foreign territory) Tj
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(13) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(unless in respect of our citizens." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Curtiss-Wright) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(Export Corp.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 299 U.S. 304, 318 \(1936\). But, as Chief Justice Rehn-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(quist explained, a long line of Supreme Court cases establishes that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(this country." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494 U.S. at 271; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Boumed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 12 \(noting that "the Constitution's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(. . . substantive guarantees of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.88 Tw
(. . . protect[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.88 Tw
(] persons," including "foreign nationals"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Sanchez-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(Llamas v. Oregon) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.54 Tw
(Ct. 2669, 2681-82 \(2006\) \(observing that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
("[a] foreign national . . . like anyone else in our country enjoys under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(our system the protections of the Due Process Clause"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Kwong Hai) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(Chew v. Colding) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 344 U.S. 590, 596 n.5 \(1953\) \(noting that "once an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(alien lawfully enters and resides in this country he becomes invested) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(with . . . rights . . . protected by . . . the Fifth Amendment[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.96 Tw
(] and by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.08 Tw
(the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment" \(internal quota-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(tion marks omitted\)\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Wong Wing) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 163 U.S. at 238 \(holding that "all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(persons within the territory of the United States are entitled to the pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(tection guaranteed by" the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amend-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(ment\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Yick Wo v. Hopkins) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 118 U.S. 356, 369 \(1886\) \(explaining that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects "all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(persons within the territorial jurisdiction" of the United States\). Thus,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(the Due Process Clause protects not only citizens but also aliens, like) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(al-Marri, lawfully admitted to this country who have established sub-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(stantial connections here in al-Marri's case by residing in Illinois) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(for several months with his family and attending university there.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.54 Tw
("Freedom from imprisonment from government custody, deten-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(tion, or other forms of physical restraint lies at the heart of the lib-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.98 Tw
(erty that [the Due Process] Clause protects." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Zadvydas v. Davis) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 533) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.69 Tw
(U.S. 678, 690 \(2001\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Foucha v. Louisiana) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 504 U.S. 71, 80) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.42 Tw
(\(1992\). This concept dates back to the Magna Carta, which guaran-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.86 Tw
(teed that "government would take neither life, liberty, nor property) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.7 Tw
(without a trial in accord with the law of the land." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Duncan v. Louisi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.04 Tw
(ana) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 391 U.S. 145, 169 \(1968\) \(Black, J., concurring\). The "law of the) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.1 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.05 Tw
(Hence, the case at hand involves and we limit our analysis to ) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.59 Tw
(persons seized and detained within the United States who have constitu-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(tional rights under the Due Process Clause. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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0 -8 Td
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(land" at its core provides that "no man's life, liberty or property be) Tj
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1.6 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
.86 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(In re Oliver) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 333 U.S. 257, 278) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.87 Tw
(\(1948\). Thus, the Supreme Court has recognized that, because of the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(Due Process Clause, it "may freely be conceded" that as a "`general) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.43 Tw
(rule' . . . the government may not detain a person prior to a judgment) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.42 Tw
(of guilt in a criminal trial." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(749 \(1987\). ) Tj
12 -23.6 Td
2.12 Tw
(The Court, however, has permitted a limited number of specific) Tj
-12 -11.5 Td
2.98 Tw
(exceptions to this general rule. Although some process is always) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(required in order to detain an individual, in special situations deten-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.44 Tw
(tion based on process less than that attendant to a criminal conviction) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.17 Tw
(does not violate the Fifth Amendment. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Kansas v. Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.2 Tw
(521 U.S. 346 \(1997\) \(civil commitment of mentally ill sex offenders\);) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.5 Tw
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739 \(pretrial detention of dangerous adults\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Schall) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.65 Tw
(v. Martin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 467 U.S. 253 \(1984\) \(pretrial detention of dangerous juve-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.32 Tw
(niles\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Addington v. Texas) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 441 U.S. 418 \(1979\) \(civil commitment of) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.26 Tw
(mentally ill\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Humphrey v. Smith) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 336 U.S. 695 \(1949\) \(courts martial) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.51 Tw
(of American soldiers\). Among these recognized exceptions is the one) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.33 Tw
(on which the Government grounds its principal argument in this case:) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.48 Tw
(Congress may constitutionally authorize the President to order the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.77 Tw
(military detention, without criminal process, of persons who "qualify) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.92 Tw
(as `enemy combatants,'" that is, fit within that particular "legal cate-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(gory." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
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.26 Tw
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0 -10.7 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -10.7 Td
.12 Tw
(\(internal quotation marks omitted\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Ludecke v. Watkins) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 335 U.S. 160) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.58 Tw
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0 -10.7 Td
.93 Tw
(aliens for a limited time pending deportation. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Carlson v. Lan-) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.66 Tw
(don) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(cf. ) Tj
(Zadvydas) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 533 U.S. 678 \(constru-) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
3.07 Tw
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0 -10.7 Td
.43 Tw
(permit indefinite detention of aliens in order to avoid serious doubt as to) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
3.54 Tw
(its constitutionality\). But, as the Government recognizes, the Alien) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.24 Tw
(Enemy Act, the statute the Court considered in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ludecke) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
2.12 Tw
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0 -10.7 Td
1.18 Tw
(alien" but a citizen of Qatar, with which the United States has friendly) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.61 Tw
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0 -10.7 Td
1.24 Tw
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0 -10.7 Td
.32 Tw
(ment as a basis for holding al-Marri without criminal charge, and neither) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.05 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
1.75 Tw
(Reform Act of 1984\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
2.88 Tw
(Act\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hendricks) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
1.89 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
1.25 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.02 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.02 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.15 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.33 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.15 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -12.6 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
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12 -25.6 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.6 Td
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(7) Tj
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0 -11.5 Td
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.05 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(ments of this habeas remedy. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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.89 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.6 Tw
(tant," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
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156.7272 -26 Td
(B.) Tj
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1.94 Tw
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2.77 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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22 -26 Td
.26 Tw
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1.07 Tw
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1.02 Tw
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2.57 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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.67 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.67 Tw
(2\(a\), 115 Stat. 224.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.4 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.21 Tw
(8) Tj
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12 -26.3 Td
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.61 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -26.3 Td
1.59 Tw
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2.53 Tw
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0 -12.9 Td
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3.23 Tw
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2.87 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.8 Td
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0 -11.8 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
.56 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
4.83 Tw
(ject to indefinite military detention. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Accord ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 183-184 n.9) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.74 Tw
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0 Ts
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0 Ts
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-10.5 -11.6 Td
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0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(however, a basic inconsistency in both dissenters' reasoning. Both first) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.57 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.06 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.85 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.91 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.42 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.44 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 117 & n.4. Judge Wilkin-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.48 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.24 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 133-143,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
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0 -11.6 Td
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0 -11.6 Td
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158.964 -26.3 Td
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
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(423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(10) Tj
0 Ts
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( The "legal background" for the) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
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(AUMF, which the Government cites, consists of two cases from ear-) Tj
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(lier conflicts, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.9 Td
1.57 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.9 Td
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12 -26.2 Td
.54 Tw
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.3 Tw
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0 -12.9 Td
.97 Tw
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0 -12.9 Td
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0 -12.9 Td
1.72 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
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(combatant under the AUMF, an individual must fit within his three ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(newly) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.38 Tw
(created) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( criteria. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 156, 159-60. With these new criteria firmly in) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.32 Tw
(place, Judge Wilkinson maintains that our suggestion that the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(actual) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( lan-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.56 Tw
(guage of the AUMF would produce unconstitutional or absurd results,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(for example rendering donors to a nonprofit charity enemy combatants,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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3.25 Tw
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0 Ts
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3.1 Tw
(Of course, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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-10.5 -11.8 Td
1.07 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
1.41 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(under our Constitution. ) Tj
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(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(U.S. at 30-31 & n.7; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. at 121-22; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 391. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
1.59 Tw
(In the case at hand, the Government asserts that the construction) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(given the AUMF in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( based on these law-of-war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(principles "compel[s] the conclusion that the President is autho-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(rized [by the AUMF] to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant." In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.19 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
1.74 Tw
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(where in the world. ) Tj
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(See) Tj
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( Rapp Declaration \(alleging none of these) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(tary and indefinitely confined in a Navy brig as an enemy combatant.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.14 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
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(see) Tj
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( Br. of) Tj
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(Respondents at 20-21, 27, ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(see) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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(Opening Br. for the Appellant at 16, 20, 29, 51, ) Tj
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(Padilla) Tj
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(, 432 F.3d 386) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
3.64 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
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157.6875 -25.2 Td
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158.964 -25.2 Td
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(contrary to controlling precedent, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 71 U.S. at 130,) Tj
( could well) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.04 Tw
(endanger citizens of this country or our allies. For example, a nation) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(could employ this rule to treat American members of an environmental) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.71 Tw
(group, which it regards as a terrorist organization, as enemy combatants) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.56 Tw
(and so subject those Americans to indefinite military detention. Under) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.86 Tw
(definitions as nebulous as the ones proposed by our dissenting col-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.9 Tw
(leagues, these fears are hardly "completely unfounded." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 177) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.3 Tw
(\(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\). Foreign leaders) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.66 Tw
(who have already designated members of these environmental organiza-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.6 Tw
(tions "terrorists" might well, applying the dissents' definitions, conclude) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.23 Tw
(that those individuals are enemy combatants and thus detain them indefi-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.03 Tw
(nitely without criminal process. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Hiroko Tabuchi, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Japanese Are Hunt-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.94 Tw
(ing Humpbacks) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, Record \(N.N.J.\), Nov. 18, 2007, at A10 \(reporting that) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.36 Tw
(some Japanese leaders regard activists for Greenpeace, an organization) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.25 Tw
(with 2.8 million members, as terrorists\); Amanda Hodge, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Japan Warship) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
("Sent to Help Whalers") Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, Australian, Jan. 2, 2006, at 3 \(same\). ) Tj
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(century ago, the Government similarly contended that the military) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.73 Tw
(detention of Milligan and other members of the Sons of Liberty law-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.63 Tw
(fully resident in this country was necessary to "save the nation" from) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(the terrorist plots of the "one hundred thousand men enrolled in" that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(organization. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 102, 104. Thus ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, "one of [the Court's]) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(great landmarks," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 354 U.S. at 30, firmly and clearly rejected the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(argument the Government asserts here. The weakness of the dissents') Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(brief attempts to distinguish ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( attests to the strength of the pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(cedent. \(The concurrence does not even attempt a distinction.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
(First, one of our dissenting colleagues maintains that "reliance on) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" is "misplaced" because its principles "apply only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(been determined" that an individual "is a civilian, not a combatant.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 182-83 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.23 Tw
(part\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 140. This contention ignores the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(Court's express rejection of the Government's argument that Milli-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(gan, even if not subject to military trial, could be held by the military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(as a prisoner of war during the duration of hostilities. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(71 U.S. at 131. As the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality noted, that Milligan was not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(a combatant and therefore not a prisoner of war was "central to" the) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( holding. 542 U.S. at 522 \(noting if "Milligan [had] been cap-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.61 Tw
(tured while . . . assisting Confederate soldiers by carrying a rifle) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(against Union troops on a Confederate battlefield, the holding of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(Court might well have been different"\). Thus, reliance on ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(hardly "misplaced": there, the Supreme Court unequivocally rebuffed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(an argument precisely parallel to the one the Government makes here) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
( that an unarmed civilian captured in his home in the United States,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(rather than while "carrying a rifle . . . on a . . . battlefield," could be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
("detained under military authority for the duration of the conflict.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
5.68 Tw
(Second, and equally unconvincing, the dissenters apparently) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(believe that the enactment of the AUMF makes Milligan's case distin-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(guishable from al-Marri's. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 117 \(Williams, C.J., concurring) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(in part and dissenting in part\) \(acknowledging that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( governs) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(the rights of civilians but nevertheless finding that the AUMF permits) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(the President to declare al-Marri an enemy combatant\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 140) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(\(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\) \(asserting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(that because Congress did not authorize use of military force against) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
("the Sons of Liberty, Milligan's organization," but did, in the AUMF,) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
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(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s "constitutional force" does not apply\). This argument) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.64 Tw
(clearly fails, too, for, as we discuss in detail in the following section,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.04 Tw
(it misreads the AUMF. As the Government expressly conceded at oral) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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(argument, the AUMF authorizes the detention of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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(tants. The AUMF does ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( purport to alter the definition of enemy) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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(combatant and so provides no basis for distinguishing al-Marri from) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.51 Tw
(Milligan or determining that al-Marri or anyone else "plainly quali-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(fies" as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 140 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(in part and dissenting in part\). ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.35 Tw
(In sum, the dissents have not and cannot distinguish ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milli-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(gan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. The Government's allegations against Milligan mirror the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
8.26 Tw
(ernment's allegations against al-Marri. If the Government's) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.93 Tw
(allegations here are true, like Milligan, al-Marri is deplorable, crimi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.26 Tw
(nal, and dangerous, but, like Milligan, he is a civilian nonetheless and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.43 Tw
(must be treated as one for Congress certainly has not directed oth-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.14 Tw
(erwise. Thus, we believe that the indefinite detention of al-Marri must) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(cease.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(19) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.37 Tw
(19) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.35 Tw
(We note that the Government's treatment of al-Marri, i.e., subjecting) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
.65 Tw
(him to military detention, which the Government insists "is not `punish-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.07 Tw
(ment,'" is at odds with the Government's repeated recognition that crimi-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.83 Tw
(nal terrorist conduct by aliens ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(in this country) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( merits punishment by a) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(civilian court, not indefinite military detention as an enemy combatant.) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.36 Tw
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States v. Abdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 463 F.3d 547, 550 \(6th Cir. 2006\) \(civil-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.8 Tw
(ian prosecution of suspected al Qaeda terrorist who allegedly "indicated) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.6 Tw
(a desire to `shoot up' a Columbus shopping mall with an AK-47"\);) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.13 Tw
(United States v. Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 382 F.3d 453 \(4th Cir. 2004\) \(civilian prose-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.94 Tw
(cution of al Qaeda conspirator involved in the September 11th attacks\);) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
2.12 Tw
(United States v. Reid) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 369 F.3d 619, 619-20 \(1st Cir. 2004\) \(civilian) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1 Tw
(prosecution of terrorist allied with Bin Laden who attempted to destroy) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(airplane with explosives\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States v. Goba) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 240 F. Supp. 2d 242,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.02 Tw
(244 \(W.D.N.Y. 2003\) \(civilian prosecution of associates of al Qaeda,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.08 Tw
(including those who met with Bin Laden and trained in terrorist camps) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.42 Tw
(in Afghanistan\). And after long contending he was an enemy combatant,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
(the Government ultimately prosecuted even Jose Padilla in civilian court) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
3.63 Tw
(for his crimes. This practice is hardly new. Even the civilian co-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.5 Tw
(conspirators of the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( petitioners were tried for their crimes in civil-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.12 Tw
(ian courts. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Cramer v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 325 U.S. 1 \(1945\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(v. Haupt) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 136 F.2d 661 \(7th Cir. 1943\). ) Tj
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(iii.) Tj
-143.767 -26.7 Td
2.42 Tw
(Moreover, the AUMF does not assist our dissenting colleagues.) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.22 Tw
(The AUMF clearly states that it is "intended to constitute specific) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.65 Tw
(statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5\(b\) of the War) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.15 Tw
(Powers Resolution." ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.15 Tw
(2\(b\), 115 Stat. 224. And under the War Powers) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(Resolution, such statutory authorization permits the President to "ex-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.61 Tw
(ercise[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.61 Tw
(]" his powers "as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(States Armed Forces into hostilities" and to remain engaged in such) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.15 Tw
(hostilities for longer than sixty days. 50 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.15 Tw
(1541\(c\), 1544\(b\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.59 Tw
(\(West 2003\). Thus, to say that Congress did not have a dramatic) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -27.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(The Government's treatment of others renders its decision to halt al-) Tj
-10.5 -12.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(Marri's criminal prosecution on the eve of a pre-trial hearing on a) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.44 Tw
(suppression motion puzzling at best. Al-Marri contends that the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.69 Tw
(ernment has subjected him to indefinite military detention, rather than) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.56 Tw
(see his criminal prosecution to the end, in order to interrogate him with-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.12 Tw
(out the strictures of criminal process. We trust) Tj
( that this is not so, for such) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.63 Tw
(a stratagem would contravene ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
('s injunction that "indefinite deten-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.66 Tw
(tion for the purpose of interrogation is not authorized." 542 U.S. at 521.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(We note, however, that not only has the Government offered no other) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
3.32 Tw
(explanation for abandoning al-Marri's prosecution, it has even pro-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(pounded an affidavit in support of al-Marri's continued military deten-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(tion, stating that he "possesses information of high intelligence value.") Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -12.1 Td
.01 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Rapp Declaration. Moreover, former Attorney General John Ashcroft) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.3 Tw
(has explained that the Government decided to declare al-Marri an enemy) Tj
0 -12 Td
.94 Tw
(combatant only after he became a "hard case" by "reject[ing] numerous) Tj
0 -12 Td
.98 Tw
(offers to improve his lot by . . . providing information." John Ashcroft,) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -12 Td
1.93 Tw
(Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( 168-69 \(2006\).) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.7 Tw
(The Government's recent admission in other litigation that it has sub-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.95 Tw
(jected al-Marri to repeated interrogation during his imprisonment in) Tj
( the) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.07 Tw
(Naval Brig would seem to substantiate al-Marri's contention. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Decl.) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.33 Tw
(of Robert H. Berry, Jr., Defense Intelligence Agency, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.33 Tw
(8, 9, Ex. 2 in) Tj
0 -12 Td
.13 Tw
(Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Mot. for Preservation Order and Inquiry into Spolia-) Tj
0 -12 Td
4.04 Tw
(tion of Evidence, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Gates) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, No. 2:05-cv-02259-HFF-RSC) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.39 Tw
(\(D.S.C. Apr. 30, 2008\) \(stating that, although "a number of recordings) Tj
0 -12 Td
.12 Tw
(of the Al-Marri interrogation sessions . . . were destroyed during the time) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.62 Tw
(period between December 1, 2004, and March 31, 2005," "subsequent) Tj
0 -12 Td
0 Tw
(investigation revealed . . . original or duplicate recordings of nine interro-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.05 Tw
(gation sessions"\). ) Tj
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1.83 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
2.26 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.84 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.78 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
6.38 Tw
(congressional directive" aimed at which individuals "may be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
.06 Tw
(] for purposes of domestic law." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
7.83 Tw
(specific language authorizing detention, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(is) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.1 Tw
(fact, an enemy combatant." 542 U.S. at 523 \(emphasis added\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(certainly "a fundamental incident of waging war," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 519, the mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tary detention of civilians like al-Marri just as certainly is not. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.17 Tw
(Even assuming the Constitution permitted Congress to grant the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.28 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(indefinite military detention of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(civilians) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Greene v. McElroy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 U.S. 474, 508 \(1959\) \(rejecting Govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.98 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Duncan v.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(Kahanamoku) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 327 U.S. 304, 324 \(1946\) \(rejecting Government argu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(ment that statute authorized trial of civilians by military tribunals) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(between military and civilian power, in which our people have always) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.63 Tw
(believed"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex Parte Endo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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3.37 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.28 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
1.22 Tw
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.09 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
4.27 Tw
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4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(20) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.92 Tw
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.04 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
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1.3 Tw
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1.9 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.9 Tw
(Dec.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.17 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.03 Tw
(20) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.98 Tw
(Judge Wilkinson challenges our reliance on legislative history. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.8 Tw
(at 138-39. But none of our conclusions rests solely, or even principally,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.14 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.78 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.63 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.5 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
2.51 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
.53 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
2.37 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.74 Tw
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.11 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
.53 Tw
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2.31 Tw
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.23 Tw
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2.98 Tw
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.9 Tw
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2.41 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.95 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
3.08 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.9 Td
1.34 Tw
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-12 -12.7 Td
1.23 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.69 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
5.03 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.57 Tw
([hereinafter Patriot Act].) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(21) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.3 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.28 Tw
(21) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.22 Tw
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-10.5 -11.7 Td
4.46 Tw
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3.4 Tw
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.63 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.6 Td
1.02 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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2.46 Tw
(\(2001\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.6 Td
1.19 Tw
(Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.6 Td
.89 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.42 Tw
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1.82 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -27.2 Td
.8 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -13.4 Td
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.55 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.07 Tw
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0 -13.4 Td
1.98 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.4 Td
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0 -13.4 Td
1.72 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -27.8 Td
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0 -12.2 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 Tw
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1.52 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -12.2 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -12.2 Td
1.51 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
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0 -12.2 Td
2.33 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
.79 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
.88 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
.78 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
.77 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
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0 -11.4 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
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0 -11.4 Td
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0 -11.4 Td
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1.17 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
1.22 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
1.34 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.56 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.7 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
.87 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
2.95 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.27 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.96 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.46 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
1.71 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.5 Tw
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0 Tw
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2.5 Tw
(]) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.88 Tw
(exceptions to the general"\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
1.02 Tw
(\(1904\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(Bulova Watch Co. v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
1.54 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
.42 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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4.7 Ts
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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12 -25.4 Td
2.3 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
2.81 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.4 Td
.71 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -12.5 Td
.57 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
.98 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 Ts
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1.49 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
.61 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
1.82 Tw
(Contrary to our dissenting colleague's contentions, these traditional) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
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0 -13.1 Td
.18 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -26.6 Td
1.62 Tw
(Furthermore, on the very same day that the Court issued ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.17 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.61 Tw
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1.01 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.16 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.78 Tw
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12 -26.6 Td
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(. We note that Judge Williams) Tj
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(nations) Tj
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(30 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
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( at) Tj
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(117-18. But this invocation of a specific conflict in a specific country) Tj
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(imposes no limits on detention as long as somewhere in the world,) Tj
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(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
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( court, the Deputy Solicitor General admitted that in the Gov-) Tj
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(flict in Afghanistan, but "during the course of" all "ongoing hostili-) Tj
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(ties," which he conceded could be "for a long time." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf. ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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.55 Tw
(553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 41 \(noting that the duration of the current) Tj
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(conflict "is already among the longest wars in American history"\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
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(lacking any of the limits provided by precedent and traditional law-of-) Tj
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(U.S. at 529 \(quoting ) Tj
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( n.19.) Tj
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(We cannot agree that in the AUMF Congress replaced the narrow,) Tj
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(unbounded one. ) Tj
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(Judge Wilkinson takes a very different, but no more persuasive,) Tj
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(constitutional) Tj
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( criteria for establishing enemy combatant) Tj
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(the enemy nation or organization. ) Tj
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(Post) Tj
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( at 179. He explains, praises, and then applies these criteria to al-) Tj
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(grating Judge Wilkinson's extensive efforts, we do not believe that) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(op. at 2 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). Thus, although Judge Wil-) Tj
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(kinson defends his statutory analysis by asserting that we must "giv[e) Tj
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(intent to incorporate established law-of-war principles. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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(Second, by refusing to construe the AUMF through the lens of tra-) Tj
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(ditional law-of-war principles, as ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(kinson ignores a construction that avoids constitutional difficulties) Tj
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(and instead chooses one that abounds in them. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
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( at 156 \(recog-) Tj
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(nizing the "serious constitutional issues that result" from giving full) Tj
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(effect to the broad language of the AUMF\); ) Tj
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(see also ) Tj
(post) Tj
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( at 131-32,) Tj
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(158-59, 176-77. This approach clearly violates the settled constitu-) Tj
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(tional avoidance doctrine, which requires that, whenever possible, a) Tj
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(problems." ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
(Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla. Gulf Coast Bldg.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(& Constr. Trades Council) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 485 U.S. 568, 575 \(1988\) \(collecting) Tj
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(cases\). The Supreme Court has repeatedly stressed the importance of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(this doctrine. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Spector Motor Serv. v. McLaughlin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 323 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(101, 105 \(1944\) \(explaining that this doctrine is "more deeply rooted) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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(full consideration. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(tive branches. Moreover, Judge Wilkinson offers ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(no) Tj
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( ) Tj
.49 Tw
(] con-) Tj
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(ten[tion]" that it has. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 175.) Tj
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(24) Tj
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( As Judge Wilkinson acknowl-) Tj
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(edges, changes in the law of war typically appear in treaties or) Tj
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(international agreements, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.6 Td
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(24) Tj
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(Post) Tj
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( at 174. In none of the Supreme) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
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(Court's recent terrorism cases has it recognized the AUMF as evidencing) Tj
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.08 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
2.77 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.26 Tw
(AUMF.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 156. Then he posits that the "law of war . . . informs") Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.93 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 160. And finally he) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
.76 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
.07 Tw
(stitutional limits on the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
4.29 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
.67 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
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(. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.24 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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1.03 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.96 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
3.2 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.9 Td
5.3 Tw
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-12 -12.7 Td
2.5 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.28 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
4.75 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.71 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.77 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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(of terrorists. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 147-51. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.22 Tw
(the Federal Courts) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
4.93 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.11 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.66 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.38 Tw
(criminal justice system. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.14 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
1.41 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
1.85 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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(CIA's Use of Waterboarding in Interrogations) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Mark Mazzetti, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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.24 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
.6 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Jane Mayer, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(The Black Sites) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.89 Tw
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( Stolberg, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(President) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.81 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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1.79 Tw
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1.27 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
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(see ) Tj
(Rice Admits U.S. Erred in Deportation) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Oct. 25, 2007,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
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(at A10; Ian Austen, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Canada Will Pay $9.75 Million to Man Sent to Syria) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.12 Tw
(and Tortured) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Jan. 27, 2007, at A5; and, finally, the recently) Tj
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(declassified March 14, 2003, memorandum of the Office of Legal Coun-) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
2.69 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
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(see) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Dan Eggen & Josh White, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
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(tors) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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2.22 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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12 -25.2 Td
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(& Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
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(curring\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.15 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
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(fluctuate, depending upon their disjunction or conjunction with those) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 637.) Tj
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.45 Tw
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.67 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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157.6875 -25.2 Td
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-145.6875 -25.3 Td
3.32 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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(States." Patriot Act ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ludecke) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( do) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.9 Td
.27 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(congressional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authority over aliens stemming from Congress's power) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.78 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
3.23 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.16 Tw
(Mathews v. Diaz) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 426 U.S. 67, 79-80 \(1976\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Harisiades v. Shaugh-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.88 Tw
(nessy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.18 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.37 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.66 Tw
(power to subject to indefinite military detention an alien lawfully) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(residing in this country. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.06 Tw
(In sum, al-Marri is not a subject of a country with which the United) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.45 Tw
(States is at war, he did not illegally enter the United States, and he) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.42 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(Rather, after lawfully entering the United States, al-Marri "developed) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.73 Tw
(substantial connections with this country," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.47 Tw
(U.S. at 271, and so his status as an alien neither eliminates his due) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(process rights nor provides the President with extraordinary powers) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(to subject al-Marri to seizure and indefinite detention by the military.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.35 Tw
(The President's constitutional powers do not allow him to order the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.11 Tw
(military to seize and detain indefinitely al-Marri without criminal pro-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(cess any more than they permit the President to order the military to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.96 Tw
(seize and detain, without criminal process, other terrorists within the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.96 Tw
(United States, like the Unabomber or the perpetrators of the Okla-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(homa City bombing. ) Tj
157.6875 -25.8 Td
(3.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.8 Td
.4 Tw
(In light of al-Marri's due process rights under our Constitution and) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
2.38 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
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12 -25.3 Td
1.05 Tw
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-12 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(Toth) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.58 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
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3.23 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
.15 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
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(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.73 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.87 Tw
(of the benefits of Trial by Jury." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Declaration of Independence) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(paras. 14, 20 \(U.S. 1776\). Thus, a resolute conviction that civilian) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
5.23 Tw
(stitution. As Alexander Hamilton, no foe of executive power,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.8 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(and naval forces." The Federalist No. 69, at 386 \(Alexander Hamil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(ton\) \(Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961\). "That military powers of the Com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(internal affairs) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( seems obvious from the Constitution and from ele-) Tj
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1.61 Tw
(mentary American history." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 644 \(Jackson,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(J., concurring\) \(emphasis added\). For this reason, in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the) Tj
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1.13 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(despite the Government's argument that the refusal would "endanger) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.58 Tw
(the well-being and safety of the Nation." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 584 \(majority opin-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(ion\). ) Tj
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1.4 Tw
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1.46 Tw
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.01 Tw
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.94 Tw
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(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.46 Tw
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.71 Tw
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.48 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
.24 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(itary against terrorist enemies overseas. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Curtiss-Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 299 U.S.) Tj
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.7 Tw
(at 319-20; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.96 Tw
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1.13 Tw
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.68 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(concurring in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\)) Tj
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.37 Tw
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.55 Tw
(law enforcement officers may always use deadly force whenever rea-) Tj
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1.61 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Scott v. Harris) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 127 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.61 Tw
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.1 Tw
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1.69 Tw
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.78 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 10 U.S.C.A.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.57 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Act, 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(1385\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.01 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.13 Tw
(33; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Laird v. Tatum) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
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.51 Tw
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1.91 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
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3.67 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
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2.24 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Id.) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
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( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.48 Tw
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-12 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
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.57 Tw
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.93 Tw
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.68 Tw
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.25 Tw
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(in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.28 Tw
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.8 Tw
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.52 Tw
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.9 Tw
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1.02 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
.73 Tw
(In an address to Congress at the outset of the Civil War, President) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(ham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session \(July 4, 1861\),) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
(in ) Tj
(Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 246, 254) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(\(Don E. Fehrenbacher ed., 1989\). The authority the President seeks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
.02 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
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.86 Tw
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154.8182 -25.2 Td
(III.) Tj
-142.8182 -25.3 Td
.85 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion of al-Marri would have to cease. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.72 Tw
(This disposition, however, does not command a majority of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
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(banc) Tj
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1.64 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(impose. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.6 Tw
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(it may order al-Marri's military detention. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
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(fore, we concur in the per curiam opinion reversing and remanding) Tj
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(TRAXLER, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: ) Tj
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(behalf. Al-Marri now appeals the district court's decision dismissing) Tj
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(his habeas petition, filed under 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.36 Tw
(2241, challenging the) Tj
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(basis for his designation. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
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(I agree with my colleagues who hold that the Authorization for Use) Tj
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(\(2001\), enacted by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, grants) Tj
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(purpose of committing hostile and war-like acts such as those carried) Tj
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1.29 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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(him. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.52 Tw
(However, I depart from my dissenting colleagues on the issue of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(I.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(As is now tragically well-known, on September 11, 2001, opera-) Tj
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(the President is authorized to ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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( \(emphasis added\). The preamble to the AUMF references the Pres-) Tj
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(self-defense and to protect United States citizens ) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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( \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
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(within, and that al Qaeda was heavily supported and harbored by the) Tj
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(Taliban government of Afghanistan, the President responded militar-) Tj
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(ily against both entities by ordering our armed forces to Afghanistan.) Tj
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4.7 Ts
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(1) Tj
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( Al-) Tj
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2.26 Tw
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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(1014 \(West) Tj
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(financial institution, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
3.15 Tw
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(Supp. 2007\). Al-Marri was initially charged with these offenses in two) Tj
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(and re-indicted on the same seven counts in the district court of Illinois.) Tj
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(see ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 F.3d 707 \(7th Cir.) Tj
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(2004\), but re-filed in the United States District Court for the District) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
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(of South Carolina. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(In his petition, al-Marri claimed that his military detention was) Tj
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2.6 Tw
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1.05 Tw
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1.9 Tw
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(3) Tj
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12 -25.8 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.6 Td
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(3) Tj
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0 -11.6 Td
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0 -11.6 Td
1.93 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
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0 -11.6 Td
.39 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
.56 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1.31 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.6 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
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(See ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Wright) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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1.76 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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12 -25.2 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(the witnesses against him." J.A. 69. According to al-Marri,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(69. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.91 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
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(Marri's assertion that the President lacked the authority to detain him) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(as an enemy combatant, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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(allegations upon which his designation rested, ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(issue in turn. ) Tj
93.7645 -25.2 Td
(II.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Authority to Detain) Tj
-81.7645 -25.3 Td
2.51 Tw
(I begin with the district court's denial of al-Marri's motion for) Tj
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1.63 Tw
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(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(asserts that the President lacks legal authority to designate and detain) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
2.17 Tw
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(inherent constitutional authority allowed for the detention. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.3 Td
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1.6 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(unless) Tj
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(row exceptions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739, 755) Tj
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(\(1987\) \("In our society liberty is the norm, and detention prior to trial) Tj
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2.72 Tw
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2.45 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ities." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 519-521 \(2004\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.12 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(grant of such authority in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
4.13 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.55 Tw
(attacks, are individuals Congress sought to target in passing the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(AUMF." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(force,' Congress has clearly and unmistakably authorized detention in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the narrow circumstances considered here."\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.3 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516 \(inter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.92 Tw
(nal quotation marks omitted\), the plurality concluded that, even) Tj
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1.54 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
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1.45 Tw
(tant, the plurality also recognized the Court's precedent in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.99 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(are enemy belligerents within the meaning of . . . the law of war.'") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 37-38\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.81 Tw
(This court also considered the scope of the AUMF in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v.) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.39 Tw
(and targets." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 389. In so holding, we also relied upon the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(Supreme Court's decision in ) Tj
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(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.3 Tw
(tured before he could execute those orders." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 392. Noting that,) Tj
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("[l]ike Haupt, Padilla associated with the military arm of the enemy,) Tj
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(soil a power without which, Congress understood, the) Tj
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(President could well be unable to protect American citizens) Tj
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(from the very kind of savage attack that occurred four years) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(ago almost to the day. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -24.1 Td
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 397. Accordingly, we reversed the district court's determination) Tj
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(4) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(4) Tj
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(Shortly after our ruling in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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-10.5 -10.8 Td
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0 -10.9 Td
.36 Tw
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1.68 Tw
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1.78 Tw
(such especial national importance as to warrant final consideration by) Tj
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(that court, even if only by denial of further review." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 432) Tj
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(F.3d 582, 583 \(4th Cir. 2005\). We, therefore, expressed the view that any) Tj
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1.81 Tw
(rather, by the Supreme Court." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 584. The Supreme Court subse-) Tj
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(quently granted the government's motion to transfer. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hanft v.) Tj
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(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 546 U.S. 1084 \(2006\). ) Tj
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(Like my colleagues, I agree that neither ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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( nor ) Tj
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(Padilla) Tj
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( com-) Tj
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(al-Marri as an enemy combatant, although they do provide guidance.) Tj
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2.82 Tw
(I disagree, however, that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex Parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2) Tj
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(\(1866\), compels the opposite conclusion. Having carefully considered) Tj
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.96 Tw
(these cases, as well as the Supreme Court's decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, I am) Tj
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( ) Tj
(]) Tj
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(foreign) Tj
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( combat zone of that war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 389 \(emphasis) Tj
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(added\). ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
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2.36 Tw
(As accurately pointed out by my colleagues, the alleged enemy) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(combatants in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were affiliated with the military) Tj
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.51 Tw
(arm of an enemy government, specifically the Taliban government of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(Afghanistan. By virtue of the alleged combatant's affiliation with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.52 Tw
(Taliban government, neither court was required to decide whether) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(their affiliation with al Qaeda and, in the case of Padilla, the mission) Tj
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1.63 Tw
(to carry out additional terrorist acts within this country, would also) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(have supported their detention as enemy combatants. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.45 Tw
(In my opinion, however, there is no doubt that individuals who are) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(dispatched here by al Qaeda, the organization known to have carried) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(out the 9/11 attacks upon our country, as sleeper agents and terrorist) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.96 Tw
(operatives charged with the task of committing additional attacks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(upon our homeland "are [also] individuals Congress sought to target) Tj
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1.39 Tw
(in passing the AUMF." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518. Citing the right of) Tj
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(the United States "to protect United States citizens ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(both at home and) Tj
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1.16 Tw
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(," the AUMF authorized the President's use of "all necessary) Tj
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3.25 Tw
(and appropriate force against" the nations ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and ) Tj
(organizations) Tj
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( that) Tj
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12 -25.9 Td
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(As persuasively pointed out by the government, it was the 9/11) Tj
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(attacks which triggered the passage of the AUMF. The al Qaeda oper-) Tj
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(and, while finalizing the preparations for these attacks, maintained a) Tj
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(facade of peaceful residence until the very moment they boarded the) Tj
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1.14 Tw
(commercial airliners that they used as weapons. The hijackers never) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(engaged in combat operations against our forces on a foreign battle-) Tj
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2.24 Tw
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.99 Tw
(attacks upon our country, it did not intend to authorize the President) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.16 Tw
(to deal militarily with al Qaeda operatives identically situated to the) Tj
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1.74 Tw
(9/11 hijackers. There is nothing in the language of the AUMF that) Tj
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1.15 Tw
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1.17 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(it strains reason to believe that Congress, in enacting the AUMF in) Tj
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.35 Tw
(the wake of those attacks, did ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( intend for it to encompass al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.45 Tw
(operatives standing in the exact position as the attackers who brought) Tj
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4.8 Tw
(about its enactment. Furthermore, Congress has not revised or) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(revoked the AUMF since its enactment or since the Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(decided ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.81 Tw
(I am also unpersuaded by the claim that because al Qaeda itself is) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.12 Tw
(an international terrorist organization instead of a "nation state" or) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.02 Tw
("enemy government," the AUMF cannot apply, consistent with the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(laws of war and our constitutional guarantees, to such persons. The) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.33 Tw
(premise of that claim seems to be that because al Qaeda is not techni-) Tj
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1.63 Tw
(cally in control of an enemy nation or its government, it cannot be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.45 Tw
(considered as anything other than a criminal organization whose) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
(members are entitled to all the protections and procedures granted by) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(our constitution. I disagree. ) Tj
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(in a historical context, it is an enemy force nonetheless. The fact that) Tj
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2.12 Tw
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2.53 Tw
(President attacked the Taliban in Afghanistan as ) Tj
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(retaliation) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( for al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(Qaeda's strike upon our nation ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(because) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( al Qaeda was centralized) Tj
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(there and allied with the Taliban, and it also strains credulity to assert) Tj
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.06 Tw
(that while we are legitimately at war with the Taliban government, we) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(cannot be at war with al Qaeda. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.05 Tw
(In sum, the war that al Qaeda wages here and abroad against Amer-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(ican interests may be viewed as unconventional, but it is a war none-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.03 Tw
(theless and one initially declared by our enemy. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi v.) Tj
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3.43 Tw
(Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 296 F.3d 278, 283 \(4th Cir. 2002\) \(noting that "[t]he) Tj
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.71 Tw
(unconventional aspects of the present struggle do not make its stakes) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(any less grave"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 389 \(noting that al Qaeda is "an) Tj
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.91 Tw
(entity with which the United States is at war"\). The members of this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(enemy force come from different countries and they are positioned) Tj
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.01 Tw
(globally. They fight us with conventional weapons in Afghanistan and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(Iraq, but they have also infiltrated our borders and those of our allies,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(bent on committing, at a minimum, sabotage and other war-like acts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(targeting both military and civilian installations and citizens. While) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(they do not hail from a single nation state, they are not really so dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(similar from the multi-national forces united against the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(and its allies in the conventional wars that we are more comfortable) Tj
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.59 Tw
(discussing. And when they cross our borders with the intent to attack) Tj
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.35 Tw
(our country from within on behalf of those forces, they are not appre-) Tj
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2.02 Tw
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(Hamdi) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
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(every) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
1.69 Tw
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1.74 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
3.67 Tw
(citizens within this country\) and support such military detention) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.32 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
2.16 Tw
(first-hand information about the detainee ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(regardless) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
2.19 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
-1.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.46 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.92 Tw
(See ) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.5 Td
1.36 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
1.22 Tw
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2.39 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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2.48 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
1.32 Tw
(marks and alteration omitted\)\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.8 Td
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3.05 Tw
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.61 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.28 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.99 Tw
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2.03 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.47 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
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.19 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
.71 Tw
(ing." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( I cannot read this language divorced from the context in which) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
4.17 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
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1.11 Tw
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1.73 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.32 Tw
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2.47 Tw
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1.29 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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4.3 Ts
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1.28 Tw
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1.61 Tw
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3.34 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
.24 Tw
(explained to an Article III court before he is deprived of his liberty inter-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.93 Tw
(est in being free from physical detention. Actually, I propose that al-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.41 Tw
(Marri receive exactly what the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( plurality gave to Hamdi a) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.08 Tw
(directive that the district court weigh his rights against the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(actual) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( govern-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.52 Tw
(mental burdens to determine whether a lessening of the normal proce-) Tj
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(dures is warranted. For the reasons discussed by the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( plurality, the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.52 Tw
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.29 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
.53 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(, ) Tj
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(i.e.) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(United States," ) Tj
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(id.) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
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12 -23.8 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
3.17 Tw
(al-Marri was properly designated an enemy combatant. However,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.62 Tw
(unlike in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the government has presented ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.82 Tw
(the [g]overnment," ) Tj
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.61 Tw
(methods which account for the government's weighty interests. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(529 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
1.94 Tw
(As previously noted, al-Marri argued below that he believed the) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.11 Tw
(discovery sought would be primarily from civilian agencies that could) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.14 Tw
(produce it without interfering with the war powers and war operations) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.36 Tw
(of this government.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( At a minimum, I believe the government should) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -24.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.54 Tw
(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.51 Tw
(For example, it seems that at least some portions of the Rapp Decla-) Tj
-10.5 -10.8 Td
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(ration merely summarize interviews of al-Marri conducted by FBI agents) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(after his civilian arrest and by DOD personnel once he was transferred) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
.91 Tw
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0 -10.8 Td
.76 Tw
(is every indication that these governmental agents have first-hand infor-) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.26 Tw
(mation about the basis for al-Marri's detention and, unlike the military) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
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(personnel at issue in ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -10.8 Td
1.03 Tw
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0 -10.8 Td
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0 -10.8 Td
1.05 Tw
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157.6875 -25.2 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
1.96 Tw
(and can be properly designated an enemy combatant and militarily) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(detained pursuant to the authority granted the President in the AUMF.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.8 Tw
(He would be properly classified as an enemy combatant who infil-) Tj
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(trated our country under false pretenses for the purpose of waging war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(via terrorist activities. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.13 Tw
(Because al-Marri was seized and detained in this country, however,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(he is entitled to habeas review by a civilian judicial court and to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(determine what constitutional process al-Marri is due, the court must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(relaxed evidentiary standards discussed in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( serve as important) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(guides in this endeavor. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not, however, provide a cookie-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.11 Tw
(cutter procedure appropriate for every alleged enemy-combatant,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(regardless of the circumstances of the alleged combatant's seizure or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(the ) Tj
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(actual) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( burdens the government might face in defending the habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(petition in the normal way. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(Al-Marri clearly stands in a much different position from Hamdi.) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(He was not captured bearing arms on the battlefield of Afghanistan,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
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1.71 Tw
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2.79 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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12 -25.3 Td
1.47 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
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1.57 Tw
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.73 Tw
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.15 Tw
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.41 Tw
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1.86 Tw
(times of security concerns"\); ) Tj
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(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.4 Tw
(the detainees' habeas corpus proceedings. We recognize, however,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
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.32 Tw
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1.09 Tw
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.15 Tw
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2.45 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(to national security or the war efforts dictate its use. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -26 Td
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.61 Tw
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3.01 Tw
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1.17 Tw
(national security concerns in matters such as this, and that the Rapp) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.01 Tw
(Declaration references not only al-Marri's activities in this country) Tj
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1.57 Tw
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(able evidence" within the meaning of ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ex ) Tj
(parte) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.58 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.98 Tw
(combatant proceeding[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.98 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.11 Tw
(uncommon potential to burden the Executive at a time of ongoing) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.72 Tw
(military conflict." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533-34; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(cf. ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.35 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.45 Tw
(inform the definition and reach of the law's writs, including habeas) Tj
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(corpus. The cases and our tradition reflect this precept."\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
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(16) Tj
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(dence that he falls outside the criteria." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534 \(emphasis added\).) Tj
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("In the words of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
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(, process of this sort would sufficiently) Tj
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(address the `risk of an erroneous deprivation' of a detainee's liberty) Tj
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1.88 Tw
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(additional value in light of the burden on the [g]overnment." ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
156.411 -26.4 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -26.3 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( frame-) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(id.) Tj
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0 -11.9 Td
1.08 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
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(stances of his confinement and his lack of counsel at th[at] stage," ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
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(553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 38 \(citation omitted\). And while the dissent) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.7 Tw
(disagreed that the CSRT hearings were an insufficient substitute for) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
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(habeas, it too pointed out in defense that the CSRT provides "every peti-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.15 Tw
(tioner . . . the right to present evidence that he has been wrongfully) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.16 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
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(tary evidence, and testify before the tribunal." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.8 Td
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0 -11.8 Td
2.82 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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("with more persuasive evidence." ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.42 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(identity of his accusers, all without adequate explanation or justifica-) Tj
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1.51 Tw
(tion. Given that his burden was not just to contest, but to disprove,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(he was placed at a substantial disadvantage. And despite the efforts) Tj
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2.61 Tw
(that have been made to slough off or ignore the burden of proof) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.13 Tw
(placed upon him, the fact warrants emphasis that al-Marri was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(required under these circumstances to prove that he was not an enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(combatant by more persuasive evidence. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( J.A. 183 \(holding that) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(ment," ) Tj
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(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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12 -25.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(constitutional rights, but al-Marri is not presently a criminal defendant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.3 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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2.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(enemy combatant and he should be ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(be accorded the presumption of innocence and the Fifth Amendment) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(right not to "be compelled . . . to be a witness against himself." U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(Const. Amend. V. Al-Marri simultaneously advanced a second, plau-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(sible argument that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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(mum procedural due process requirements in his quite different) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(inal process protections. As evidenced in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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122.5492 -25.4 Td
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8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
.35 Tw
(Under the current state of our precedents, it is likely that the constitu-) Tj
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0 -12.5 Td
.68 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.65 Tw
(means simply that protections we declare to be unavailable under the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.68 Tw
(Constitution to al-Marri might likewise be unavailable to American) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
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(citizens, and those rights which protect him will protect us as well.) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
.41 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court gave the government the opportunity to use hear-) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
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(say testimony when practical considerations required it, and the court) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.31 Tw
(suggested that this evidence might also be accompanied by a pre-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
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(sumption of validity. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. Because the detainee must prove) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
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(a negative that he is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.23 Tw
(17) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
.21 Tw
(2246 \("On application for a writ of habeas corpus,) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( to propound written interrogatories to the affiants, or to file answer-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
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(ing affidavits."\) \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
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12 -23.9 Td
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-12 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
1.39 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
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12 -24 Td
2.17 Tw
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-12 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
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0 -11.7 Td
2.45 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(order denying al-Marri's motion for summary judgment on the issue) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.05 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -24 Td
1.52 Tw
(However, because al-Marri was present within our borders at the) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
1.14 Tw
(time our intelligence sources identified him as an enemy combatant,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.87 Tw
(he is entitled to contest his designation under the burden-shifting) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.25 Tw
(scheme outlined in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. Under this scheme, the government may) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
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0 -11.8 Td
.04 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
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(sel may contest. But because the district court applied ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.8 Td
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0 -11.8 Td
.47 Tw
(balancing of the respective interests, I would hold that the process al-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.65 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
1.88 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(proceedings. ) Tj
0 -24 Td
(GREGORY, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: ) Tj
12 -24 Td
1.11 Tw
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-12 -11.8 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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.62 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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(\("AUMF"\) receive a ) Tj
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0 -12.7 Td
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(guidance as to the contours of that due process. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
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(The horrific attack on 9/11 resulted in congressional passage of the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(AUMF, the most far-reaching bestowal of power upon the Executive) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.09 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
3.1 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(receive. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.94 Tw
(The majority of my colleagues agree that a person of al-Marri's) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.4 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
2.03 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.59 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.85 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.6 Td
6.85 Tw
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1.2 Tw
(\("CIPA"\), 18) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(U.S.C. App. 3, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(1-16 \(West) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(2000 & Supp. 2007\). ) Tj
158.6477 -25.8 Td
(I.) Tj
-146.6477 -25.8 Td
1.27 Tw
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-12 -12.6 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.94 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.4 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
.61 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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12 -25.5 Td
.01 Tw
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4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -12.5 Td
.43 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.3 Tw
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0 Ts
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ex parte Watkins) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 411 U.S.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
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10.5 -14 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.55 Tw
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0 Ts
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-10.5 -11.5 Td
2.79 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.1 Td
1.29 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.74 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.89 Tw
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12 -26.6 Td
1.73 Tw
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-12 -13 Td
.91 Tw
(measure of further due process, leaves much to be desired. Regretta-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.55 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.11 Tw
(to substitute the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(full) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( protections of the Great Writ for any enemy com-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.54 Tw
(batant detained in the United States with an alternative due process) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -26.6 Td
1.34 Tw
(The uncertain duration of this conflict the seven-year anniver-) Tj
-12 -13 Td
0 Tw
(sary of 9/11 is less than three months away - and the fact that America) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.11 Tw
(is not fighting a traditional nation-state means that the prospect of) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.85 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.53 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Boumed-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.42 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
1.75 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.04 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.8 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.38 Tw
(mony will ever end all terrorist hostilities against the United States.) Tj
12 -26.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(With this troubling thought in mind, I attempt to provide a legal) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.79 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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4.7 Ts
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0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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1.87 Tw
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1.83 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.28 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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22 -25.3 Td
2.57 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
9.22 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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-22 -25.3 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.5 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.45 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
2.92 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and more) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.3 Tw
(recently in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
1.67 Tw
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.99 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.9 Tw
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-10.5 -11.5 Td
.16 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( did not) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(garner a majority of the Court." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
2.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(tant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 393. Though we did not address the issue of what process,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(if any, the Constitution owed Padilla, his arrest in the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
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12 -25.2 Td
1.14 Tw
(As the district court recognized, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(ernment's factual assertions[.]". ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
1.22 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.35 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.35 Tw
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12 -24.3 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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-12 -11.9 Td
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0 -11.9 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.9 Td
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0 -11.9 Td
.23 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
.65 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Given these justifica-) Tj
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0 -11.9 Td
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0 -11.9 Td
.16 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
2.9 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(F.3d 582, 585-86 \(4th Cir. 2005\) because:) Tj
22 -24.3 Td
.41 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
1.43 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
.24 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
1.57 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
.65 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
3.95 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
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0 -11.9 Td
.02 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
1.2 Tw
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-10 -24.3 Td
4.68 Tw
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-12 -11.9 Td
.84 Tw
(Moussaoui, and Abu Ali remains classified, the sheer volume of that) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.42 Tw
(evidence is overwhelming.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Beyond the Rapp Declaration, the Gov-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -24.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.58 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.5 Tw
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-10.5 -10.9 Td
.64 Tw
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.36 Tw
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.92 Tw
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.92 Tw
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.27 Tw
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0 -11 Td
1.49 Tw
(information." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11 Td
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(2007\). ) Tj
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12 -25.5 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(civilian criminal system ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.36 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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1.11 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.9 Td
.71 Tw
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-12 -12.7 Td
4.17 Tw
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.23 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.84 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
2.18 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
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2.53 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
1.03 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
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156.7272 -25.8 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.8 Td
.77 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.49 Tw
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3.28 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(marks and citation omitted\). Because much of the evidence al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.68 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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158.964 -25.3 Td
(i.) Tj
-146.964 -25.3 Td
.5 Tw
(The ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.98 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
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1.89 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
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0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.2 Td
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0 Tw
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1.12 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v.) Tj
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1.2 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 913 F.2d 148, 154 \(4th Cir. 1990\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.34 Tw
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.21 Tw
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1.51 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.92 Tw
(\(4th Cir. 1985\) \(en banc\). Thus, common law privileges protecting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 1107 \(internal quotation marks and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(citation omitted\) \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
157.3655 -25.2 Td
(ii.) Tj
-145.3655 -25.2 Td
.02 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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10.5 -25.8 Td
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1.08 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
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1.03 Tw
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1.05 Tw
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.02 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.67 Tw
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2.67 Tw
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(active process among the parties and the district court." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 480.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.11 Tw
(Recognizing that "the burdens that would arise from production of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.03 Tw
(enemy combatant witnesses are substantial," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 471, there are) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(times when such evidence, even via an affidavit, will be necessary to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(substantiate the Government's evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.17 Tw
(As a practical matter, this process could take place in an in-camera,) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
5.08 Tw
(ex-parte hearing where the Government responds to al-Marri's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.81 Tw
(requests for information and explains why national security concerns) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.08 Tw
(preclude disclosing evidence. While some of al-Marri's requests, such) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(as to depose high-level members of the Executive, may indeed prove) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.29 Tw
(onerous, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is an excellent template for the district court. It) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.74 Tw
(demonstrates how, in consultation with the relevant parties, a court) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(can craft remedies that satisfy an enemy combatant's unique evidenti-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(ary requests without unduly burdening the Government or compro-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.85 Tw
(mising national security. Ultimately, in giving al-Marri a "fair) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.68 Tw
(opportunity" to dispute his designation as an enemy combatant, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.65 Tw
(district court should "seek a solution that neither disadvantages [al-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.53 Tw
(Marri] nor penalizes the government \(and the public\) for protecting) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.84 Tw
(classified information that may be vital to national security." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(477. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(III.) Tj
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(Marri requests are located here in the United States. As we set out in) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
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(, should the Government object to turning over) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(documents on the basis of national security concerns, the district court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(has a very specific federal statute, CIPA, to guide its determination) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(of what documents can be turned over to al-Marri. In addition, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(Supreme Court's decisions in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( provide the appro-) Tj
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.07 Tw
(priate balance that the district court should strike upon reviewing such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.39 Tw
(In this time of angst and fear, we can find solace and wisdom in) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(the words of Thomas Jeffersonwords that have kept our nation's) Tj
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.88 Tw
(focus on noble principles in the worst of times. Speaking at his First) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.78 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(has gone before us and guided our steps through an age of revolution) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(and reformation . . . and should we wander from them in moments of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(error or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps and to regain the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(road which alone leads to peace, liberty, and safety." Thomas Jeffer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(son, First Inaugural Address, March) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(4,) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(1801. I urge the district court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(to "retrace our steps" as it considers this case on remand.) Tj
0 -25.3 Td
1.38 Tw
(WILLIAMS, Chief Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.76 Tw
(While I respect the lengthy and thorough writings in this case, I) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(believe that Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri's 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.64 Tw
(2241 \(West) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(2006 & Supp. 2007\) petition presents a relatively straightforward fac-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(tual situation.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( According to the declaration filed in this case \(and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(sworn under pain of perjury\) by Jeffrey N. Rapp, the Director of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.3 Tw
(Joint Intelligence Task Force for Combating Terrorism \(the "Rapp) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.15 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.09 Tw
(In light of ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___, ___ S. Ct. ___ \(June) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(12, 2008\), I agree with the plurality opinion that we have jurisdiction) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.63 Tw
(over al-Marri's 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.63 Tw
(2241 \(West 2006 & Supp. 2007\) petition.) Tj
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(Declaration"\), Al-Marri is a member of al-Qaeda who underwent) Tj
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(training in Afghanistan between 1996 and 1998 and was sent to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(United States as a sleeper agent on September 10, 2001.) Tj
4.7 Ts
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(2) Tj
0 Ts
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( Accepting) Tj
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(these allegations as true, I believe, pursuant to the Authorization for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(Use of Military Force Joint Resolution, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(224 \(September 18, 2001\) \("AUMF"\), the President has the power to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(detain al-Marri. Thus, on this issue I agree with the separate opinions) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.4 Tw
(of Judge Traxler, Judge Wilkinson, and Judge Niemeyer. Unlike) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(Judge Traxler, however, given al-Marri's failure to "participate in a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
1.57 Tw
(Wilkinson and Judge Niemeyer, I would affirm the dismissal of al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.05 Tw
(2241 petition and therefore dissent from the judgment of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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158.6477 -25.2 Td
(I.) Tj
-2.2367 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.42 Tw
(Following the September 11 attacks, Congress, on September 18,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
3.45 Tw
(Commander-in-Chief, to "use all necessary and appropriate force) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.71 Tw
(against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(planned, authorized, committed, or aided" the terrorist attacks that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(occurred on September 11, 2001. 115 Stat. at 224. The purpose of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(such authorization, Congress made clear, was to "prevent any future) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.58 Tw
(acts of international terrorism against the United States by such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(nations, organizations, or persons." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.9 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507 \(2004\), the Supreme Court) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(held that the AUMF granted the President the power to detain "enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.66 Tw
(combatants"as the term was defined in that caseincluding a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(United States citizen captured overseas during the conflict in Afghan-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(istan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 521. As the Court explained, detention of an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.26 Tw
(batant fell within the range of "necessary and appropriate force") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(granted by the AUMF because "detention to prevent a combatant's) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.47 Tw
(Because the separate opinions have spelled out the details of the alle-) Tj
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(gations in the Rapp Declaration, I do not repeat them here. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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( v. P) Tj
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4.7 Ts
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(3) Tj
0 Ts
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(at 519; ) Tj
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(also ) Tj
(In re Territo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.8 Td
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0 -12.8 Td
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(serving the enemy."\) Of equal import, however, is the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.04 Tw
(Court's holding that civilians may not be subject to military detention.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.49 Tw
(Ex Parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. 2 \(1866\). Thus, in my view, if al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.53 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
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0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(therefore a mere civilian, the Constitution forbids such detention. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.4 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Supreme Court defined the term "enemy combatant") Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(States there." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516 \(plurality\) \(internal quotation) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.98 Tw
(marks omitted\). The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court left it to lower courts to further) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.15 Tw
(refine the definition in future cases, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 522 n.1) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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(\("The permissible bounds of the [enemy combatant] category will be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.89 Tw
(defined by the lower courts as subsequent cases are presented to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(them."\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.35 Tw
(In the context of World War II, the Court defined the term "unlaw-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(ful combatant" to include:) Tj
22 -26 Td
3.37 Tw
(those who during time of war pass surreptitiously from) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.58 Tw
(enemy territory into our own, discarding their uniforms) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.77 Tw
(upon entry, for the commission of hostile acts involving) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.57 Tw
(destruction of life or property, have the status of unlawful) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(combatants punishable as such by military commission.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -26 Td
1.34 Tw
(Ex Parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1, 35 \(1942\). The Court expounded later) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(that "enemy belligerents" "includ[ed] those acting under the direction) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.4 Tw
(of the armed forces of the enemy, for the purpose of destroying prop-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(erty used or useful in prosecuting the war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 37. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Indeed, the practice of detaining enemy combatants militarily predates) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
.21 Tw
(our Constitution. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Ex Parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
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("[s]uch was the practice of our own military authorities before the adop-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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12 -25.2 Td
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1.22 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(Marri was on United States soil to commit acts of belligerency against) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 31 \(stating that unlawful) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.13 Tw
(combatants include those who commit "hostile acts involving destruc-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion of life or property" on United States soil\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.65 Tw
(According to the Rapp Declaration, al-Marri also meets what I) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(view as the second requirement of an enemy combatant: that the bel-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.2 Td
.01 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(nation-state) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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(nations." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
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(See ) Tj
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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("the AUMF constitutes . . . a clear statement" in favor of detention\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(batant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.38 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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12 -25.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
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0 -11.5 Td
1.53 Tw
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(\(last visited May 5, 2008\), that played no role in the September 11) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
2.16 Tw
(412\(a\).) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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(the AUMF. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
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(2339, 2348 \(2007\) \("[N]ormally the specific governs the general."\);) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
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(Warren v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 65 F.3d 385, 390 \(4th Cir.) Tj
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(1995\) \(same\). Of course, this maxim is only true if the two provisions) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.87 Tw
(deal with the same subject matter. Here, I view section 412 of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(Patriot Act to refer to the President's power, under Article II ) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.15 Tw
(3, to) Tj
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("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." U.S. Const., art. II,) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Article II, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.31 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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-144.7272 -25.8 Td
.21 Tw
(I am left with a simple set of facts: the AUMF grants the President,) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.01 Tw
(who already has some inherent Article II power to wage war, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Chicago & S. Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S. S. Corp.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 333 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.1 Tw
(103, 109 \(1948\) \("The President . . . possesses in his own right certain) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(powers conferred by the Constitution on him as Commander-in-Chief) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.1 Tw
(and as the Nation's organ in foreign affairs."\), the power to use neces-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(sary and appropriate force against organizations and persons with a) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.37 Tw
(role in the September 11 attacks; the Supreme Court has stated that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.48 Tw
(military detention is a "fundamental incident of waging war," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(542 U.S. at 519; and, the Government alleges that al-Marri has been) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(a member of al Qaeda since at least 1996. I think it clear under these) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.4 Tw
(circumstances that al-Marri can be detained as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.62 Tw
(and agree with the separate opinions of Judge Traxler, Judge Wilkin-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.12 Tw
(son, and Judge Niemeyer that so hold. As the Court wrote over half) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(a century ago, ) Tj
22 -25.8 Td
3.71 Tw
([T]he detention and trial of petitionersordered by the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.18 Tw
(President in the declared exercise of his powers as Com-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(mander in Chief of the Army in time of war and of grave) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.59 Tw
(public dangerare not to be set aside by the courts without) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.27 Tw
(the clear conviction that they are in conflict with the Consti-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(tution or laws of Congress constitutionally enacted. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.8 Td
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 25. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.11 Tw
(Finding no such "clear conviction," particularly given that the Pres-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.88 Tw
(ident is acting in concert with Congress, I would hold that the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.71 Tw
(dent, operating pursuant to the AUMF, had the power to detain al-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
156.733 -25.8 Td
(II.) Tj
-144.733 -25.7 Td
2.62 Tw
(I do not agree, however, with Judge Traxler's separate concur-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.68 Tw
(rence, which concludes that a remand is necessary to permit al-Marri) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(to further challenge his detention. Instead, because al-Marri short-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(circuited the lower court's attempt to craft procedures meant to pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(tect his due process rights, I would not reward his refusal to partici-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(pate with a remand. To the contrary, the magistrate judge and district) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.7 Tw
(court judge are to be commended for the extent to which they) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(responded to al-Marri's concerns, and, indeed accommodated his only) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.41 Tw
(specific request. In order to explain this conclusion, I briefly revisit) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(the proceedings below. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
.5 Tw
(On July 8, 2005, the district court entered an order concluding that) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(al-Marri could be detained as an enemy combatant and referring the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(case to the magistrate judge for development of the appropriate proce-) Tj
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(dures.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( On August 15, the magistrate judge held a telephonic confer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(ence with the Government and al-Marri's attorneys to discuss what) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(procedures might be used in determining whether al-Marri was an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(enemy combatant. During the hearing, the magistrate judge requested) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(that both parties "brief . . . the question of whether the Government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.38 Tw
(affidavit in this case is entitled to the presumption, as outlined in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and if so, what must the petitioner do to rebut the presump-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion." \(J.A. at 154.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.02 Tw
(Following briefing from the parties, the magistrate judge entered an) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(order on December 19, 2005, setting forth suggested procedures for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(addressing al-Marri's detention. Citing to ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the magistrate judge) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(concluded "it appears that in the context of a classification of an indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(vidual as an enemy combatant by the Chief Executive, due process) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(requires the petitioner receive notice of the factual basis for his classi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.06 Tw
(fication, and a fair opportunity to rebut the government's factual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(assertions by presenting more persuasive evidence before a neutral) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(decisionmaker." \(J.A. at 182.\) To this end, the magistrate judge indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(cated it would "review the government's credible evidence in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(form of affidavits, such as the Mobbs Affidavit in the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( case,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(and then would review "any responsive rebuttal evidence in the form) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(of affidavits and documents" from al-Marri. \(J.A. at 182.\) The magis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.58 Tw
(trate judge also noted "[a]dditional guidance by the court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
3.76 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
3.59 Tw
(Because of this assignment by the district court, my discussion) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(focuses in large part upon the actions of the magistrate judge. ) Tj
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(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(indicates that presumption in favor of the government may be appro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(priate and hearsay may need to be accepted." \(J.A. at 179.\) Thereaf-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(ter, however, the magistrate judge made no further use of the word) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
("presumption," and instead explained that "[i]f the petitioner is unable) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(to produce more persuasive evidence than that produced by the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.79 Tw
(ernment, the inquiry will end there." \(J.A. at 183.\) If, however, al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.82 Tw
(Marri put forth ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(more persuasive) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence than that produced by the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(government," something more akin to a "full-blown adversarial hear-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ing" would occur. \(J.A. at 183 \(emphasis added\).\) ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.59 Tw
(In describing the protections that might attend to such a hearing,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.6 Tw
(the magistrate judge noted, for instance, that objections under the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(Federal Rules of Evidence to material "gathered on the field of bat-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(tle," might be inappropriate but "might lie as to domestic evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(obtained by law enforcement in the course of the war on terror." \(J.A.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(at 184.\) After finding that the Government had indeed provided al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(Marri notice of the factual basis of his classification in the form of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(Rapp Declaration, the magistrate judge concluded the order by requir-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
(ing al-Marri to file "any rebuttal evidence within sixty days." \(J.A. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(184.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(After the district court withheld ruling on the magistrate judge's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(order until the procedures before the magistrate judge concluded, al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.99 Tw
(Marri filed a response to the magistrate judge's order, stating that,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(without being permitted to review the Rapp Declaration in full, he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(was unable to respond as required by the December 19, 2005 order.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(The magistrate judge agreed, and on April 5, 2006, the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(filed a declassified copy of the Rapp Declaration. On May 4, 2005,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(al-Marri filed his response, contending that "he is unable to disprove) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(the allegations contained in the Rapp declaration because he has been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(denied the opportunity to see the evidence upon which the allegations) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(are based." \(J.A. at 231.\) The response further stated that al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
("has denied" and "continues to deny" the Government's allegations.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(\(J.A. at 230-31.\) Al-Marri's response concluded by noting that "Peti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(tioner respectfully declines at this time the Court's invitation to prove) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(his own innocence, a burden that is unlawful, unconstitutional, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(un-American." \(J.A. at 231.\)) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.26 Tw
(The magistrate judge entered a Report and Recommendation on) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(May 8, recommending dismissal of al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.65 Tw
(2241 claim. It began) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(122) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(which is more persuasive) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.77 Tw
(the issue of whether the petitioner falls outside the enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(criteria, the government's credible evidence or the responsive rebuttal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(evidence which the petitioner wishes to present, with special attention) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.53 Tw
(to the `risk of erroneous deprivation.'" \(J.A. at 243 \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(added\).\) The magistrate judge proceeded to note al-Marri's statement) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(that he declined "at this time" to submit evidence and his attendant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.48 Tw
(failure to put forth anymore than a general denial of the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ment's allegations. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.81 Tw
(It summarized: "Al-Marri brought this action and has now refused) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(to participate in a meaningful way. As a result, there is nothing spe-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(cific before the court to dispute even the simplest of assertions which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(al-Marri could easily dispute, were they not accurate." \(J.A. at 244.\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.54 Tw
(For example, "Al-Marri present[ed] no information concerning his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(graduate studies and [did] not dispute or offer easily obtainable evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(dence to counter the assertion that by December 2001 he had rarely) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(attended classes and was in a failing status." \(J.A. at 244.\) The magis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(trate judge expressed frustration with al-Marri's failure to engage) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.86 Tw
("fact-finding procedures that are intended to be both prudent and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(incremental," \(J.A. at 248\), and recommended that al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.91 Tw
(2241) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.61 Tw
(petition "be dismissed," \(J.A. at 249.\) In so doing, the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(judge concluded that "it appears to the court that the Executive Decla-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(ration is more persuasive than Petitioner's general denial . . . and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.44 Tw
(there is no basis for concluding that an erroneous deprivation has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(occurred." \(J.A. at 248.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
(Following a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(de ) Tj
(novo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( review, the district court adopted the magis-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(trate judge's Report "to the extent" it was consistent with the district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(court's order. \(J.A. at 355.\) In analyzing al-Marri's petition, the dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(trict court concluded that the framework created by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( applied,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(that it ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(would) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( entertain a presumption in favor of the Government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(evidence, and that once the Government put forth credible evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(the burden moved to al-Marri to "rebut that showing with more per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(suasive evidence." \(J.A. at 347 \(internal quotation marks omitted\).\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(The district court first discussed the Rapp Declaration and rejected al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Marri's contention that, at the preliminary fact-finding stage, the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(ernment could not rely on a hearsay declaration; it determined that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.95 Tw
("hearsay may be used to satisfy the Government's burden of provid-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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(123) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(ing an alleged enemy combatant with notice of the factual allegations) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.69 Tw
(against him." \(J.A. at 349.\) The Rapp Declaration was thus permissi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(ble "at the initial phase," \(J.A. at 349\) and the district court expressly) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
2.3 Tw
(the later phases of such a proceeding is not a question before the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Court today." \(J.A. at 351.\) ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.02 Tw
(The district court found that the Rapp Declaration "met [the Gov-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(ernment's] burden of providing a factual basis in support of [al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.7 Tw
(Marri's] classification and detention as an enemy combatant." \(J.A.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.38 Tw
(at 352.\) The district court, like the magistrate judge, then recounted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.67 Tw
(al-Marri's complete refusal to offer anything more than a general) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(denial. Finding that al-Marri's "stance . . . ignores his responsibility) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2 Tw
(to prosecute this habeas action," the district court then ordered the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(dismissal of al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(2241 petition. \(J.A. at 354.\) ) Tj
156.7272 -25.2 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.2 Td
.76 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court provided three avenues of guidance for lower) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.88 Tw
(courts when considering future enemy combatant cases. First, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(Court noted that due process requires that an "enemy combatant must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(receive notice of the factual basis for his classification, and a fair) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(opportunity to rebut the Government's factual assertions before a neu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(tral decisionmaker." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533. Second, the Court noted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(that ") Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(2241 and its companion provisions provide at least a skeletal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(outline of the procedures to be afforded a petitioner in federal habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(review." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 525. Thus, "Congress envisioned that habeas petition-) Tj
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(ers would have some opportunity to present and rebut facts and that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(courts in cases like this retain some ability to vary the ways in which) Tj
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.3 Tw
(they do so as mandated by due process." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 526. Finally, the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(explained that whatever process is to be utilized, it must be carried) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(out with "caution," and be "both prudent and incremental." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 539.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.44 Tw
(In this case, the magistrate judge, and later the district court,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.81 Tw
(attempted to follow those guiding principles. First, both the magis-) Tj
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(trate judge and district court remained ever-cognizant of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.92 Tw
(tunity to be heard, structuring the proposed procedures around that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(command. I see nothing in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.33 Tw
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12 -25.2 Td
2.93 Tw
(In this regard, the initial procedures adopted by the magistrate) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(judge also hewed to the common precept that "the habeas petitioner) Tj
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(generally bears the burden of proof." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Garlotte v. Fordice) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 515 U.S.) Tj
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(39, 46 \(1995\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Vega v. U.S.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 493 F.3d 310, 319 \(3d Cir.) Tj
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(2007\) \(noting in adopting rule for sentencing credit cases under) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
.04 Tw
(2241 that "[a]s with any habeas petition, this test puts the initial bur-) Tj
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.57 Tw
(den on the prisoner to show his right to relief"\). Again, this approach) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(appears consistent with the guidance provided in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, that ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.9 Tw
(2241) Tj
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.61 Tw
(and its companion provisions may provide an outline for how to pro-) Tj
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(ceed in enemy combatant cases. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.64 Tw
(Finally, and most importantly, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( stressed the need for a "pru-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
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.31 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
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1.85 Tw
(tion that were peculiarly within al-Marri's knowledge. He failed to) Tj
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1.57 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.77 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(unable, without further discovery from the Government, to put forth) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(evidence that he did or did not attend class. By failing to participate,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Al-Marri simply short-circuited the entire "incremental" process. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.98 Tw
(I am unwilling to criticize the lower courts for, in essence, failing) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(to be more creative. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(fortiori) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.22 Tw
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(beyond) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
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(peti-) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(gence, I would not reward al-Marri, the petitioner and the party with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the burden of prosecuting his habeas action, with a remand. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.51 Tw
(Judge Traxler, in contrast, believes the real problem is that the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(magistrate judge and district court engaged in a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(presumption) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in favor) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(allegations of the Rapp Declaration, the district court "[a]fford[ed]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(this evidence a favorable presumption," \(J.A. at 352\), and found that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(Marri to rebut the Government's factual case against him. This "pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(sumption" was nothing more than a finding that the Government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(evidence was sufficient to move to the next step in the "incremental") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(fact-finding processa process common to traditional habeas prac-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(tice and embraced by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as the recipe for future cases. Beyond) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(this initial stage, we simply do not know how the Government's evi-) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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156.7272 -25.3 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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(required by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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([himself] with his own petar," William Shakespeare, Hamlet Act 2,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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154.8182 -25.3 Td
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-142.8182 -25.3 Td
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( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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(Judge Duncan has authorized me to indicate that she joins in this) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
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0 -25.3 Td
2.8 Tw
(WILKINSON, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(part: ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.13 Tw
(I respectfully dissent from the reversal of the judgment. I agree that) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(we possess jurisdiction to entertain al-Marri's habeas petition. I also) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(believe the district court to be right in all respects and that its judg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(ment dismissing the petition should be affirmed. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(I wish to express my respect for those who see this matter differ-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(ently. I admire the skill with which my fine colleagues and the princi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(pal and amicus briefs have argued the case for reversal, and I respect) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(the sense of conviction and principle that animates their views. I real-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.32 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.21 Tw
(Although I, like Judges Wilkinson, Niemeyer, and Duncan, would) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(decide this case differently than the plurality \(Judges Michael, Motz,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.93 Tw
(King, and Gregory\) and Judge Traxler, I want to express my deepest) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
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(respect for their views. My colleagues' efforts in this case are to be com-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
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12 -26.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(I quite disagree with the reversal of the judgment. I believe that) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.73 Tw
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0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -26.1 Td
.98 Tw
(I recognize that the military detention of someone lawfully in this) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.64 Tw
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(ability to authorize such a detention in these circumstances would be) Tj
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.03 Tw
(more momentous still. The present case reminds that we live in an age) Tj
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2.63 Tw
(where thousands of human beings can be slaughtered by a single) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.37 Tw
(action and where large swaths of urban landscape can be leveled in) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.27 Tw
(an instant. If the past was a time of danger for this country, it remains) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.1 Tw
(no more than prologue for the threats the future holds. For courts to) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.9 Tw
(resist this political attempt to meet these rising dangers risks making) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(the judiciary the most dangerous branch. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.56 Tw
(I say this not as an exhortation to panic or fear, but rather as a call) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
2.05 Tw
(for prudence. The advance and democratization of technology pro-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.15 Tw
(ceeds apace, and our legal system must show some recognition of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(these changing circumstances. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
( In other words, law must reflect the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.89 Tw
(actual nature of modern warfare. By placing so much emphasis on) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.46 Tw
(quaint and outmoded notions of enemy states and demarcated foreign) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.64 Tw
(battlefields, the plurality \(the opinion authored by Judge Motz\) and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.73 Tw
(concurrence \(the opinion authored by Judge Traxler\) misperceive the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.34 Tw
(nature of our present danger, and, in doing so, miss the opportunity) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.46 Tw
(presented by al-Marri's case to develop a framework for dealing with) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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1.2 Tw
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4.7 Ts
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-10.5 -11.7 Td
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(how to designate my colleagues' views has proven somewhat difficult.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
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(This is largely because the so-called ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Screws) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(The essence of the plurality's view is that law deprives this country) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
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(of those means of adjustment that the political branches deem essen-) Tj
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(tial to success in the struggle against those who launched and prepare) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.17 Tw
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1.16 Tw
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(embrace a sense of rigidity and complacency not elsewhere reflected) Tj
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(and a course of error that may lead to tragic results and lasting regrets.) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.36 Tw
(By ignoring the AUMF's plain language and patent meaning, the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.53 Tw
(plurality comes all too close to holding that no person lawfully in the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(United States may be seized as an enemy combatant and subjected to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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(military detention, and certainly not subjected to detention of any) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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(appreciable length. That to me is the plain import of the plurality's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.19 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(gress's intent but also suggests that the "serious constitutional ques-) Tj
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1.42 Tw
(tions" underlying the case compel a ruling in al-Marri's favor. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 20. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
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(Similarly, the concurrence, by forsaking the burden-shifting) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(scheme established in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and imposing more rigorous procedural) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.12 Tw
(protections at the very outset of enemy combatant proceedings,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.73 Tw
(implies that something more akin to a criminal trial is in order. In so) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.23 Tw
(doing, the concurrence accomplishes through constitutional interpre-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.26 Tw
(tation much of what the plurality attempts to accomplish through stat-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.3 Td
.22 Tw
(number, rather than vice versa. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Screws v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 325 U.S. 91,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
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(113 \(1945\) \(Rutledge, J., concurring in the result\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see also, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
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(v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 553 \(2004\) \(Souter, J., with Ginsburg, J., con-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(curring in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\)) Tj
(; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(US) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
(Airways, Inc. v. Barnett) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 535 U.S. 391, 408 \(2002\) \(O'Connor, J., con-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
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(curring\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 527 U.S. 581, 607-08 \(1999\)) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.53 Tw
(\(Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment\). Despite) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.49 Tw
(the "reverse-) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Screws) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(" wrinkle of this case, I refer to the opinion authored) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.72 Tw
(by Judge Motz as the plurality because her opinion enjoys the largest) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.87 Tw
(number of judges in support of the ultimate judgment. Likewise, I refer) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(to the opinion authored by Judge Traxler as the concurrence, inasmuch) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.19 Tw
(as he has not joined the plurality. For the sake of clarity, I refer to the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(other opinions filed in this case by the name of the author. ) Tj
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(utory construction: an erosion of the elected branches' ability to) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(pursue the current conflict in accordance with the laws of war. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(The plurality and the concurrence thus both overlook the fact that) Tj
-12 -12 Td
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(our Constitution is a feat of architecture as well as a charter of cher-) Tj
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(ished rights. To overlook the constitutional allocation of authority to) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.3 Tw
(Congress and the President in this case is to replace the Framers') Tj
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12 -24.6 Td
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-12 -12 Td
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0 -12 Td
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(leave this case totally up in the air. The touchstone of procedural due) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.65 Tw
(process has always been accuracy. The plurality and concurrence,) Tj
0 -12 Td
.78 Tw
(however, now mandate the imposition of some uncertain quantum of) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.92 Tw
(procedures despite the fact that al-Marri, although represented by) Tj
0 -12 Td
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(counsel and given every opportunity by the trial court to do so, did) Tj
0 -12 Td
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(not cast the slightest doubt on any of the government's extensive dec-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.93 Tw
(larations. Additional procedures may of course be required when the) Tj
0 -12 Td
.11 Tw
(accuracy of the government's evidence is called into question, and the) Tj
0 -12 Td
(burden on al-Marri in this regard is not high. Imposing additional pro-) Tj
0 -12 Td
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(cess at the outset, however, completely untethered from any need) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.59 Tw
(to ensure accuracy will lead to more graymail, more fishing expe-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.65 Tw
(ditions, and more thrashing litigiousness, all without any correspond-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.92 Tw
(ing benefit in terms of reliable determinations or practical effect.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.25 Tw
(Moreover, this novel procedural approach provides the district court) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(with precious little direction on remand. I simply have no idea what) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.92 Tw
(constitutes "the most reliable available evidence," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 8, nor do I) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.71 Tw
(know what procedures should be used to determine whether the gov-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.04 Tw
(ernment's evidence meets this standard. The district court will be sim-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(ilarly mystified. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
2.62 Tw
(The problem presented here is greater than al-Marri's case and) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.93 Tw
(even than 9/11. The sources of this nation's vulnerability its long) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.87 Tw
(borders, its multiple ports of entry, its densely-packed cities, the dis-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.25 Tw
(persions of lethal materials, the march of advancing technologies, and) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.67 Tw
(the widening distribution of knowledge as to the means and imple-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.84 Tw
(ments of mass destruction long predated September 11th and will) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(long continue even as the events of that day recede in memory. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.87 Tw
(Some of the scenarios are discounted as farfetched, until suddenly) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(they are not. Nuclear devices capable of inflicting enormous casual-) Tj
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(ties can now fit inside a suitcase or a van. Congress can and has made) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.65 Tw
(clear that the use of such a device by persons or groups associated) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(with the 9/11 attacks would be more akin to an act of war than to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.82 Tw
(ordinary crime. Regrettably, however, the plurality and, to a some-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(what lesser extent, the concurrence regard these acts quite differently) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
( as mere criminal offenses to be tried through the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.52 Tw
(process or something that will become increasingly its equivalent.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.38 Tw
(This reluctance to allow Congress to distinguish between war and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.8 Tw
(crime will hinder the elected branches in their effort to tame the true) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(tragedy of modern times: the indiscriminate slaughter of innocent life.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.05 Tw
(The events of 9/11 have afforded us an opportunity to address these) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(non-chimerical concerns and to build a framework for this most dan-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(gerous future. Congress in the AUMF and the Supreme Court in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( provided us with building blocks for a set of post-9/11 legal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.71 Tw
(principles. By forsaking the evident intent of the AUMF, and depart-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(ing from the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework, however, the plurality and concur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(rence have missed this opportunity. It is for this reason too that I) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dissent in this case. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(This need for some legal framework is not just an opportunity. It) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(is our obligation. The military detention of American citizens or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.47 Tw
(aliens lawfully within this country is a huge step. It is a mistake to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(take this step without asking where the journey leads. A failure to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(locate enemy combatant detentions within a general or principled) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.45 Tw
(framework will serve only to heighten concerns that open-ended) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(detentions of American citizens lie in the offing. A principled frame-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(work, by contrast, addresses the limits of executive authority. While) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(a minimalist method has much to commend it in many circumstances,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(it has its drawbacks here. This is not an area where ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ad ) Tj
(hoc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( adjudica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(tion provides either guidance or limits, and it leaves the most basic) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(values of our legal system liberty and security in limbo. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.45 Tw
(I thus have some points of difference with each of my good col-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(leagues. I do not agree with the plurality, as I believe the AUMF does) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(authorize al-Marri's detention. I do not agree with the concurrence or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(Judge Gregory, as I believe that al-Marri received the process he was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(due. I do not agree with the Chief Judge or Judge Niemeyer that we) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(can resolve a question of this order of magnitude namely the mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(tary detention of American citizens or lawful aliens in this country ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(without addressing the serious constitutional issues that attend such) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.11 Tw
(a move. If I could approach this whole question in such a fashion, I) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.23 Tw
(would surely do so. But the Supreme Court's recent decision in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
2.13 Tw
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___ \(2008\), demonstrates that even) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.96 Tw
(coordinated action by the democratic branches is subject to constitu-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(tional limits. Indeed, the scope of the executive's detention authority) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.7 Tw
(turns not only on "whether the AUMF authorizes," but also on) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(whether "the Constitution permits," military detention to take place.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 59. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.59 Tw
(The danger of ignoring this constitutional inquiry is that we would) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(proceed through increments and accretions to a system that features) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.05 Tw
(contradictory court rulings on military detentions throughout our land,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.7 Tw
(gives no notice to Congress or the executive as to what the permissi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.31 Tw
(ble boundaries of enemy combatant detentions might be, and, at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(worst, ends up inflicting grave damage to the constitutional fabric at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.09 Tw
(the end that none of us intended at the start. Far better, it seems to me,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.71 Tw
(to at least start this journey with a map, lest this case of first impres-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(sion become an aimless voyage. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
3.7 Tw
(The plurality derides this attempt to delineate a constitutional) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.83 Tw
(framework as a policy-based exercise in "inventi[on]." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 8; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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(also ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 20-21 n.9, 43-44. But the policymaking in this case) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(comes from those who would aggressively interfere with democratic) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.76 Tw
(prerogatives in the context of armed struggles, not from those who) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.11 Tw
(would interpret our foundational document with a proper respect for) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.64 Tw
(separation of powers and a proper demonstration of judicial restraint.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(The policymaking in this case comes from those who would so torture) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.5 Tw
(the text of the AUMF as to render it inapplicable even to al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.4 Tw
(members situated identically to those who perpetrated the 9/11) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.81 Tw
(attacks. I certainly do not hold the position reflected in the judgment) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(that courts should counteract Congress's plain intention or construct) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.14 Tw
(some set of unspecified procedures according to judicial designs. At) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.77 Tw
(the same time, the judiciary plays a vital role in ensuring that enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.42 Tw
(combatant detentions are consistent with the constitutionally pre-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(scribed war powers and not a subterfuge for circumventing our cher-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.34 Tw
(ished Bill of Rights. I make no apologies for regarding the restraint) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.42 Tw
(of the third branch as the starting point for all my inquiries in matters) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(pertaining to the conduct of war. I make no apologies either for recog-) Tj
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(nizing that there are constitutional limits on the military detention) Tj
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(power and for trying to determine what they are. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.89 Tw
(I shall thus attempt to provide some framework as to why al-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.71 Tw
(Marri's detention is lawful and why, at the same time, the military) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(detention authority is anything but open-ended. My own opinion pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(ceeds as follows. In Section I, I discuss why the AUMF applies on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(its own terms to justify al-Marri's detention. In Section II, I address) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.95 Tw
(the basic premise of al-Marri's argument that formal criminal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.98 Tw
(charges are required in order for the government to detain him. In) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.13 Tw
(Section III, I address the serious constitutional questions that arise) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(from, as well as the limits that apply to, the military detention of a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(citizen or lawful alien apprehended on American soil. In Section IV,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.57 Tw
(I address my concurring colleague's argument that the procedures) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(afforded al-Marri were constitutionally deficient.) Tj
( Finally, in Section) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
(V, I discuss, in a larger sense, why the dismissal of al-Marri's petition) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(can be squared with America's cherished legal heritage. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.37 Tw
(To reverse this judgment because al-Marri was not captured on a) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(foreign battlefield or foreign soil is akin to a judicial declaration that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.14 Tw
(Congress and the executive may fight only the last war. This is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(wrong. Access to the courts is important, and I would certainly pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(vide it here. But litigation is not the only friend of liberty. Democracy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(is a guarantor of human life and freedom, too. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.64 Tw
(I thus have no doubt that this detention is lawful. This detention) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(has been authorized by Congress. This detention is, and remains, sub-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.34 Tw
(ject to judicial oversight. This detention is a direct outgrowth and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(response to massive attacks on the U.S. homeland. This detention is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(consistent with Supreme Court precedent. This detention is in accor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dance with the laws of war. And this detention should be sustained.) Tj
/F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
8.0835 -25.2 Td
(I.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(THE AUMF AUTHORIZES THE DETENTION OF AL-) Tj
132.3597 -12.4 Td
(MARRI.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-128.4432 -25.2 Td
.15 Tw
(On September 18, 2001, one week after the most devastating attack) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(on the U.S. homeland in its history, Congress passed the Authoriza-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(tion for Use of Military Force \("AUMF"\). The plurality recognizes ) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(as it must that the AUMF authorizes the President to order the mil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(itary detention of enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(curring in the judgment\). The plurality also notes that the primary) Tj
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.19 Tw
(issue before us in this case is whether the petitioner, Ali Saleh Kahlah) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.41 Tw
(al-Marri, is an enemy combatant within the meaning of the AUMF.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
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(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 12-13. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.08 Tw
(Despite spending much of its opinion interpreting the AUMF, how-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.53 Tw
(ever, the plurality barely discusses the AUMF's purpose, so plainly) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(reflected in its text: to hold those responsible for the September 11th) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.17 Tw
(attacks accountable, and to prevent similar acts of terrorism from ever) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.39 Tw
(happening again. This omission is telling. By failing to appreciate the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(entire reason for the AUMF, the plurality is able to produce an incred-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.24 Tw
(ible result: it interprets the AUMF so that even the 9/11 attackers) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(themselves would not be considered enemy combatants under it. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.94 Tw
(The plurality's conclusion is a paradox without parallel. A resolu-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.38 Tw
(tion designed to address a problem is read to leave the problem unad-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(dressed. The reach of a resolution responding to hijacked domestic) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.23 Tw
(flights aimed at domestic targets and designed to inflict massive) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.23 Tw
(domestic casualties is confined to a foreign battlefield. In holding that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(the 9/11 hijackers would not be enemy combatants within the mean-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.34 Tw
(ing of the foremost congressional response to 9/11, the plurality) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.14 Tw
(denies the legislative branch the ability to mean what it says. It) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(deprives not only this congressional action of effect, but, in essence,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.52 Tw
(grants the judiciary an expanding veto over future congressional) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(efforts to protect this country. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.54 Tw
(To appreciate fully the error of the plurality's ways, one need con-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.37 Tw
(sider nothing more than the AUMF itself, which, in the more than six) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.08 Tw
(years since its passage, has never been amended, much less rescinded:) Tj
22 -25.8 Td
.26 Tw
([T]he President is authorized to use all necessary and appro-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.07 Tw
(priate force against those nations, organizations, or persons) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.02 Tw
(he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.57 Tw
(terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.1 Tw
(harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.9 Tw
(any future acts of international terrorism against the United) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(States by such nations, organizations or persons.) Tj
-22 -25.8 Td
(AUMF, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 \(2001\). ) Tj
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(all) Tj
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-12 -12 Td
1.29 Tw
(necessary and appropriate force" to prevent ") Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(rorism by those who perpetrated the September 11th attacks and their) Tj
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(affiliates. The President's power is not limited temporally: he may use) Tj
0 -12 Td
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0 -12 Td
1.34 Tw
("future" acts of terrorism. Nor is the President's power limited geo-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.54 Tw
(graphically: the preamble of the AUMF specifically directs the Presi-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.74 Tw
(dent "to protect United States citizens ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(both ) Tj
(at ) Tj
(home ) Tj
(and ) Tj
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12 Td
2.01 Tw
(\(emphasis added\). Finally, recognizing the new security risks pres-) Tj
0 -12 Td
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(ented by global terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, and global) Tj
0 -12 Td
.71 Tw
(terrorists, such as Osama bin Laden, the AUMF authorizes the Presi-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.77 Tw
(dent to use force against not only the "nations," but also the "organi-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.85 Tw
(zations" and "persons," that were responsible for the September 11th) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(attacks. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(Al-Marri does not so much as dispute the allegations against him,) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.3 Tw
(which we are obliged therefore to credit for purposes of this case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
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(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 6, 12. According to the Rapp Declaration, in which the gov-) Tj
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(ernment details the evidence supporting the detention of al-Marri as) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
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(an enemy combatant, al-Marri was closely associated with al Qaeda,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.68 Tw
(the terrorist organization that perpetrated the September 11th attacks.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.75 Tw
(Al-Marri attended an al Qaeda terrorist training camp in Afghanistan) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.48 Tw
(for fifteen to nineteen months, and subsequently cultivated relation-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.79 Tw
(ships with the most senior members of the al Qaeda organization: he) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.2 Tw
(met personally with Osama bin Laden and volunteered to martyr him-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.86 Tw
(self for the al Qaeda cause; he entered the United States as a sleeper) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(agent under the direction of Khalid Shaykh Muhammed, the master-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.02 Tw
(mind of the 9/11 attacks; and he received substantial funding for his) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.61 Tw
(mission from Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, the financial facilitator of) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(9/11. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 11. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.5 Tw
(And that is not all. Al-Marri was actively planning terrorist attacks) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.63 Tw
(at the time of his arrest in the United States. Before he was appre-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.61 Tw
(hended, al-Marri had been gathering technical information about poi-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.48 Tw
(sonous chemicals on his laptop, and was in communication with both) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.21 Tw
(Muhammed and al-Hawsawi. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Moreover, he had undertaken efforts) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.65 Tw
(to obtain false identification, credit cards, and banking information,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(including stolen credit card numbers. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -24.7 Td
.01 Tw
(It should be clear that al-Marri is the paradigm of an enemy comba-) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.85 Tw
(tant under any reasonable interpretation of the AUMF. When Con-) Tj
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(the power of military detention "to prevent any future" attacks by) Tj
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(those "organizations" responsible for 9/11, it must certainly have tar-) Tj
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0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(mind is to say that Congress had very little in mind at all. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.9 Tw
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-12 -12 Td
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(would give full effect to the "broad language" of the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(48. But of course. Judges take and treat with respect what Congress) Tj
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(gives them. I do not pretend that there are not hard cases under the) Tj
0 -12 Td
.35 Tw
(AUMF: for example, if the President were to detain an alleged terror-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.32 Tw
(ist with more tenuous links to al Qaeda or more ambiguous intentions) Tj
0 -12 Td
.59 Tw
(than al-Marri has. There are indeed difficult questions as to the reach) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.45 Tw
(of the authority Congress has conferred upon the President. But the) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.66 Tw
(possibility of hard cases does not hide the fact that this case fits) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.71 Tw
(squarely within the bounds of the AUMF. Al-Marri was indisputably) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.34 Tw
(a member of al Qaeda, and he was indisputably planning terrorist) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.11 Tw
(attacks to kill American citizens and destroy American property. If al-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(Marri is not an "enemy combatant" under the AUMF, then who is?) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.68 Tw
(The plurality's view also rests on four faulty premises. First, the) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
2.41 Tw
(plurality erroneously asserts that al-Marri cannot be considered an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.8 Tw
(enemy combatant because the government has "never alleged that he) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(is a member of any ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(nation's) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( military [or] has fought alongside any) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(nation's) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( armed forces." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 6 \(emphasis added\). The plurality) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.98 Tw
(bases this "nation" affiliation requirement on a misguided reading of) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.18 Tw
(the Supreme Court's opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.6 Tw
(\(2004\) \(plurality op.\), and our circuit's opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
4.03 Tw
(423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\), which relied heavily on ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(According to the plurality, a relationship with the Taliban, "the de) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.53 Tw
(facto government of Afghanistan at the time," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23, was critical) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.52 Tw
(to each court's ultimate holding that the petitioner could be classified) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.93 Tw
(as an enemy combatant. Thus, the plurality contends, absent such an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(affiliation with an enemy nation, an individual cannot qualify as an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.61 Tw
(enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 25-26, 27 \(asserting that enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.77 Tw
(status rests on an individual's "affiliation with the military arm of an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy nation"\). ) Tj
12 -24.7 Td
.15 Tw
(The plurality's "nation" affiliation requirement finds no basis in the) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.96 Tw
(text of the AUMF, misreads the opinions in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.93 Tw
(nations, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(organizations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(or ) Tj
(persons) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" responsible for the September 11) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(attacks. AUMF, 115 Stat. 224 \(emphasis added\). Thus, the plurality's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.24 Tw
(notion that enemy combatants under the AUMF must be affiliated) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(with a "nation" at war with the United States flatly contradicts the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(AUMF's text. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.44 Tw
(Furthermore, the plurality erroneously limits the scope of the hold-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.05 Tw
(ings in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and therefore ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. According to the plurality,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.74 Tw
(under these two cases, "affiliation with the military arm of an enemy) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(nation) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" is a necessary condition for being labeled an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(tant under the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 26 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.3 Tw
(Of course, the petitioners in both ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were at one) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(time affiliated with Taliban units in Afghanistan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23, 24.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(However, neither the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court nor the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court made this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(fact the lynchpin of its decision. For instance, in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.97 Tw
(Court made very clear that its decision only answered "the narrow) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(question" of whether the detainee, based on the facts alleged, could) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(be classified as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516. The) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(Court never indicated that those facts circumscribed the outer bounds) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(of the enemy combatant category. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 517. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.63 Tw
(In fact, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( specifically noted that the "permissible bounds of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(the [enemy combatant] category will be defined by the lower courts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(as subsequent cases are presented to them." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 522 n.1. If the facts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(alleged in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were, as the plurality suggests, binding require-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(ments for enemy combatant status, then the Court's observation and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(directive to lower courts would have been unnecessary. Thus, any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(claim that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( sets forth the exclusive requirements of the enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(combatant category has a problem: it cannot be reconciled with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Court's own statements. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.15 Tw
(Finally, the plurality's "nation" affiliation requirement ignores the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(context in which Congress passed the AUMF. When interpreting leg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(islation that authorizes the use of force against both "nations" and "or-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(ganizations," I struggle to find any meaningful distinction between) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(affiliating with a so-called "de facto government," like the Taliban,) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
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-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(and affiliating with a terrorist organization like al Qaeda. This is par-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(ticularly true given the fact that, in many ways, it is impossible to dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(tinguish al Qaeda from a "de facto government":) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
1.43 Tw
([It] has a standing army; it has a treasury and a consistent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.45 Tw
(source of revenue; it has a permanent civil service; it has an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.9 Tw
(intelligence collection and analysis cadre; it even runs a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(rudimentary welfare program for its fighters, and their rela-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.8 Tw
(tives and associates. It has a recognizable hierarchy of offi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.57 Tw
(cials; it makes alliances with other states; it promulgates) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(laws, which it enforces ruthlessly; it declares wars.) Tj
-22 -25.2 Td
(Philip Bobbit, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Shield of Achilles) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 820 \(2002\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.49 Tw
(The second faulty premise of the plurality is the erroneous claim) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(that al-Marri does not qualify as an enemy combatant because he was) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.19 Tw
(not allegedly "seized on, near, or having escaped from a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(battlefield) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(which the armed forces of the United States or its allies were engaged) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.53 Tw
(in combat." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 11 \(emphasis added\). This purported "battlefield") Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.46 Tw
(requirement is also based on the plurality's mistaken interpretation of) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23 \(noting that Hamdi was captured) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(on a battlefield\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 24-25 \(noting that Padilla had been on a battle-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(field\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.39 Tw
(Although I will discuss the relevance of the battlefield in more) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(detail later, it suffices for now to say that the plurality's "battlefield") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(requirement also does not comport with the text of the AUMF, rele-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(vant case law) Tj
(, or the context in which the AUMF was enacted. It is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(every bit as much a gloss on the AUMF as the "nation" affiliation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(requirement is and every bit as misplaced. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.03 Tw
(To begin, the text of the AUMF is in no way restricted to those per-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(sons who have fought or seen action on a foreign battlefield. As men-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(tioned earlier, the AUMF contains no such location limitation and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.71 Tw
(specifically states that its animating purpose is to "protect United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.73 Tw
(States citizens both at ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(home) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." AUMF, 115 Stat. 224.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(While the plurality attempts to support its conclusion that the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(was not meant to operate "right here in the United States" with state-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(ments made by members of Congress more than four years after the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.77 Tw
(passage of the AUMF, see ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 40, I would hope the judicial) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(138) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(branch would respectfully bypass post-hoc commentary by distin-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(guished members of the legislative branch intended either to expand) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(or restrict or otherwise reinterpret what Congress plainly expressed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(and just as plainly stands by. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.66 Tw
(Next, although Hamdi and Padilla had seen action on a battlefield,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.23 Tw
(such a factor represents a potentially sufficient condition, not a neces-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(sary one, for qualifying as an enemy combatant under those cases. An) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(absolute requirement that someone must have been on a battlefield in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(order to receive enemy combatant status would run headlong into ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1 \(1942\). In that case, the Nazi saboteurs were) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(not captured on or near a battlefield, but rather in the United States,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(after surreptitiously entering "from enemy territory into our own." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.57 Tw
(at 35. The Court held that even though they had not "entered the the-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.36 Tw
(atre or zone of active military operations," i.e. the battlefield, the sab-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(oteurs were properly detained as enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 38. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.13 Tw
(Finally, the notion that enemy combatants can only be found on the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(battlefield is completely antithetical to Congress's purpose for passing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(the AUMF. The September 11th hijackers targeted civilians on Amer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(ican soil, not a foreign battlefield. The thousands slaughtered in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(Twin Towers, the Pentagon, and aboard United Flight 93 were not on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(any battlefield. To condition the enemy combatant category on battle-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(field participation is simply wrong. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.93 Tw
(Third, the plurality appears to be influenced by the fact that the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.68 Tw
(length of the current struggle "has no bounds" and thus the current) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(detention may be an "indefinite" one. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 62. I do appreciate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.4 Tw
(the plurality's concern in this regard. No formal armistice with al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(Qaeda or its offshoots is in the offing, and while 9/11 marked the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(beginning of widespread awareness that we were at war, no similarly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(defining event is likely to mark the end. But as much as I respect the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(plurality's concern on this point, I cannot ultimately accept it, because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(it is tantamount to an assertion that Congress should have repealed the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(AUMF or limited its duration, which Congress has not done. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(There is in fact nothing in the text of the AUMF that limits the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(duration of its operational force it applies both retrospectively to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(bring those responsible for 9/11 to justice and prospectively to pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(vent future attacks. And as noted, Congress has not repealed the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(139) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(AUMF or modified its language in any way. I am not prepared to sec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(ond guess its judgment. There is evidence that al Qaeda, which has) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(announced an intent to launch further attacks upon America, is not a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(degraded force but a reconstituted one, operating, among other places,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.63 Tw
(in the Waziristan regions of northwest Pakistan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Scott) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.4 Tw
(Shane, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Same People, Same Threat) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, July 18, 2007, at A1.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(Whatever the case may be, it is surely within the ambit of constitu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(tional judgment for Congress to conclude that the AUMF should con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(tinue in effect and that an ongoing threat must be met with an ongoing) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(resolution. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.82 Tw
(Until the AUMF undergoes some change from the body that) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(enacted it, the courts must honor its express intent. To approach this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
(war on terror otherwise would allow separation of powers in this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(long-protracted struggle to fall victim to a short judicial attention) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(span. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(The plurality's fourth faulty assumption is that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2 \(1866\), precludes a determination that al-Marri is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(an enemy combatant under the AUMF. The plurality contends that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.31 Tw
(Milligan's conduct "mirror[s] the Government's allegations against) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(al-Marri." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 37. But this overlooks the basic difference between) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(the two cases: Congress ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(never) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorized the use of military force) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(against the Sons of Liberty, Milligan's organization, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(U.S. at 6, but Congress ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(has) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorized the use of force against al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(Qaeda, al-Marri's organization, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( AUMF, 115 Stat. 224. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(constitutional force is felt only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has been determined the indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(vidual may not be classified as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(U.S. at 45. Because al-Marri plainly qualifies as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(under the AUMF, the principles of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( do not preclude detention) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(here. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.13 Tw
(Similarly, al-Marri argues that the Patriot Act's detention provi-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.52 Tw
(sions supersede, and therefore abrogate, the President's authority) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(under the AUMF to detain enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Brief of Appellants) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(at 14-15. The plurality wisely rejects this contention, recognizing that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
("the Patriot Act does not eliminate the statutory authority provided) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(the President in the AUMF to detain individuals who fit within the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(legal category of enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 42 \(internal quotation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(marks omitted\). ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(140) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
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2.92 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 \(2001\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(Thus, to the extent that there is even a hint of potential conflict, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(AUMF undoubtedly controls in the present situation as it alone spe-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(cifically addresses military detention in response to the 9/11 attacks.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(Therefore, like ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the provisions of the Patriot Act are relevant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has been determined an individual does not constitute an) Tj
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(enemy combatant not before. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(The particular errors in applying the AUMF lead to one transcen-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(dent flaw. By failing to give proper effect to the AUMF, the plurality) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(has simply assumed the authority belonging to the legislative branch.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.78 Tw
(The plurality states that Congress has not issued the "particularly) Tj
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.69 Tw
(clear statement . . . necessary to authorize" al-Marri's detention, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(at 39, but Congress has expressed its intentions quite plainly and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
4.12 Tw
(the legislature. Courts cannot, under the guise of interpretation,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(require Congress to do what Congress has already done. To do other-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(wise vitiates the long accepted approach of Justice Jackson in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngs-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(town Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. 579 \(1952\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Samuel) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(Issacharoff & Richard H. Pildes, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Between Civil Libertarianism and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(Executive Unilateralism: An Institutional Process Approach to Rights) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(During Wartime) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 5 Theoretical Inquiries L. 1, 5-6 \(2004\) \(explaining) Tj
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(that the Court has long followed the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( approach when) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(faced with questions concerning the scope of the executive's wartime) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(authority\); Cass R. Sunstein, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 2004 Sup. Ct. Rev.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(47, 83 \(same\). Under that rubric, the legality of executive action is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(ant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
5.43 Tw
("lowest ebb" when he "takes measures incompatible with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(expressed or implied will of Congress." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 635-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(37 \(Jackson, J., concurring\). ) Tj
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12 -25.3 Td
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( for the slightest hint of imprimatur for) Tj
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(this new arrangement but it is nowhere to be found. In ) Tj
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(Youngs-) Tj
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(seizure was a necessary wartime measure. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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() Tj
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(at 638 \(Jackson, J., concurring\); ) Tj
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(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(statutory authorization for [the] seizure."\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( has thus) Tj
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12 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
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1.25 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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4.91 Tw
(is exceptionally limited"\); Mark Tushnet, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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(\(arguing that federal courts lack the capabilities necessary to deter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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( ) Tj
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(tary detention." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 33. While the plurality) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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(in all instances involving suspected terrorists similarly situated to al-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(Marri. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
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("[a]ll persons in the United States have the right to be charged and) Tj
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(tried in a criminal proceeding for suspected wrongdoing." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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(Appellants) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 15, 26. Likewise, several amici contend that the execu-) Tj
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(through the criminal justice system. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.3 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(favor of the Government's evidence" may be warranted\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(Based on these various assertions, the only reasonable inference I) Tj
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.64 Tw
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1.43 Tw
(porters, endorse a ringing preference for the criminal justice system) Tj
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2.3 Tw
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3.08 Tw
(Qaeda associates apprehended on American soil. By defining the) Tj
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.87 Tw
(scope of the AUMF and the enemy combatant category so narrowly,) Tj
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.32 Tw
(it is hard to find anything other than a desire by the plurality to estab-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
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(2) Tj
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( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
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(While I would be the first to agree that the criminal justice system) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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(the terrorist threat, the notion that it is the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.7 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.85 Tw
(2) Tj
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-10.5 -11.4 Td
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(detained under the AUMF e.g., Moussaoui, Padilla, and Abu Ali ) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.24 Tw
(it ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(must) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( provide al-Marri with procedures that at least resemble a criminal) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.98 Tw
(trial. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 104-106, 110 n.5. This argument, of course, overlooks the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.87 Tw
(executive's discretion to choose between criminal prosecution and mili-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(tary detention in those instances where Congress has deemed the latter) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.62 Tw
(appropriate. The fact that the executive has judiciously chosen to forego) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(using its detention power under the AUMF in some cases where it is) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.97 Tw
(available does not deprive it of the power in other instances where it is) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
3.38 Tw
(necessary. The question before the courts in either circumstance is) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(whether the executive action is a lawful one. ) Tj
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(such threats, or is constitutionally compelled in all cases involving) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.32 Tw
(apprehensions on American soil, is simply wrong. The democratic) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.32 Tw
(branches cannot be compelled to wage a struggle with so many of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.26 Tw
(attributes of war through the exclusive medium of the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.5 Tw
(system. Nothing in our constitution requires the elected branches to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.43 Tw
(treat terrorism invariably as a criminal offense rather than as an act) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.72 Tw
(of belligerency. Indeed, such a constitutional approach would burden) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.59 Tw
(the Congress and the Executive to a greater extent than the war pow-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
(ers will allow. As discussed below, the prosecution of terrorists asso-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.11 Tw
(ciated with organizations such as al Qaeda often presents intractable) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.61 Tw
(evidentiary and logistical difficulties. These difficulties underscore) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.44 Tw
(the fact that the judiciary has no right in the name of constitutional) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.65 Tw
(law to compel criminal prosecution of terrorist suspects in all) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.38 Tw
(instances. By forcing a particular approach over the wishes of Con-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(gress as expressed in the AUMF, the plurality undercuts the role of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.92 Tw
(the legislative branch in allocating to the executive options to deal) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(with the most dangerous al Qaeda members in our midst. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.7 Tw
(One wishes in vain for the plurality to evince some glint of recog-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.6 Tw
(nition that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(two) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( models exist to manage the threat presented by sus-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
(pected terrorists: prosecuting them through the criminal justice system) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.86 Tw
(or detaining them as enemy combatants. Neither approach alone will) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
5.08 Tw
(achieve the appropriate balance between individual liberty and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(national security. As such, judicial directives that the AUMF or the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(Constitution itself mandate reliance on the single model of criminal) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.24 Tw
(prosecution in all cases involving terrorism suspects is neither satis-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.04 Tw
(factory nor tenable. Indeed, by formally routing all terrorist suspects) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(apprehended in this country through the criminal justice system, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(plurality has succeeded in impairing the warmaking powers of Article) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.3 Tw
(I and Article II. The warmaking powers conferred upon Congress and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(the Executive must likewise confer latitude in prosecuting or detain-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(ing those who wage war; else they are empty grants, bestowing the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(power without its necessary incidents. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518.) Tj
156.411 -25.9 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.9 Td
1.05 Tw
(I respect the aspiration that criminal prosecutions be the preferred) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.47 Tw
(way of addressing every threat that awaits the nation. But, as the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.55 Tw
(Court and constitutional tradition have long recognized, this is not an) Tj
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451.5 -148.5 Td
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-202.1066 0 Td
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.79 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ideal world, and not every threat to community safety can be handled) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(by the criminal justice system. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.42 Tw
(The Framers attached profound importance to just criminal trials,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(and the Bill of Rights reflects their commitment. The Fourth, Fifth,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(Sixth, and Eighth Amendments grant all persons a number of protec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(tions against the coercive power of the government in the context of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.76 Tw
(a criminal investigation and prosecution. The importance of these) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(constitutional guarantees is consistent with a preference for using the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(criminal justice system to try and punish suspects. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(This preference, however, is by no means absolute: the Constitu-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.99 Tw
(tion has never laid down a "categorical imperative" that the criminal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(justice system be the sole mode of apprehending suspected wrongdo-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(ers. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739, 748 \(1987\)) Tj
(. For instance,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(pragmatic concerns of "community safety" may, in some circum-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(stances, allow the executive to deprive an individual of liberty with-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(out a traditional criminal proceeding. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( As the plurality properly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(recognizes, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 15-16, this is true in contexts as diverse as the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(detention of dangerous suspects before a criminal trial, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(481 U.S. at 755 \(adults\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Schall v. Martin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 467 U.S. 253 \(1984\) \(juve-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.69 Tw
(niles\); the civil commitment of the mentally ill, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Addington v.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(Texas) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 441 U.S. 418 \(1979\); and the confinement of recidivist sex) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(offenders unable to control their behavior, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Kansas v. Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(521 U.S. 346 \(1997\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.7 Tw
(As the plurality acknowledges, each of the cases noted above con-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.43 Tw
(stitutionally allows "detention based on process less than that atten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.67 Tw
(dant to a criminal conviction." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 15. Although the plurality) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(mentions these examples, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, it fails to recognize their import. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(all of these cases, the Supreme Court acknowledged two key facts:) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(first, a failure to act may leave unaddressed a serious threat to com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(munity safety and, second, special circumstances present significant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(barriers to criminal prosecution. As a result, the Court has consis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(tently held that, in certain limited situations, the executive may use) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.8 Tw
(alternatives such as military detention to formal criminal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(charges so long as it does so pursuant to a proper legislative authori-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(zation. The plurality acknowledges this point, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 16 & n.6 \(citing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(cases\), but, at the same time, refuses to recognize that the AUMF is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(just such an authorization. By denying Congress's clear intent in this) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
2.2 Tw
(system is the only tool for pursuing a struggle that, in Congress's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(view, bears many of the salient characteristics of a modern war. This) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(simply cannot be the case. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.55 Tw
(Indeed, the Court's recognition of alternatives to criminal prosecu-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.31 Tw
(tion is not thought to compromise our constitutional values, and the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(plurality is wrong for suggesting that the present detention does just) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(that. Though I recognize the detention at issue here is military rather) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(than civil in nature, the relevant analysis is no different. This, at least,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.98 Tw
(was the Supreme Court's view in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, when it said that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(enemy combatant "proceedings need not resemble a criminal trial.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 54. In fact, if anything, enemy combatants,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(such as al-Marri, present an even greater need for an alternative to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(criminal justice system than do the categories of persons at issue in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.47 Tw
(It is unquestionable that a failure to incapacitate individuals such) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(as al-Marri may have dramatic consequences. As the plurality rightly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(notes, the law of war permits enemy combatants to be detained until) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(the end of hostilities, in order to prevent their return to battle. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(at 23 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519\). The same concern is present) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(with those responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Indeed, there is evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(that suspected combatants released by the United States have subse-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(quently been found fighting against American troops in Afghanistan.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( John Mintz, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Released Detainees Rejoining the Fight) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Wash. Post,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(Oct. 22, 2004, at A1. Moreover, the risks of failing to restrain an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(enemy combatant are even more pronounced when the combatant is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(a suspected terrorist like al-Marri. Rather than return to a foreign bat-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(tlefield, al-Marri, upon his release, may well resume his efforts to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(launch a catastrophic attack against American interests either on U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(soil or abroad. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Cass R. Sunstein, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(National Security, Liberty, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(the D.C. Circuit) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 73 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 693, 702 \(2005\) \(noting that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(the costs of error when dealing with terrorism "may turn out to be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(disastrous rather than merely harmful"\).) Tj
156.7272 -25.2 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
.72 Tw
(There exists not only the obvious need to immobilize enemy com-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(batants, particularly suspected terrorists; there are also often serious) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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-202.1066 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(barriers to their criminal prosecution. To begin, the arrest of terror) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(suspects will sometimes necessarily be based on evidence that does) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(not meet the constitutional and statutory requirements of a traditional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.08 Tw
(criminal proceeding. The "fog of war" creates confusion, and, in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(active combat zones such as Afghanistan and Iraq, it is often difficult) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(to respect the evidentiary standards, such as an unbroken chain of cus-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(tody, that are the hallmarks of criminal trials. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Ruth Wedgwood,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Commissions) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 96 Am. J. Int'l L.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(328, 330-31 \(2002\). In addition, it will often be implausible to allow) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(a terror suspect to confront the witnesses against him because of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(difficulties in having American combat personnel leave the front lines) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(to testify. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 531-32. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(While the plurality implicitly recognizes, as it must under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(that such evidentiary problems support the detention of enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(batants who have fought on a battlefield, it inexplicably limits that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.34 Tw
(detention to those who have battlefield experience.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In reaching this) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(conclusion, the plurality fails to realize that some of the significant) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.88 Tw
(difficulties associated with criminal prosecution are equally present) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.22 Tw
(when a suspected terrorist has never been on a foreign battlefield.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Indeed, these obstacles are present both before and during trial. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
3.98 Tw
(For instance, pretrial protections afforded criminal defendants,) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
(such as a right to a speedy trial and the immediate assistance of coun-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.77 Tw
(sel, may hinder the government's need to gather information that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.34 Tw
(could save hundreds, if not thousands, of lives. While all agree that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.81 Tw
("indefinite detention for the purpose of interrogation" is not allowed,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
.9 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 521, and torture must not be tolerated under any) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.28 Tw
(circumstance, this does not negate the fact that terror suspects are) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.1 Tw
(likely the "best source of information" on how to prevent future ter-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.71 Tw
(rorist attacks. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( William J. Stuntz, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Local Policing After the Terror) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.2 Tw
(111 Yale L.J. 2137, 2162 \(2002\). Obviously, this information will) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.32 Tw
(often be accessible only after interrogation. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 2161-62. And) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.65 Tw
(interrogation, particularly effective non-torturesome interrogation,) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.27 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.25 Tw
(The plurality notes that in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( I made the suggestion that domestic) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.83 Tw
(detentions and detentions of enemy combatants on foreign battlefields) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.38 Tw
(present different sets of problems. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 29 n.15 . I agree with this,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.7 Tw
(and I have approached the issue in this case with these differences in) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
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(mind. ) Tj
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(incommunicado." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Richard A. Posner, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Not a Suicide Pact: The) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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(nitely, the criminal justice system may impede the ability to gather) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(critical information, even in the short term, because of a criminal sus-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(pect's pretrial rights. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.02 Tw
(The problems presented by the criminal prosecution of terrorists) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(are even more pronounced at trial. Of course, there is a strong argu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(ment for bringing all suspected terrorists to trial: a trial conducted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.29 Tw
(pursuant to the open and public requirements of the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.04 Tw
(system provides a showcase of American values and demonstrates our) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(commitment to fairness for even the most pernicious members of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(society. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Michael German, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Trying Enemy Combatants in Civilian) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(Courts) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 75 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1421, 1426 \(2007\). But while the ben-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(efits of a criminal trial may carry the day in most instances, I do not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(believe that the argument is so one-sided as to rule out the ability of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(Congress to adopt other approaches. This is because the public prose-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(cution of a suspected terrorist entails several serious problems. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.88 Tw
(First, while a showcase of American values, an open and public) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(criminal trial may also serve as a platform for suspected terrorists.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.55 Tw
(Terror suspects may use the bully pulpit of a criminal trial in an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(attempt to recruit others to their cause. Likewise, terror suspects may) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(take advantage of the opportunity to interact with others during trial) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.44 Tw
(to pass critical intelligence to their allies. For instance, before his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(appointment as Attorney General, former federal Judge Michael B.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(Mukasey recounted the story of how, "in the course of prosecuting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(Omar Abdel Rahman \(the so-called `blind sheik'\) and others for their) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and other crimes, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(government was compelled . . . to turn over a list of unindicted co-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(conspirators to the defendants." Michael B. Mukasey, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Jose Padilla) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(Makes Bad Law) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Wall St. J., Aug. 22, 2007, at A15. One of those co-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(conspirators, it turns out, was Osama bin Laden. Within ten days, a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(copy of the list was in bin Laden's hands, "letting him know that his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(connection to that case had been discovered." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.06 Tw
(Second, and relatedly, the prosecution of some terrorists could) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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0 -12 Td
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0 -12 Td
2.02 Tw
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0 -12 Td
.8 Tw
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0 -12 Td
3.11 Tw
(trial judge." Wedgwood, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.41 Tw
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0 -12 Td
2.14 Tw
(participants themselves in the future. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.14 Tw
(1512 \(2000\)) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(prohibiting tampering with a witness, victim, or informant\). ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.12 Tw
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-12 -12 Td
.59 Tw
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0 -12 Td
.35 Tw
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0 -12 Td
1.4 Tw
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0 -12 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Wedgwood, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.54 Tw
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0 -12 Td
1.77 Tw
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0 -12 Td
.64 Tw
(terror trial may perfectly suit the interests of an organization, such as) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(al Qaeda, that thrives on propaganda and intimidation. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
2.46 Tw
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-12 -12.1 Td
2.61 Tw
(serious concern: traditional criminal proceedings, especially public) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.06 Tw
(trials, may not be responsive to the executive's legitimate need to pro-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(tect sensitive information. Neither the plurality nor anyone else sug-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.83 Tw
(gests that suspected terrorists, such as al-Marri, are arrested pursuant) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(to anything other than intelligence of the most sensitive sort. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.86 Tw
(If such highly classified intelligence were disclosed to suspected) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.68 Tw
(terrorists, the consequences would be devastating. Any further use of) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.97 Tw
(that intelligence to either prevent future attacks or capture other sus-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.68 Tw
(pected terrorists would be jeopardized, if not lost. Moreover, the loss) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.52 Tw
(of secrecy would place the sources of sensitive information in danger) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.31 Tw
(of reprisal. It is for these reasons that the Court has recognized that) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.42 Tw
(the "[g]overnment has a compelling interest in protecting . . . the) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(secrecy of information important to our national security." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(CIA v.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.72 Tw
(Sims) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 471 U.S. 159, 175 \(1985\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Snepp v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 444) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.95 Tw
(U.S. 507, 509 n.3 \(1980\) \(per curiam\)\) \(internal quotation marks) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(omitted\). ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.78 Tw
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-12 -12.1 Td
.88 Tw
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.04 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
1.89 Tw
(inal Defense) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.12 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(can withdraw all or part of its case to protect its information, or pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(ceed and surrender its sensitive intelligence and possibly its source.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.46 Tw
(And even if the government is able to suppress the defendant's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(request, defense counsel will be able to insinuate that the government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(is hiding information that is favorable to the defendant. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.36 Tw
(I do not suggest these concerns should carry the day. But Congress) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.09 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.16 Tw
(is the unquestioned template for dealing with domestic terrorists,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(regardless of the consequences. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.3 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
.57 Tw
(To be sure, corrective measures have been adopted by Congress to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(alleviate many of the problems presented by the criminal prosecution) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(of suspected terrorists. For instance, the Classified Information Proce-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(dures Act was specifically designed to handle classified information) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(in the course of a criminal proceeding in a manner that balances the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(legitimate need of national security against the legitimate need for the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(assertion of basic rights. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Classified Information Procedures Act) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(\("CIPA"\), 18 U.S.C. app. III ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.38 Tw
(1-16 \(2000\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(v. Fernandez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(become familiar with the customary tools employed in these cases,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(such as in camera hearings, redactions, and placing information under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(seal. In addition to such statutory measures, there is also case law) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(designed to balance a variety of pressing governmental interests with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(a defendant's criminal process rights. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Maryland v. Craig) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(497 U.S. 836, 853 \(1990\) \(balancing the state's "interest in the physi-) Tj
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2.69 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.73 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -25.2 Td
.21 Tw
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-12 -12.3 Td
.59 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.38 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
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1.42 Tw
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2.17 Tw
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1.25 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(ciated with a potentially sensitive piece of information. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See Sims) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 471) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(U.S. at 176 \(explaining that judges have "little or no background in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(intelligence-related judgments correctly\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
4.6 Tw
(And there is no guarantee that even the most conscientious) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(attempts to protect classified information will always be effective. For) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(instance, during the criminal trial of Ramzi Yousef, "an apparently) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(innocuous bit of testimony in a public courtroom about delivery of a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(cell phone battery was enough to tip off terrorists still at large that one) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.67 Tw
(of their communication links had been compromised." Mukasey,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at A15. Given al Qaeda's ambitions, such mistakes have rami-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(fications that last far beyond a specific trial mistakes Congress) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.43 Tw
(sought to prevent in granting the President the authority to detain) Tj
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1.67 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
1.08 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
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(justice process the exclusive vehicle for dealing with domestic terror-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.62 Tw
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(protections of the criminal justice system in other cases. In the past,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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(conduct by the government that might well have been disapproved in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(other contexts." ) Tj
(John Farmer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(A Terror Threat in the Courts) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, N.Y.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(Times, Jan. 13, 2008, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.97 Tw
(4, at 14. Furthermore, in order to effectively) Tj
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.04 Tw
(prosecute terrorists, courts have been much more willing to extend the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
("reach" of material witness and conspiracy statutes "to conduct that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(has never before been punishable as a crime." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(It is naive to think that this sort of dilution of our procedural and) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.24 Tw
(substantive criminal law will have no effect on the prosecution of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(criminal suspects who are not terrorists. The government will seek to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(take advantage of "terrorist precedents" in other cases. Thus, despite) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(the plurality's protestations to the contrary, the best way to maximize) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(liberty for all may in fact be to minimize the instances when such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dilutions of criminal process are needed in the first place. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(The unintended consequences of the plurality's insistence on the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.2 Tw
(criminal justice model do not end with the dangers of dilution. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(pushing for the full panoply of criminal process for all suspected ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(tive, understandably intent on protecting the nation, in a more extreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(direction. The difference between the elaborate procedural protections) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(required by the plurality in the United States and those required else-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(where will give the executive branch the incentive to pursue more) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(extraterritorial detentions and more acts of rendition not because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(these actions are necessarily dictated by the struggle against terror but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(because of the disparities between refined procedural regimes at home) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(and more rudimentary ones abroad. It is far better for true liberty to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(seek some balance between criminal prosecution and military deten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(tion for suspected terrorists in this country than to pursue the plurali-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ty's one-sided path. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(To sum up, while corrective measures such as CIPA are possible) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
7.62 Tw
(and adaptations in criminal procedures have certainly been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(undertaken, the fact remains that prosecutions of terrorist suspects) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(have frequently proven to be difficult, both as a practical and logisti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(cal matter and as a broader gauge of what the judiciary's proper role) Tj
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0 -11.7 Td
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12 -24 Td
1.4 Tw
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-12 -11.7 Td
2.37 Tw
(gress to apply to criminal prosecutions, not to military detentions.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
.89 Tw
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 18 U.S.C. app. III ) Tj
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( ) Tj
.89 Tw
(8 \(stating that the protections of CIPA) Tj
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(criminal) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( proceeding" \(emphasis added\)\). There) Tj
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1.13 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
2.24 Tw
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1.32 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
3.18 Tw
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1.57 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
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0 -11.8 Td
2.84 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
1.44 Tw
(criminal process. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(All the Laws But One:) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -24 Td
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-12 -11.8 Td
2.84 Tw
(through the criminal justice system, that preference should by no) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(justice system is used to the exclusion of all other forms of detention.) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
4.71 Tw
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0 -11.8 Td
.09 Tw
(options to the executive and all but directing that our government deal) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.54 Tw
(with such threats in a single, invariable manner, the plurality is not) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.58 Tw
(just wrong, but dangerously so. For the reasons discussed above, it is) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.4 Tw
(neither practical nor possible to prosecute all terrorism suspects using) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(the criminal justice system. And it is not constitutionally required.) Tj
156.411 -24 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -24 Td
.77 Tw
(I do not wish to be misunderstood. If the prosecution of suspected) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
.23 Tw
(terrorists is simply not possible in all circumstances, neither is the use) Tj
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0 -12.3 Td
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12 -25.2 Td
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-12 -12.3 Td
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(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Hongju Koh, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Case Against Military Commissions) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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(L. 337, 338-42 \(2002\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
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(To turn every crime that might be tenuously linked to terrorism) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
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(erty itself. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.21 Tw
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.76 Tw
(an unsupervised detention. The hard question involves the identifica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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2.31 Tw
(ditional manner and those who may be detained pursuant to more) Tj
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5.8 Tw
(limited procedures set forth by congressional proclamation or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.58 Tw
(Supreme Court precedent. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 524-39) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(\(detailing procedures that must be afforded American citizens) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(detained as enemy combatants\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(The dilemma thus is clear: while we have a constitutional prefer-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(ence for traditional criminal proceedings, the prosecution of many ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(ror suspects presents unprecedented challenges. Conversely, while the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(justice system, the threat to liberty presented by executive detention) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.14 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(path to take is anything but easy, and the plurality and al-Marri are) Tj
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1.2 Tw
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(III.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
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30.498 -12.3 Td
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(residing in this country when seized on American soil. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___, slip. op. at 59 \(2008\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.09 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
( as in why the military detention of those lawfully in this country) Tj
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.39 Tw
(is a constitutionally permissible exercise. And not just why, but when) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
( as in when the detention of lawful residents is permissible, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(when it is not. If the basic "wh" questions do not arise in this case,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(then I doubt they ever will. The American constitutional tradition is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(not consonant with the prospect of martial law in other than necessi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.08 Tw
(tous circumstances. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( U.S. Const. art. I, 9, cl. 2; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2 \(1866\); ) Tj
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(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
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( The Posse Comitatus Act, 18) Tj
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.77 Tw
(U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.77 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(to ward off war's gravest dangers. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(16; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at art. II, 2, cl. 1; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(343 U.S. 579, 635-37 \(1952\) \(granting presidential action taken pur-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.94 Tw
(suant to a congressional authorization "the widest latitude of judicial) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(interpretation"\) \(Jackson, J., concurring\). So our obligation becomes) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(one of treading carefully, lest we cross lines without reflection. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.63 Tw
(It is here I believe the plurality falls short. By interpreting the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.4 Tw
(AUMF in a manner so plainly contrary to its text, the plurality all but) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(states that Congress is devoid of any constitutional authority to autho-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(rize detention of al-Marri. Indeed, it proclaims that the application of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.37 Tw
(the AUMF to allow the military detention of an individual appre-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.46 Tw
(hended on American soil and with no foreign battlefield experience) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.8 Tw
("would have disastrous consequences for the Constitution and the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(country." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 62-63. In holding the AUMF not to authorize al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(Marri's detention in the face of a plain textual instruction otherwise,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(the plurality lays bare its constitutional misgivings about this deten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(tion. In fact, the plurality suggests as much by noting the "constitu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
(tional concerns" and "serious constitutional questions" that would) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(attend an interpretation of the AUMF that permits the detention of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(persons such as al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 20. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.89 Tw
(So the plurality proposes to avoid all these issues. The plurality is) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(surely right that, "whenever possible," a statute such as the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(should be construed to avoid "serious constitutional problems." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.68 Tw
(at 48 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). But there is a limit to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(extent to which courts may disregard statutory text in the name of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(ducking difficult constitutional questions. As ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( puts it:) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
("The canon of constitutional avoidance does not supplant traditional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(modes of statutory interpretation. . . . We cannot ignore the text and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(purpose of a statute in order to save it." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 58.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(Several members of this court have made clear that the AUMF simply) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(cannot be read in the manner the plurality proposes. Our basic task) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(remains that of giving a text some semblance of the meaning that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(Congress intended for it, and the doctrine of constitutional avoidance) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(does not absolve us of that duty. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.46 Tw
(Thus, in the name of constitutional avoidance, the plurality has) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.03 Tw
(denied the AUMF its plain effect. At the same time, however, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(government has failed to develop principled limitations on its posi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(tion, thus causing concern that the executive is seeking an authority) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(that is uncomfortably open-ended. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516 \(not-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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(ing that "the Government has never provided any court with the full) Tj
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(criteria that it uses in classifying individuals as" enemy combatants\).) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.71 Tw
(Because no absolute approach is tenable, there must be appropriate) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.42 Tw
(criteria for determining when the government may constitutionally) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.49 Tw
(detain a suspected terrorist as an enemy combatant. This is consistent) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
0 Tw
(with the Supreme Court's plurality opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(U.S. 507 \(2004\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
.2 Tw
(The "threshold question" in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( was "whether the Executive has) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.12 Tw
(the authority to detain citizens who qualify as `enemy combatants.'") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
1.23 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516. The Court found that the AUMF did authorize the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.69 Tw
(dent to engage in the "fundamental incident[s] of waging war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.29 Tw
(519. This, the Court explained, included the military detention of per-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.82 Tw
(sons properly classified as enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 518-19 \(quoting) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Ex parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1, 28, 30 \(1942\)\).) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.8 Tw
(The Court then addressed who was an enemy combatant. Rather) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.1 Tw
(than delineate the term's full scope, the Court answered only the "nar-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.24 Tw
(row question" of whether Hamdi, based on the facts alleged, qualified) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.5 Tw
(as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S.) Tj
( at 516. The Court held that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.89 Tw
(someone who was "part of or supporting forces hostile to the United) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.12 Tw
(States or coalition partners in Afghanistan and who engaged in an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.4 Tw
(armed conflict against the United States there," could be treated as an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(internal quotation marks omitted\). ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
2.01 Tw
(The plurality has consistently overread ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, to the effect that) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.5 Td
.67 Tw
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( those engaged in armed conflict on a foreign battlefield fall into) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.33 Tw
(the enemy combatant category. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 22-25. But that is not at) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.61 Tw
(all what ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( said. Recognizing "[t]here is some debate as to the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.68 Tw
(proper scope of this term," 542 U.S. at 516, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( observed that the) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.58 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.55 Tw
(Of course, to say that military detention is available is not to say that) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(it is required. Rather, if military detention is a permissible option, then) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.97 Tw
(the specific decision of whether to detain or prosecute should be left to) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(the sound discretion of the executive branch. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 423) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.14 Tw
(F.3d 386, 394-95 \(4th Cir. 2005\) \(noting "that the availability of criminal) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.28 Tw
(process cannot be determinative of the power to detain, if for no other) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.4 Tw
(reason than that criminal prosecution may well not achieve the very pur-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(pose for which detention is authorized in the first place"\). ) Tj
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("legal category of enemy combatant has not been elaborated upon in) Tj
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(great detail," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 522 n.1. Instead, "[t]he permissible bounds of the) Tj
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(category will be defined by the lower courts as subsequent cases are) Tj
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(presented to them." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.44 Tw
(This is such a case. Because al-Marri's case raises such fundamen-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.66 Tw
(tal questions about the executive's power to militarily detain sus-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.34 Tw
(pected terrorists lawfully residing in this country, it imposes the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.67 Tw
(obligation to examine the precise contours of the enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(category and to develop a framework for determining who under our) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Constitution may be lawfully detained.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.98 Tw
(My analysis thus begins with an examination of traditional law of) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.45 Tw
(war principles that must underlie any understanding of the enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.67 Tw
(combatant category \(subsection A\). Next, I shall explain how these) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(principles have consistently accommodated changes in the conduct of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(war and in international relations \(subsection B\). I shall then discuss) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.26 Tw
(the recent changes associated with the war on terrorism, namely the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.38 Tw
(threat of stateless actors who primarily target innocent civilians and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.13 Tw
(may come to possess weapons of mass destruction \(subsection C\).) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.76 Tw
(Based on the principles underlying the law of war and in light of the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.38 Tw
(new circumstances in this particular conflict, I will elucidate what I) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.3 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.46 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.43 Tw
(The plurality asserts that any constitutional limits placed on the exec-) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
.87 Tw
(utive's ability to abrogate the Bill of Rights amount to what is in effect) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.95 Tw
(a limiting construction on the AUMF itself. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 20-21 n.9. This) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.52 Tw
(is quite mistaken: there is a difference between statutory and constitu-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.61 Tw
(tional interpretation, and the plurality is wrong to conflate the two. Rec-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
(ognizing that there are constitutional limits as to who the executive may) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.58 Tw
(militarily detain is thus a far cry from placing a limiting construction on) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(the AUMF. ) Tj
10.5 -16.6 Td
1.03 Tw
(Moreover, the limiting construction that the plurality places upon the) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
.08 Tw
(plain language of the AUMF namely that it does not apply to the mili-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.56 Tw
(tary detention of any enemy combatant within this country is a far) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
4.3 Tw
(more dramatic restriction of congressional language and executive) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.63 Tw
(authority than the Constitution requires. Quite apart from the different) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(result we reach in al-Marri's case, the plurality's willingness to intrude) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.2 Tw
(upon the exercise of the warmaking powers in the guise of statutory) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.36 Tw
(interpretation bears no resemblance to any constitutional structure I have) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(known. ) Tj
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(believe to be the proper criteria for determining who may qualify con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(stitutionally as an enemy combatant \(subsection D\) and demonstrate) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(that these criteria are consistent with existing Supreme Court and cir-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(cuit precedent on the matter \(subsection E\). Finally, I will apply these) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(criteria to the facts of al-Marri's detention \(subsection F\). I can dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(cern no shortcut to this inquiry. Indeed, I think this is the only way) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(to approach and resolve al-Marri's case.) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.01 Tw
(At first glance, any discussion of traditional law of war principles) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.15 Tw
(may seem quite antique. These principles are rooted in times long) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.72 Tw
(past, when war was synonymous with classic battlefield combat) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(engaged in by the uniformed armies of rival nation-states. Our current) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(enemy has, of course, shown only contempt for long-established rules) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.67 Tw
(of armed conflict. Nevertheless, the law of war remains of primary) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.04 Tw
(importance in determining the proper contours of the enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.07 Tw
(tant category. This is true for two reasons. First, as the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.81 Tw
(explained in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, "longstanding law-of-war principles" should) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(inform our understanding of the AUMF and, therefore, the scope of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(the President's power to detain enemy combatants in the current con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(flict. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 521; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 22 \(stating that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
("American courts have repeatedly looked to . . . the law of war in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(identifying which individuals" are enemy combatants\). Second, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(more fundamentally, traditional law of war principles are consistent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(with the belief that indiscriminate detention is antithetical to constitu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tional norms and cannot be tolerated under our system of justice. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.85 Tw
(Thus, while I do not claim any special expertise in the law of war) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(and its history, I begin my analysis by looking to "longstanding law-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(of-war principles." Although there are those far more knowledgeable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(about these matters than am I, certain rudimentary principles do sug-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(gest themselves and, as the Supreme Court has indicated, these princi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ples provide context and assistance for the inquiry at issue here. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.9 Tw
(The law of war is not binding of its own force, but rather informs) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(our understanding of the war powers in Articles I and II and of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.11 Tw
(enemy combatant category. The law of war likewise serves as a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(source of guidance during times of armed conflict, and courts look to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(the law of war when interpreting the content and scope of a congres-) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.23 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
.09 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.2 Td
.11 Tw
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-12 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.18 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.96 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
2.75 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
4.52 Tw
(DoD Directive 2311.01E, sec. 3.1 \(May 9, 2006\), available at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d2311_01e.pdf; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Jack M.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.52 Tw
(Beard, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(2006 and U.S. Counterterror Operations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 101 Am. J. Int'l L. 56, 56) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(n.5 \(2007\) \(quoting the DoD Directive\).) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
1.3 Tw
(Several principles animate the law of war. Foremost among them) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(is the cardinal principle of discrimination, which seeks to minimize) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(the unnecessary destruction of life and property that results from) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
("purposeless or wanton violence." Michael Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 129 \(3d ed. 2000\). The principle of discrimination requires war-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(ally pose a military threat. At the same time, it allows warring nations) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(that is warfare, the principle of discrimination recognizes the indispu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(table value, even in wartime, of sparing innocent life. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.42 Tw
(This principle of discrimination is effectuated through the category) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
5.05 Tw
(of "enemy combatant." Only "enemy combatants" may be the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
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451.5 -148.5 Td
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-202.1066 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.2 Td
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.41 Tw
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.23 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.25 Tw
(country are enemies."\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.38 Tw
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1.82 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.75 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.4 Tw
(nations." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 60. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.78 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.85 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(I"\) \(stating that "[m]embers of the armed forces of a Party to a con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
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12 -25.5 Td
1.71 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.42 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.88 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
1.07 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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4.01 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
4.18 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
2.47 Tw
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1.32 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.14 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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2.35 Tw
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2.24 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.71 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.62 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
2.32 Tw
(38. The failure of the plurality to appreciate this aspect of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.73 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 28) Tj
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1.43 Tw
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.28 Tw
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2.01 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.2 Tw
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12 -26.6 Td
1.36 Tw
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-12 -13.1 Td
2.08 Tw
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0 -13.1 Td
1.8 Tw
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2.06 Tw
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1.5 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.21 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.44 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.61 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.01 Tw
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1.66 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 14 \(noting that "the Due Process) Tj
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1.6 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -26.6 Td
.66 Tw
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-12 -13 Td
1.72 Tw
(a combatant. Any implication that an individual's citizenship status) Tj
0 -13 Td
.39 Tw
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0 -13 Td
.18 Tw
(of the Supreme Court's holding in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.49 Tw
(contrast, is mired in the models of the past, and completely fails to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(accommodate the changing nature of warfare. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
2.54 Tw
(Changes in military strategy, technology, and international rela-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
2.84 Tw
(tions are synonymous with war itself. As the following historical) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.22 Tw
(examples demonstrate, the law of war has always accommodated new) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(circumstances in order to effectuate its core principles and purposes.) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.98 Tw
(An early example of such accommodation is the adaptation of the) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.03 Tw
(combatant category to the emergence of "guerilla" fighters. Before the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.65 Tw
(Civil War, guerilla fighters, defined as "[i]rregular armed bodies or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.93 Tw
(persons not forming part of the organized forces of a belligerent . . .) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.32 Tw
(who engaged in the killing, disabling and robbing of peaceable citi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
3.44 Tw
(zens or soldiers . . . from motives mostly of personal profit or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(revenge," were relatively unknown. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 783-84. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.45 Tw
(Because this type of warrior was new, Union military commanders) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.18 Tw
(were unsure whether these guerilla fighters should be treated as "ordi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.46 Tw
(nary belligerents and be given the same rights as prisoners of war" or) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(as unlawful belligerents, subject to trial and punishment by the mili-) Tj
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(tary. Louis Fisher, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Military Tribunals & Presidential Power: Ameri-) Tj
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3.1 Tw
(can Revolution to the War on Terrorism) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 73 \(2005\). The leading) Tj
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1.03 Tw
(ment of such guerillas depended on whether they were fighting law-) Tj
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2.47 Tw
(fully or unlawfully and that an absence of uniform should not be) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.91 Tw
(considered decisive. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 73-74. If captured during a "fair fight and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(open warfare," then guerillas should be treated as prisoners of war.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(However, if fighting in stealth, such as by disguise or concealment,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.31 Tw
(then guerillas could be punished as unlawful belligerents. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( This) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(opinion would later appear in Dr. Lieber's landmark military code,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(which "heavily influenced" the future Hague and Geneva Conven-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 71-75. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(Likewise, the category of unlawful weapons, though consistent in) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(principle, has "increased in modern times" with the development of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(new and more devastating weaponry. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 784. Given) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
(the frequency of technological changes and advancements in war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(weaponry, the list of legitimate and illegitimate weapons has neces-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(sarily changed "with the progress of inventive science." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(Protocol I, art. 36 \(requiring Parties to determine whether any "new) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(weapon, means or method of warfare" is permissible\). Thus, in just) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.06 Tw
(the last century, various types of chemical and biological weapons) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(have been deemed to be unlawful means of warfare, probably because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
("in disabling or causing death, [they] inflicted a needless, unusual and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(unreasonable amount of torture or injury." Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 784.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(In addition to changes in who participates in wars and how wars) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(are fought, the law of war has also accommodated transformations in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(international relations. Historically, the law of war only applied when) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
(nation-states declared war against each other. However, the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.93 Tw
(Nations Charter now regulates "armed conflict," in the form of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
("`armed attack,' `use of force,' and `threat[s] to the peace.'" Bradley) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(& Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2061 \(quoting U.N. Charter art. 2, 42, 51\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(Given this, "the international law role for declarations of war has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(largely disappeared" and "armed conflict" is now the "relevant juris-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(dictional concept" for the law of war. Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(at 2061. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 recognized this change) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(when it stated that the law of war applies not only when there is a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(declared war but also when there is "any other armed conflict which) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(may arise." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Third Geneva Convention art. 2; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Brad-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(ley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2061. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.75 Tw
(My purpose is not to applaud or condemn this or that particular in) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(the changing law of war. I list but a few examples of how the law of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.57 Tw
(war has accommodated altered circumstances, but they serve to dem-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.99 Tw
(onstrate a larger point: in order to effectuate its purposes, the law of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.47 Tw
(war has never remained static. If other principles of the law of war) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(have changed, there should be nothing changeless or immutable about) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(the definition of enemy combatant.) Tj
156.7272 -25.8 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.8 Td
2.54 Tw
(The current struggle against global terrorism bears some of the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.24 Tw
(hallmarks of traditional war: it consists of armed enemies fighting) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.34 Tw
(over political and ideological goals. However, other characteristics) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(are clearly new. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.23 Tw
(First, and most importantly, is the change in who fights war. The) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.88 Tw
(law of war was initially designed to regulate encounters between) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.08 Tw
(nation-states. However, the greatest threats to our nation's security) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.64 Tw
(now include stateless actors. No longer are our enemies tethered to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.38 Tw
(individual nations; instead, they are diffuse organizations comprised) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(of citizens from many different countries around the globe. Put sim-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(ply, while terrorism may find support and sponsorship from nation-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(states, it does not need to be a state-based enterprise. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.31 Tw
(Congress specifically recognized the emergence of the threat pre-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.77 Tw
(sented by stateless actors when it authorized the President "to use all) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(necessary and appropriate force against those nations, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(organizations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.07 Tw
(or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.47 Tw
(terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001." AUMF, 115) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Stat. 224 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.45 Tw
(Second, the means employed by terrorists "represent[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.45 Tw
(] [a] break-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.39 Tw
(down" in the "political code first worked out in the second half of the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.84 Tw
(nineteenth century and roughly analogous to the laws of war worked) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(out at the same time." Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 198. Although terrorist-like) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.47 Tw
(acts have always occurred in war, modern terrorism that is, "the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(random murder of innocent people" "emerged as a strategy of rev-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.07 Tw
(olutionary struggle only in the period after World War II." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Modern) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(terrorists typically blend into the surrounding community and deliber-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(ately strike at soft targets, such as office buildings and other venues) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(in the public square. This makes the "battlefield" in the current con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(flict essentially unbounded, and renders the traditional indicia used to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(determine enemy combatant status, such as appearance on a battle-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(field and the wearing of a uniform, woefully unreflective of the risks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(posed by terrorist organizations. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(Finally, the changes in warfare discussed previously the pres-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(ence of stateless terrorists intent on targeting innocent civilians are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.06 Tw
(magnified by the fact that weapons of mass destruction, whether) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(chemical, biological, or nuclear in nature, are more readily available.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.23 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Richard A. Posner, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(Time of National Emergency) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 2 \(2006\) \(discussing the potential effects) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(of a terrorist strike with weapons of mass destruction\). Put simply, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.88 Tw
(consequences of not addressing these risks are vastly greater today) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(than they were a generation ago. Today, a single terrorist can kill) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(thousands upon thousands of civilians in an instant. It simply cannot) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(be the case that the law of war must be so bound in obsolescence that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(it hinders a nation's ability to recognize new threats. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(The plurality surprisingly resists the idea that the law of war has) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(evolved as it applies to these changed circumstances. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 49. This) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(would seem to ignore the fact that the events of 9/11 even happened;) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(all who witnessed or remember them have no doubt that warfare has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(reached a new and more dangerous phase. Still, the plurality insists) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(that I offer ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(no) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( legal authority" for the assertion that the law of war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(has in fact been evolving. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( But the legal authority is there. In fact,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(the legal authority is right before the plurality's eyes. In the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(Congress certainly accepted what the plurality does not: that the tradi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(tional principles of the law of war can be adapted to changed circum-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(stances. The text of the AUMF recognizes that traditional concepts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(such as "battlefield" and "nationality" do not capture the risks pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(sented by terrorists bent on replicating the events of 9/11. The plural-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(ity contends, however, that Congress's view of law of war principles) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(should make not the slightest constitutional difference. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 49) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(n.24. In not permitting the democratic branches to take into account) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(changes in modern warfare the plurality plainly traps this nation in a) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(174) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(time warp. And in denying Congress's expression under the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(any and all constitutional effect, the plurality continues its course of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(reading the Article I ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(8 war power right out of the document. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.37 Tw
(In passing the AUMF, Congress sought to recognize that the world) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.72 Tw
(around us changes; in contrast, the plurality's view of that world) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.1 Tw
(remains quite dangerously static. In fact, while the plurality pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(pounds its view in the guise of interpreting the AUMF, its interpreta-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.13 Tw
(tion and its commitment to quaint notions of battlefields and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.76 Tw
(nationality is so textually incorrect, that it is hardly speculative to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(suppose that the plurality's interpretation is propounded as a constitu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(tional limitation on the executive as well. Whatever the case may be,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(it binds the nation to law of war concepts that even the most casual) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(observer of modern terrorist tactics would never accept. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
2.07 Tw
(It is undisputed that enemy combatants, if properly classified as) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.15 Tw
(such, may be detained by the military. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(19, 533-35. Who then may be classified by Congress, acting pursuant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.77 Tw
(to our Constitution, as an enemy combatant? The Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(insists we consult the law of war. Having examined the law of war) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(and considered the recent changes in warfare and international rela-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(tions, I believe that three criteria best identify who qualifies as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant in the current conflict. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.56 Tw
(I do not suggest that these are the only criteria that might be set) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(forth. Nor would I be so presumptuous as to suggest that these criteria) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(will eliminate the prospect of difficult cases. I do, however, think it) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(is critical to develop some general rules so that cases such as al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(Marri's may be resolved on a principled rather than an ad hoc basis.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(In fact, until some general guidance is set forth, the executive will) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(have no idea which military detentions are permissible and which are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(plainly beyond constitutional bounds. And without general guidance,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(the fear and specter of an open-ended executive detention power of) Tj
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(sends money to "a nonprofit charity that feeds Afghan orphans" that) Tj
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( at) Tj
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12 -25.2 Td
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(. This ensures that the government possesses sufficient evi-) Tj
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12 -25.2 Td
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1.34 Tw
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(\(1942\); ) Tj
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(see) Tj
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(, 317 U.S. at 45-46; ) Tj
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(, 542 U.S. at 516; ) Tj
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(combatant. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(fied as an enemy combatant\) \(internal quotations omitted\); ) Tj
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(Padilla) Tj
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(,) Tj
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(enemy combatant\) \(emphasis omitted\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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2.15 Tw
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1.77 Tw
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(See) Tj
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(at 509. Whereas ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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1.94 Tw
(in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Id.) Tj
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(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, this principle) Tj
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(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(after) Tj
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(combatant and thus any reliance on ) Tj
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(Milligan) Tj
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12 -24.6 Td
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(Thus, the plurality's suggestion that the detention of al-Marri) Tj
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.92 Tw
("render [them] lifeless" is patently incorrect. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
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( at 63. For the rea-) Tj
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2.82 Tw
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.46 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 49. It is) Tj
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1.22 Tw
(further curious that the plurality should take exception to an inquiry) Tj
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1.21 Tw
(that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op.) Tj
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0 -12.1 Td
1.32 Tw
(Regardless, to the extent that the plurality's erroneous interpretation) Tj
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.87 Tw
(of the AUMF in this case was influenced by constitutional concerns,) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(these concerns were unfounded. ) Tj
157.3655 -24.6 Td
(F.) Tj
-145.3655 -24.6 Td
4.97 Tw
(The description of the general framework makes possible a) Tj
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3.12 Tw
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.3 Tw
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0 -12.1 Td
.93 Tw
(The framework also permits the decision to be made in a principled,) Tj
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.26 Tw
(rather than ad hoc, fashion, and consistent with the constitutional lim-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(itations on who may be militarily detained. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.05 Tw
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1.38 Tw
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(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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(542 U.S. at 518. Since Congress did not articulate a specific definition) Tj
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(detained as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(443 F. Supp. 2d 774, 778-80 \(D.S.C. 2006\). First, it required the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(ernment to provide notice of the factual basis for al-Marri's detention.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(Next, if the government was able to produce credible evidence that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.19 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.45 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.62 Tw
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(suasive evidence," the government would either have to release al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(stage of the burden-shifting process. J.A. 191. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.58 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(Rapp Declaration which, as described earlier, presented the gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(ernment's evidence supporting al-Marri's detention, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 135) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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( satisfied the government's initial burdens of providing al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(with notice of the factual basis for his detention and producing credi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(ble evidence that al-Marri was indeed an enemy combatant. The mag-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.86 Tw
(istrate judge then gave al-Marri sixty days to present rebuttal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(During this sixty day period, al-Marri protested that his ability to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(respond to the Rapp Declaration was impeded by the fact that large) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(portions of the Declaration were classified and, therefore, unavailable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(to him. The magistrate judge agreed with al-Marri and advised the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(parties that, in determining whether an adversary hearing was neces-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.73 Tw
(sary, he would only consider evidence disclosed to al-Marri. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(response to this ruling, the government filed an updated version of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Rapp Declaration, with many portions declassified. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.42 Tw
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-12 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(innocence." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(rebuttal to the government's evidence. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
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(any) Tj
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(magistrate judge recommended the dismissal of al-Marri's petition.) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
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( Because al-Marri failed "beyond) Tj
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(combatant," the district court dismissed al-Marri's habeas petition. ) Tj
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156.7272 -25.4 Td
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(B.) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.5 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(10) Tj
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(due process." ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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(the hearing must occur "before a neutral decisionmaker." ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 533.) Tj
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(The ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
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(Even a brief examination of al-Marri's proceedings demonstrate) Tj
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0 -12.5 Td
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10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.8 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(Specifically, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(habeas petitions of "citizen-detainee[s]." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
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0 -11.5 Td
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(See ) Tj
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( at 135. This detailed) Tj
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(procedures developed by the magistrate judge provided al-Marri a) Tj
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("fair" and "meaningful" opportunity to be heard in his own defense,) Tj
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(and thus were more than sufficient under ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(. ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(533. ) Tj
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(The Supreme Court's recent decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(change this analysis. To begin, the Court in ) Tj
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(under the Due Process Clause. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 55-56. In) Tj
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(the issue addressed in ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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( ) Tj
3.61 Tw
(2241) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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( is still the controlling opinion for our inquiry, and it) Tj
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(Boumediene) Tj
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(al-Marri did not do in this case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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( at 54-55. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
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(the procedures that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(It is true that ) Tj
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( recognizes that both the ability to confront) Tj
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.52 Tw
(dence may be necessary to ensure that a detainee has the capacity "to) Tj
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(rebut the factual basis" for his detention. ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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( at 54-55. But the Court) Tj
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(in ) Tj
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(Boumediene) Tj
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( never indicated that it was establishing procedures to) Tj
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(be followed inflexibly in every case. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
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( at 49-50, 57, 58 \(noting) Tj
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1.52 Tw
(cases is a matter to be determined"\). Instead, the Court emphasized) Tj
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1.56 Tw
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1.41 Tw
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1.1 Tw
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(Id.) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(pose of due process. ) Tj
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12 -25.2 Td
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(available evidence" requirement rests on a misreading of ) Tj
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157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
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(ing the ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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12 -25.3 Td
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157.6875 -25.9 Td
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(Likewise, ) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(the detainee with an opportunity to controvert the government's evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(dence before a neutral decisionmaker. At the same time, however,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(threshold burden, we take at least the first initial steps toward making) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.04 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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12 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(rality and the concurrence appear to treat them in varying degrees as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(such. Instead, the destructive acts of 9/11 are more akin to warfare) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(than to crime. That was the view that Congress expressed in passing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(Hamdi) Tj
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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/F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
11.0927 -25.2 Td
(V.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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58.8228 -12.3 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-57.9155 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
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.64 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.81 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(values or jeopardizing lives are not absent in the debate over the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(detention in al-Marri's case. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.16 Tw
(Writing in the heyday of Jacksonian democracy, Alexis de Tocque-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.43 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.02 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Alexis de Tocqueville,) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.02 Tw
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(J.P. Mayer) Tj
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1.85 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
2.13 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.47 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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(Katyal & Laurence H. Tribe, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Waging War, Deciding Guilt: Trying the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(Military Tribunals) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
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1.2 Tw
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12 -25.9 Td
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-12 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.2 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.87 Tw
(combatants conducted in the seven years since the 9/11 attacks. This) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.22 Tw
(country has no equivalent of jihad, no appetite for suicide bombs in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.13 Tw
(public squares and markets, no thought of destroying places of wor-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(the law of war's cardinal principle of discrimination, is no dispropor-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.31 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
3.36 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
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(ings here rather than on some foreign battlefield. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 38. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
2 Tw
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-12 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(historical perspective. I do not mean to whitewash wrongs we have) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.96 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(all we stand for; the government's roundup and detention of Muslim) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
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1.65 Tw
(detention and the capture of al Qaeda members in our midst ) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
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12 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
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1.6 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
("productive" "interbranch colloquy" that took place after 9/11\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.55 Tw
(The Constitution is not merely an assignation of rights; it is also) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
(stitution that allowed a nation bemused in August to yet recover its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.24 Tw
(residue of fiber in September. Article II embodies the great and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(immediate assertion of national will. It is the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(constitutional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( function) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(branch of government is remotely capable of doing so. But executive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(power can promote liberty through the provision of security, or it can) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
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(ity of Powers. It is the obligation of each branch to check the excesses) Tj
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12 -25.3 Td
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-12 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(response to the terrorist threat: the Authorization for Use of Military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Force in 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224; the USA PATRIOT) Tj
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.88 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
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2.34 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(Stat. 1498; the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(116 Stat. 2135; the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(148, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.68 Tw
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1.75 Tw
(Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600; and the Protect) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
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2.21 Tw
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.91 Tw
(who think these acts ceded too much power to the executive may be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(right or they may be wrong. But they miss a crucial point: these con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(gressional actions have been fought on "the boisterous ocean of politi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(cal passions," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Monsieur DuPont) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(de Nemours, March 2, 1809, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(quoted in ) Tj
(The Life and Selected Writings) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.87 Tw
(of Thomas Jefferson) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 545 \(Adrienne Koch & William Peden eds.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(1993\), and while the results of any fight are never pleasing to every-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(one, it is precisely the way our system is supposed to work. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(Nor would the rejection of al-Marri's petition signal an atrophied) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(judicial role. The courts have been more actively involved in our cur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(rent struggle than in any other war in our history. The amount of liti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(gation surrounding the struggle against terrorism would have been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(unthinkable in any prior conflict. By my count, well over two dozen) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(cases on the subject have been heard in federal court, including those) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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12 -25.9 Td
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12 -25.2 Td
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(* * *) Tj
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(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(2241. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 511. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(combatants, at least in the circumstances alleged in Hamdi's case, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.9 Td
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(id.) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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(This is all of the process that was due him under ) Tj
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(. ) Tj
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(U.S.C. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(. ) Tj
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(The ) Tj
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(that \(1\) the ) Tj
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(petitioner) Tj
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(The process in this case readily fulfilled these minimum require-) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(2241-) Tj
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(2243. ) Tj
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() Tj
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( ) Tj
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(Boumediene) Tj
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(required by ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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155.9337 -23.9 Td
(IV) Tj
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(with ) Tj
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(the varying views presented by my colleagues, I also concur in the) Tj
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(separate opinion authored by Chief Judge Williams.) Tj
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41.084 -12.2 Td
(Henry F. Floyd, District Judge.) Tj
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3.38 Tw
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2.52 Tw
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1.22 Tw
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1.88 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
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0 -12.6 Td
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(Haven, Connecticut; Sarah H. Cleveland, Cambridge, Massachusetts;) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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0 -12.6 Td
2.32 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
5.11 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
6.6 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
3.78 Tw
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2.12 Tw
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2.97 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.72 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.88 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
1.4 Tw
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1.2 Tw
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12 -25.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
3.46 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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(divided panel of this court reversed the judgment of the district court) Tj
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(Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -25.6 Td
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2.5 Tw
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4.23 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
.04 Tw
(al-Marri has been afforded sufficient process to challenge his designa-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion as an enemy combatant.*) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.27 Tw
(Having considered the briefs and arguments of the parties, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.32 Tw
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court now holds: \(1\) by a 5 to 4 vote \(Chief Judge Williams and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.3 Tw
(Judges Wilkinson, Niemeyer, Traxler, and Duncan voting in the affir-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
(mative; Judges Michael, Motz, King, and Gregory voting in the nega-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.06 Tw
(tive\), that, if the Government's allegations about al-Marri are true,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.05 Tw
(Congress has empowered the President to detain him as an enemy) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.99 Tw
(combatant; and \(2\) by a 5 to 4 vote \(Judges Michael, Motz, Traxler,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.77 Tw
(King, and Gregory voting in the affirmative; Chief Judge Williams) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.07 Tw
(and Judges Wilkinson, Niemeyer, and Duncan voting in the negative\),) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.85 Tw
(that, assuming Congress has empowered the President to detain al-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.65 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant provided the Government's allegations) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.3 Tw
(against him are true, al-Marri has not been afforded sufficient process) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(to challenge his designation as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
2.86 Tw
(Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is reversed and) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
2.25 Tw
(remanded for further proceedings consistent with the opinions that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(follow. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
1.45 Tw
(*We deny the Government's motion to dismiss this case for lack of) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.44 Tw
(jurisdiction. The Government relied on section 7 of the Military Com-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.34 Tw
(missions Act \(MCA\) of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.35 Tw
(which amended the Detainee Treatment Act \(DTA\) of 2005, Pub. L. No.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.6 Tw
(109-148, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.6 Tw
(1005\(e\)\(1\), 119 Stat. 2680, 2741-42. After we heard ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.32 Tw
(argument in this case, the Supreme Court declared section 7 of the MCA) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.5 Tw
(unconstitutional. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___, ___, slip op. at) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.04 Tw
(64 \(June 12, 2008\). The Government now concedes that we have juris-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(diction over al-Marri's habeas petition. ) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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174.676 -8 Td
1.2 Tw
0 Tc
(REVERSED AND REMANDED) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-174.676 -25.2 Td
2.25 Tw
(DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judg-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ment: ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.86 Tw
(For over two centuries of growth and struggle, peace and war, the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(Constitution has secured our freedom through the guarantee that, in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(the United States, no one will be deprived of liberty without due pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(cess of law. Yet more than five years ago, military authorities seized) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.05 Tw
(Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri, an alien lawfully residing here. He has) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(been held by the military ever since without criminal charge or) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.92 Tw
(process. He has been so held, despite the fact that he was initially) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.11 Tw
(taken from his home in Peoria, Illinois, by civilian authorities and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(imprisoned awaiting trial for purported domestic crimes. He has been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(so held, although the Government has never alleged that he is a mem-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(ber of any nation's military, has fought alongside any nation's armed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(forces, or has borne arms against the United States anywhere in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(world. And he has been so held, without acknowledgment of the pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.68 Tw
(tection afforded by the Constitution, solely because the Executive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(believes that his indefinite military detention or even the indefinite) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.58 Tw
(military detention of a similarly situated American citizen is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(proper. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.04 Tw
(While criminal proceedings were underway against al-Marri, the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(President ordered the military to seize and detain him indefinitely as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(an enemy combatant. Since that order, issued in June of 2003, al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(Marri has been imprisoned without charge in a military jail in South) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(Carolina. Al-Marri petitions for a writ of habeas corpus to secure his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.65 Tw
(release from military imprisonment. The Government defends this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(detention, asserting that al-Marri associated with al Qaeda and "pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
(par[ed] for acts of international terrorism." It maintains that the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(dent has both statutory and inherent constitutional authority to subject) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(to indefinite military detention al-Marri or anyone else who associates) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(with al Qaeda and "prepare[s]" for such acts. If the Government accu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(rately describes al-Marri's conduct, he has committed grave crimes,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(but a majority of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court holds, as the panel did, that the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(judgment of the district court must be reversed.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.4 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.38 Tw
(As noted above, the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( court like the panel has concluded) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.35 Tw
(that the judgment of the district court denying Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri) Tj
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(6) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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12 -8 Td
2.36 Tw
0 Tc
(We would also grant al-Marri habeas relief. Even assuming the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(truth of the Government's allegations, they provide no basis for treat-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(ing al-Marri as an enemy combatant or as anything other than a civil-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(ian. This does not mean that al-Marri, or similarly situated American) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.89 Tw
(citizens, would have to be freed. Like others accused of terrorist) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.64 Tw
(activity in this country, from the Oklahoma City bombers to the con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.06 Tw
(victed September 11th conspirator, they could be tried on criminal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.61 Tw
(charges and, if convicted, punished severely. But the Government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(would not be able to subject them to indefinite military detention. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.99 Tw
(With regret, we recognize that this view does not command a) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.18 Tw
(majority of the court. Our colleagues hold that the President can order) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(the military to seize from his home and indefinitely detain anyone in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(this country including an American citizen even though he has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(never affiliated with an enemy nation, fought alongside any nation's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(armed forces, or borne arms against the United States anywhere in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(world. We cannot agree that in a broad and general statute, Congress) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(silently authorized a detention power that so vastly exceeds all tradi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(tional bounds. No existing law permits this extraordinary exercise of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(executive power.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Even in times of national peril, we must follow the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(law, lest this country cease to be a nation of laws. For "[l]iberty and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
(security can be reconciled; and in our system they are reconciled) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(within the framework of the law." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(___, slip op. at 70 \(June 12, 2008\). ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -25.8 Td
2.08 Tw
(habeas relief must be reversed. The opinion that follows incorporates) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.19 Tw
(some of the rationale originally contained in the now vacated panel opin-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(ion, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Wright) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 487 F.3d 160 \(4th Cir. 2007\). It also includes) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(substantial additions and revisions applying intervening Supreme Court) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.88 Tw
(precedent and responding to the arguments on rehearing of the Govern-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(ment and of our colleagues. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(infra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 7-8 & n.2, 12, 16 & n.6,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(19-21 & nn.9-10, 30, 31-33, 34-52 & nn.18-25, 55, 57-58, 63-64. ) Tj
10.5 -13.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.01 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.96 Tw
(One of the dissenters repeatedly insists that we are really suggesting) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.38 Tw
(that the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Constitution) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( prohibits the detention of al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(129, 144-45, 157, 159 n.5, 175, 183 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.09 Tw
(and dissenting in part\). In fact, the panel explicitly refused to so hold, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 487 F.3d at 193 n.17, and we refuse to do so here. Because) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.23 Tw
(Congress has not empowered the President to subject civilians within the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(United States to indefinite military detention, we need not, and do not,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.83 Tw
(determine whether such a grant of authority would violate the Constitu-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(tion. ) Tj
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(7) Tj
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(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -8 Td
1.53 Tw
0 Tc
(Although our preferred disposition does not command a majority) Tj
-12 -12 Td
.54 Tw
(of the court, a majority does refuse to affirm the judgment of the dis-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.07 Tw
(trict court. To give effect to the conclusion of that majority, we join) Tj
0 -12 Td
.95 Tw
(in "ordering remand on terms closest to those" we would prefer. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12 Td
.77 Tw
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 553 \(2004\) \(Souter, J., concurring) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.46 Tw
(in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.26 Tw
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.26 Tw
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Screws v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 325 U.S. 91, 134 \(1945\) \(Rutledge, J.,) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.8 Tw
(concurring in the result\). In this case, that means that we join in a) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.15 Tw
(judgment reversing and remanding for evidentiary proceedings to) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.82 Tw
(determine whether al-Marri actually is an enemy combatant and so) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.71 Tw
(subject to military detention. Although we believe that Congress in) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.06 Tw
(the Authorization for Use of Military Force \(AUMF\), 115 Stat. 224,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.4 Tw
(note following 50 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.4 Tw
(1541 \(West 2003\), has not authorized) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.13 Tw
(al-Marri's military detention, the evidentiary proceedings envisioned) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.65 Tw
(by Judge Traxler will at least place the burden on the Government to) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.85 Tw
(make an initial showing that "the normal due process protections) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.43 Tw
(available to all within this country" are impractical or unduly burden-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.29 Tw
(some in al-Marri's case and that the hearsay declaration that consti-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.72 Tw
(tutes the Government's only evidence against al-Marri is "the most) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.56 Tw
(reliable available evidence" supporting the Government's allegations.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 94-95. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.12 Tw
(In reaching our conclusions, we note at the outset that we respect) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(our dissenting colleagues' strongly held contrary views and the) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.13 Tw
(rhetoric with which they advance those views. But rhetoric and pas-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.73 Tw
(sion no matter how sincere cannot substitute for faithful appli-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.84 Tw
(cation of the Constitution and controlling legal principles. In this) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.73 Tw
(respect, the dissents fail. Finding scant legal support for their posi-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(tions, our hardworking dissenting colleagues resort to inventing new) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.23 Tw
(definitions of enemy combatant. Not only have none of their differing) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.82 Tw
(definitions been adopted by Congress or advocated by the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.51 Tw
(ment, these definitions are contrary to law-of-war principles long fol-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.04 Tw
(lowed by the Supreme Court. The absence of authority supporting any) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(of these divergent positions unsurprisingly results in our colleagues') Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.01 Tw
(inability to agree on the scope of the Executive's power to detain or) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.78 Tw
(the correct process for reviewing such detentions. Thus, while we do) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(not doubt the dissenters' good faith and good will, we must reject) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(their approaches. ) Tj
12 -24.7 Td
2.11 Tw
(As the Supreme Court recently reminded us, "[s]ecurity subsists) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(. . . in fidelity to freedom's first principles. Chief among these are) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(8) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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0 -8 Td
.33 Tw
0 Tc
(freedom from arbitrary and unlawful restraint and the personal liberty) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.49 Tw
(that is secured by adherence to the separation of powers." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumed-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 68-69. To allow the President, in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.48 Tw
(absence of congressional authorization, to exercise military force) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.87 Tw
(against civilians in this country is to abandon these principles. With-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(out them, neither freedom nor security can survive. ) Tj
158.6477 -25.2 Td
(I.) Tj
-146.6477 -25.2 Td
2.54 Tw
(Al-Marri, a citizen of Qatar, lawfully entered the United States) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(with his wife and children on September 10, 2001, to pursue a mas-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(ter's degree at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, where he had) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.88 Tw
(obtained a bachelor's degree in 1991. The following day, terrorists) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(hijacked four commercial airliners and used them to kill and inflict) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.74 Tw
(grievous injury on thousands of Americans. Three months later, on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(December 12, 2001, FBI agents arrested al-Marri at his home in Peo-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(ria as a material witness in the Government's investigation of the Sep-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.13 Tw
(tember 11th attacks. Al-Marri was imprisoned in civilian jails in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Peoria and then New York City. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.5 Tw
(In February 2002, al-Marri was charged in the Southern District of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(New York with the possession of unauthorized or counterfeit credit) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(card numbers with the intent to defraud. A year later, in January 2003,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(he was charged in a second, six-count indictment with two counts of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(making a false statement to the FBI, three counts of making a false) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(statement on a bank application, and one count of using another per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(son's identification for the purpose of influencing the action of a fed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(erally insured financial institution. Al-Marri pleaded not guilty to all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(of these charges. In May 2003, a federal district court in New York) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dismissed the charges against al-Marri for lack of venue. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(The Government then returned al-Marri to Peoria, and he was re-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(indicted in the Central District of Illinois on the same seven counts,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(to which he again pleaded not guilty. The district court set a July 21,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(2003, trial date. On Friday, June 20, 2003, the court scheduled a hear-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.7 Tw
(ing on pre-trial motions, including a motion to suppress evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.32 Tw
(against al-Marri assertedly obtained by torture. On the following) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(Monday, June 23, before that hearing could be held, the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(moved ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ex ) Tj
(parte) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to dismiss the indictment based on an order signed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(that morning by the President. ) Tj
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462.5 -148.5 Td
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(9) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -8 Td
1.79 Tw
0 Tc
(In the order, President George W. Bush stated that he "DETER-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(MINE[D] for the United States of America that" al-Marri: \(1\) is an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.84 Tw
(enemy combatant; \(2\) is closely associated with al Qaeda; \(3\) "en-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(gaged in conduct that constituted hostile and war-like acts, including) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(conduct in preparation for acts of international terrorism"; \(4\) "pos-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.19 Tw
(sesses intelligence . . . that . . . would aid U.S. efforts to prevent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(attacks by al Qaeda"; and \(5\) "represents a continuing, present, and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(grave danger to the national security of the United States." The Presi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(dent determined that al-Marri's detention by the military was "neces-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.03 Tw
(sary to prevent him from aiding al Qaeda" and thus ordered the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.82 Tw
(Attorney General to surrender al-Marri to the Secretary of Defense) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(and further directed the Secretary of Defense to "detain him as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant." ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.46 Tw
(The federal district court in Illinois granted the Government's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(motion to dismiss the criminal indictment against al-Marri. In accor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(dance with the President's order, al-Marri was then transferred to mil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(itary custody and brought to the Naval Consolidated Brig in South) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Carolina. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(Since that time \(that is, for five years\) the military has held al-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant, without charge and without any indica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(tion when this confinement will end. For the first sixteen months of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(his military confinement, the Government did not permit al-Marri any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(communication with the outside world, including his attorneys, his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(wife, and his children. He alleges that he was denied basic necessities,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(interrogated through measures creating extreme sensory deprivation,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(and threatened with violence. A pending civil action challenges the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
("inhuman, degrading," and "abusive" conditions of his confinement.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Complaint at 1, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, No. 2:05-cv-02259-HFF-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(RSC \(D.S.C. Aug. 8, 2005\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.9 Tw
(On July 8, 2003, counsel for al-Marri petitioned on his behalf) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(\(because it was undisputed that he was unavailable to petition\) for a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(writ of habeas corpus in the Central District of Illinois. The district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(court dismissed the petition for lack of venue, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 274) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(F. Supp. 2d 1003 \(C.D. Ill. 2003\); the Seventh Circuit affirmed, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 F.3d 707 \(7th Cir. 2004\); and the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(Court denied certiorari, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 543 U.S. 809 \(2004\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(On July 8, 2004, al-Marri's counsel filed the present habeas petition) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(10) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
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0 Tc
(on al-Marri's behalf in the District of South Carolina. On September) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(9, 2004, the Government answered al-Marri's petition, citing the Dec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.93 Tw
(laration of Jeffrey N. Rapp, Director of the Joint Intelligence Task) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
(Force for Combating Terrorism, as support for the President's order) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.17 Tw
(The Rapp Declaration asserts that al-Marri: \(1\) is "closely associ-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.72 Tw
(ated with al Qaeda, an international terrorist organization with which) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.7 Tw
(the United States is at war"; \(2\) trained at an al Qaeda terrorist train-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(ing camp in Afghanistan sometime between 1996 and 1998; \(3\) in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.66 Tw
(summer of 2001, was introduced to Osama Bin Laden by Khalid) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(Shaykh Muhammed; \(4\) at that time, volunteered for a "martyr mis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.06 Tw
(sion" on behalf of al Qaeda; \(5\) was ordered to enter the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(sometime before September 11, 2001, to serve as a "sleeper agent" to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.98 Tw
(facilitate terrorist activities and explore disrupting this country's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(financial system through computer hacking; \(6\) in the summer of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(2001, met with terrorist financier Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, who) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(gave al-Marri money, including funds to buy a laptop; \(7\) gathered) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(technical information about poisonous chemicals on his laptop; \(8\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(undertook efforts to obtain false identification, credit cards, and bank-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(ing information, including stolen credit card numbers; \(9\) communi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(cated with known terrorists, including Khalid Shaykh Muhammed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.06 Tw
(and al-Hawsawi, by phone and e-mail; and \(10\) saved information) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(about jihad, the September 11th attacks, and Bin Laden on his laptop) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(computer. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.37 Tw
(The Rapp Declaration does ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( assert that al-Marri: \(1\) is a citizen,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(or affiliate of the armed forces, of any nation at war with the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(States; \(2\) was seized on, near, or having escaped from a battlefield) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(on which the armed forces of the United States or its allies were) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(engaged in combat; \(3\) was ever in Afghanistan during the armed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.4 Tw
(conflict between the United States and the Taliban there; or \(4\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(directly participated in any hostilities against United States or allied) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(armed forces. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.27 Tw
(On October 14, 2004, the Government permitted al-Marri access to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
(his counsel for the first time since his initial confinement as an enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(combatant sixteen months before. \(According to al-Marri's counsel,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(as of the time of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( filings, the Government still has not per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(mitted al-Marri to speak to his wife or any of his five children.\) Al-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(11) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(Marri then submitted a reply to the Government's evidence, contend-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(ing that he is not an enemy combatant; he then moved for summary) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.2 Tw
(judgment. The district court denied the summary judgment motion) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(and referred the case to a magistrate judge for consideration of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(appropriate process to be afforded al-Marri in light of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(U.S. 507. The magistrate judge ruled that the Rapp Declaration pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(vided al-Marri with sufficient notice of the basis of his detention as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(an enemy combatant and directed al-Marri to file rebuttal evidence.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.08 Tw
(In response to the magistrate's ruling, al-Marri again denied the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(Government's allegations but filed no rebuttal evidence, contending) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(that the Government had an initial burden to produce evidence that he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(was an enemy combatant and that the Rapp Declaration did not suf-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.02 Tw
(fice. The magistrate judge recommended dismissal of al-Marri's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(habeas petition because al-Marri had failed to rebut the allegations in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(the Rapp Declaration. In August 2006, the district court adopted the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.8 Tw
(magistrate judge's report and recommendation and dismissed al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(Marri's habeas petition. A few days later, al-Marri noted this appeal.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
.54 Tw
(After oral argument, a panel of this court reversed the judgment of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(the district court and remanded the case for further proceedings. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 487 F.3d 160. On the Government's motion for rehearing,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(the court voted to vacate the panel opinion and hear the case ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(For the reasons set forth within, we would once again hold that al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(Marri must be afforded habeas relief and so would reverse the judg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(ment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(consistent with that holding. ) Tj
156.733 -25.3 Td
(II.) Tj
-144.733 -25.3 Td
2.9 Tw
(Al-Marri premises his habeas claim on the Fifth Amendment's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(guarantee that no person living in this country can be deprived of lib-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.16 Tw
(erty without due process of law. He maintains that even if he has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(committed the acts the Government alleges, he is not a combatant but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(a civilian protected by our Constitution, and thus is not subject to mil-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Numerous amici have submitted briefs to us, both on the jurisdictional) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.24 Tw
(and merits questions. Many of these briefs have been helpful, and we are) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.8 Tw
(especially grateful for the care exhibited in focusing on different issues,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(thus avoiding redundancy. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(itary detention. Al-Marri acknowledges that the Government can) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.62 Tw
(deport him or charge him with a crime and, if he is convicted in a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(civilian court, imprison him. But he insists that neither the Constitu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(tion nor any law permits the Government, on the basis of the evidence) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(it has proffered to date even assuming all of that evidence is true) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
( to treat him as an enemy combatant and subject him to indefinite) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(military detention, without criminal charge or process. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.02 Tw
(The Government contends that the district court properly denied) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(habeas relief to al-Marri, because the Constitution allows detention of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.2 Tw
(enemy combatants by the military without criminal process, and,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.93 Tw
(according to the Government, it has proffered evidence that al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.29 Tw
(is an enemy combatant. The Government argues that the AUMF, as) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(construed by precedent and considered in conjunction with the "legal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(background against which [it] was enacted," empowers the President) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.23 Tw
(on the basis of that proffered evidence to order al-Marri's indefinite) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(military detention as an enemy combatant. Alternatively, the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(ment contends that even if the AUMF does not authorize the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(dent to order al-Marri's military detention, the President has "inherent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(constitutional power" to do so. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
3.18 Tw
(Each party grounds its case on well-established legal doctrine.) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(Moreover, important principles guiding our analysis seem undisputed.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(Before addressing the conflicting contentions of the parties, we note) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(these fundamental principles, which we take to be common ground.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.7 Tw
(The Constitution guarantees that no "person" shall "be deprived of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." U.S. Const.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(amend. V; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( amend. XIV, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.23 Tw
(1. The text of the Fifth Amend-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(ment affords this guarantee to "person[s]," not merely citizens, and so) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(the constitutional right to freedom from deprivation of liberty without) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.01 Tw
(due process of law extends to all lawfully admitted aliens living) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(within the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Wong Wing v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 163 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(228, 238 \(1896\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(U.S. 259, 271 \(1990\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.38 Tw
(To be sure, as al-Marri's counsel conceded at oral argument before) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court, our Constitution has no "force in foreign territory) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
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457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(13) Tj
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(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(unless in respect of our citizens." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Curtiss-Wright) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(Export Corp.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 299 U.S. 304, 318 \(1936\). But, as Chief Justice Rehn-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(quist explained, a long line of Supreme Court cases establishes that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(aliens receive certain protections including those rights guaranteed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(by the Due Process Clause "when they have come within the terri-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(tory of the United States and developed substantial connections with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(this country." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494 U.S. at 271; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Boumed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 12 \(noting that "the Constitution's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(. . . substantive guarantees of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.88 Tw
(. . . protect[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.88 Tw
(] persons," including "foreign nationals"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Sanchez-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(Llamas v. Oregon) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.54 Tw
(Ct. 2669, 2681-82 \(2006\) \(observing that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
("[a] foreign national . . . like anyone else in our country enjoys under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(our system the protections of the Due Process Clause"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Kwong Hai) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(Chew v. Colding) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 344 U.S. 590, 596 n.5 \(1953\) \(noting that "once an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(alien lawfully enters and resides in this country he becomes invested) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(with . . . rights . . . protected by . . . the Fifth Amendment[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.96 Tw
(] and by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.08 Tw
(the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment" \(internal quota-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(tion marks omitted\)\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Wong Wing) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 163 U.S. at 238 \(holding that "all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(persons within the territory of the United States are entitled to the pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(tection guaranteed by" the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amend-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(ment\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Yick Wo v. Hopkins) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 118 U.S. 356, 369 \(1886\) \(explaining that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects "all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(persons within the territorial jurisdiction" of the United States\). Thus,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(the Due Process Clause protects not only citizens but also aliens, like) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(al-Marri, lawfully admitted to this country who have established sub-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(stantial connections here in al-Marri's case by residing in Illinois) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(for several months with his family and attending university there.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.54 Tw
("Freedom from imprisonment from government custody, deten-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(tion, or other forms of physical restraint lies at the heart of the lib-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.98 Tw
(erty that [the Due Process] Clause protects." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Zadvydas v. Davis) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 533) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.69 Tw
(U.S. 678, 690 \(2001\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Foucha v. Louisiana) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 504 U.S. 71, 80) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.42 Tw
(\(1992\). This concept dates back to the Magna Carta, which guaran-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.86 Tw
(teed that "government would take neither life, liberty, nor property) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.7 Tw
(without a trial in accord with the law of the land." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Duncan v. Louisi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.04 Tw
(ana) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 391 U.S. 145, 169 \(1968\) \(Black, J., concurring\). The "law of the) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.1 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.05 Tw
(Hence, the case at hand involves and we limit our analysis to ) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.59 Tw
(persons seized and detained within the United States who have constitu-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(tional rights under the Due Process Clause. ) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(14) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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q
BT
0 Tr
0 g
1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
1.43 Tw
0 Tc
(land" at its core provides that "no man's life, liberty or property be) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.6 Tw
(forfeited as a punishment until there has been a charge fairly made) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.86 Tw
(and fairly tried in a public tribunal." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(In re Oliver) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 333 U.S. 257, 278) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.87 Tw
(\(1948\). Thus, the Supreme Court has recognized that, because of the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(Due Process Clause, it "may freely be conceded" that as a "`general) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.43 Tw
(rule' . . . the government may not detain a person prior to a judgment) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.42 Tw
(of guilt in a criminal trial." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(749 \(1987\). ) Tj
12 -23.6 Td
2.12 Tw
(The Court, however, has permitted a limited number of specific) Tj
-12 -11.5 Td
2.98 Tw
(exceptions to this general rule. Although some process is always) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(required in order to detain an individual, in special situations deten-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.44 Tw
(tion based on process less than that attendant to a criminal conviction) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.17 Tw
(does not violate the Fifth Amendment. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Kansas v. Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.2 Tw
(521 U.S. 346 \(1997\) \(civil commitment of mentally ill sex offenders\);) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.5 Tw
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739 \(pretrial detention of dangerous adults\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Schall) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.65 Tw
(v. Martin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 467 U.S. 253 \(1984\) \(pretrial detention of dangerous juve-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.32 Tw
(niles\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Addington v. Texas) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 441 U.S. 418 \(1979\) \(civil commitment of) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.26 Tw
(mentally ill\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Humphrey v. Smith) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 336 U.S. 695 \(1949\) \(courts martial) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.51 Tw
(of American soldiers\). Among these recognized exceptions is the one) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.33 Tw
(on which the Government grounds its principal argument in this case:) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.48 Tw
(Congress may constitutionally authorize the President to order the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.77 Tw
(military detention, without criminal process, of persons who "qualify) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.92 Tw
(as `enemy combatants,'" that is, fit within that particular "legal cate-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(gory." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516, 522 n.1.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -24.2 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.28 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.26 Tw
(Case law also establishes that during times of war Congress may con-) Tj
-10.5 -10.7 Td
.15 Tw
(stitutionally authorize the President to detain "enemy aliens," also known) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(as "alien enemies," defined as "subject[s] of a foreign state at war with) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.24 Tw
(the United States." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Johnson v. Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 339 U.S. 763, 769 n.2 \(1950\)) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.12 Tw
(\(internal quotation marks omitted\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Ludecke v. Watkins) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 335 U.S. 160) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.58 Tw
(\(1948\). And the Government can detain potentially dangerous resident) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.93 Tw
(aliens for a limited time pending deportation. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Carlson v. Lan-) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.66 Tw
(don) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 342 U.S. 524, 537-42 \(1952\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(cf. ) Tj
(Zadvydas) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 533 U.S. 678 \(constru-) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
3.07 Tw
(ing a statute's authorization of post-removal-period detention not to) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.43 Tw
(permit indefinite detention of aliens in order to avoid serious doubt as to) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
3.54 Tw
(its constitutionality\). But, as the Government recognizes, the Alien) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.24 Tw
(Enemy Act, the statute the Court considered in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ludecke) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
2.12 Tw
(does not apply to al-Marri's case. In fact, al-Marri is not an "enemy) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.18 Tw
(alien" but a citizen of Qatar, with which the United States has friendly) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(diplomatic relations. The Government also does not seek to deport al-) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.24 Tw
(Marri. Therefore, neither of these exceptions is offered by the Govern-) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
.32 Tw
(ment as a basis for holding al-Marri without criminal charge, and neither) Tj
0 -10.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(is applicable here. ) Tj
ET
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457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(15) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -8 Td
.87 Tw
0 Tc
(The act of depriving a person of the liberty protected by our Con-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.57 Tw
(stitution is a momentous one; thus, recognized exceptions to criminal) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.27 Tw
(process are narrow in scope and generally permit only limited periods) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.59 Tw
(of detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Jackson v. Indiana) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 406 U.S. 715, 738 \(1972\).) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.58 Tw
(Moreover, regardless of possible "threat[s] to community safety" or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.56 Tw
("barriers to criminal prosecution," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 146 \(Wilkinson, J., concur-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.52 Tw
(ring in part and dissenting in part\), the Government can ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(never) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( invoke) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.65 Tw
(an exception, and so detain a person without criminal process, unless) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.82 Tw
(the individual fits within the narrow legal category of persons to) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.94 Tw
(whom the exception applies.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( For example, the Supreme Court has) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.28 Tw
(held that the Constitution does not permit the Government to detain) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.11 Tw
(a predatory sex criminal through a civil commitment process simply) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.86 Tw
(by establishing that he is dangerous, i.e., a "threat to community) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.12 Tw
(safety." The civil commitment process may be substituted for crimi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.43 Tw
(nal process only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(if) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the Government meets its statutory burden, that is,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.17 Tw
(the Government demonstrates "proof of dangerousness" ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( "proof of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(some additional factor, such as a `mental illness' or `mental abnor-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(mality.'" ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 521 U.S. at 358. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.31 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the plurality explained that precisely the same principles) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.95 Tw
(apply when the Government seeks to detain a person as an enemy) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.78 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.74 Tw
(Furthermore, the Supreme Court has never permitted an exception to) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1 Tw
(criminal process merely on the basis of ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(judicial) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( fears as to "threat[s] to) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.62 Tw
(community safety" or "barriers to criminal prosecution." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 146) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.19 Tw
(\(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\). Rather, the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(Court has permitted such exceptions only when a ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(legislative) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( body has) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.12 Tw
(explicitly authorized the exception. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739 \(Bail) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.75 Tw
(Reform Act of 1984\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Schall) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 467 U.S. 253 \(New York Family Court) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.88 Tw
(Act\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Addington) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 441 U.S. 418 \(Texas statute governing involuntary) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.78 Tw
(commitment on mental health grounds\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hendricks) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 521 U.S. 346 \(Kan-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(sas Sexually Violent Predator Act\). Accordingly, it is hardly surprising) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.89 Tw
(that, despite the broad language of the AUMF, the Supreme Court in) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( found only that the statute provided congressional authorization) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.63 Tw
(for the military detention of an enemy combatant as that term is defined) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(by traditional law-of-war principles. And, even more recently, in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ham-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
3.02 Tw
(dan v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.02 Tw
(Ct. 2749, 2775 \(2006\),) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.02 Tw
(the Court expressly) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.15 Tw
(refused to read the broad language of the AUMF to "expand the Presi-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.33 Tw
(dent's authority to convene military commissions," instead finding that) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.15 Tw
(this authority was limited by traditional law-of-war principles "[a]bsent) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(a more specific congressional authorization." ) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(16) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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q
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0 Tr
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
1.67 Tw
0 Tc
(combatant. Under the habeas procedure prescribed in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, if the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.53 Tw
(Government asserts an exception to the usual criminal process by) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.32 Tw
(detaining as an enemy combatant an individual with constitutional) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.7 Tw
(rights, it must proffer evidence to demonstrate that the individual) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.86 Tw
("qualif[ies]" for this exceptional treatment. 542 U.S. at 516, 534.) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.6 Tw
(Only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the Government has "put[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.6 Tw
(] forth credible evidence that") Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(an individual "meets the enemy-combatant criteria" does "the onus") Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.24 Tw
(shift to the individual to demonstrate "that he falls outside the [enemy) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.62 Tw
(combatant] criteria." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. For, in this country, the military can-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.74 Tw
(not seize and indefinitely detain an individual particularly when) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.18 Tw
(the sole process leading to his detention is a determination by the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.16 Tw
(Executive that the detention is necessary) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( unless the Government) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
3.28 Tw
(demonstrates that he "qualif[ies]" for this extraordinary treatment) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(because he fits within the "legal category of enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 516, 522 n.1. ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
.69 Tw
(Moreover, when the Government contends, as it does here, that an) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.24 Tw
(individual with constitutional rights is an enemy combatant and that) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.36 Tw
(such an individual's exclusive opportunity to escape indefinite mili-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.92 Tw
(tary detention rests on overcoming presumptively accurate hearsay,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.65 Tw
(courts must take particular care that the Government's allegations) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.71 Tw
(demonstrate that the detained individual is not a civilian, but instead,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.41 Tw
(as the Supreme Court has explained, "meets the enemy-combatant) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.7 Tw
(criteria." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. For only such care accords with the "deeply) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.43 Tw
(rooted and ancient opposition in this country to the extension of mili-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.1 Tw
(tary control over civilians." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Reid v. Covert) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 354 U.S. 1, 33 \(1957\)) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(plurality\). ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.55 Tw
(These principles thus form the legal framework for consideration) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.61 Tw
(of the issues before us. Both parties recognize that it does not violate) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.1 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.09 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( recognizes that the sole process that the Government need pro-) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
2.1 Tw
(vide in order to initially detain an enemy combatant is a presidential) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.21 Tw
(determination that the detention is necessary. 542 U.S. at 518. Of course,) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( also reaffirms that the writ of habeas corpus provides a remedy) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.4 Tw
(to challenge collaterally the legality of the ongoing detention. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 525-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.06 Tw
(26. Although the habeas remedy follows from the Suspension Clause, the) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
3.07 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( plurality borrowed the due process balancing approach from) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.05 Tw
(Mathews v. Eldridge) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 424 U.S. 319 \(1976\), to design the specific require-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(ments of this habeas remedy. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 525-35. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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BT
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0 -8 Td
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0 Tc
(the Due Process Clause for the President to order the military to seize) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.26 Tw
(and detain individuals who "qualify" as enemy combatants for the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.12 Tw
(duration of a war. They disagree, however, as to whether the evidence) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.65 Tw
(the Government has proffered, even assuming its accuracy, estab-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.39 Tw
(lishes that al-Marri fits within the "legal category of enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.71 Tw
(tant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 522 n.1. The Government principally) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.5 Tw
(contends that its evidence establishes this, and therefore the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.14 Tw
(grants the President ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(statutory) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authority to detain al-Marri as an enemy) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.88 Tw
(combatant. Alternatively, the Government asserts that the President) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.01 Tw
(has inherent ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(constitutional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authority to order al-Marri's indefinite mil-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.48 Tw
(itary detention. Al-Marri maintains that the proffered evidence does) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.89 Tw
(not establish that he fits within the "legal category of enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.6 Tw
(tant," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and so the AUMF does not authorize the President to order) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2 Tw
(the military to seize and detain him, and that the President has no) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.71 Tw
(inherent constitutional authority to order this detention. We now turn) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(to these contentions. ) Tj
156.7272 -26 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -26 Td
1.94 Tw
(The Government's primary argument is that the AUMF, as con-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.77 Tw
(strued by precedent and considered against "the legal background) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.3 Tw
(against which [it] was enacted," i.e., constitutional and law-of-war) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(principles, empowers the President to order the military to seize and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant. The AUMF provides:) Tj
22 -26 Td
.26 Tw
([T]he President is authorized to use all necessary and appro-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.07 Tw
(priate force against those nations, organizations, or persons) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.02 Tw
(he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.57 Tw
(terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.1 Tw
(harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(any future acts of international terrorism against the United) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(States by such nations, organizations or persons. ) Tj
-22 -26 Td
.67 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.67 Tw
(2\(a\), 115 Stat. 224.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In considering the Government's AUMF argu-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.21 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.2 Tw
(Although the Government asserts in a footnote that the Military Com-) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
.15 Tw
(missions Act \(MCA\) of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600, "but-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.03 Tw
(tresses" the President's "inherent authority" to detain al-Marri, it does not) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.23 Tw
(assert that the MCA provides statutory authority to detain enemy comba-) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(ment, we first note the limits the Government places on its interpreta-) Tj
0 -13 Td
4.16 Tw
(tion of this statute and then consider the Government's central) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(contention. ) Tj
157.6875 -26.4 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -26.3 Td
.86 Tw
(Tellingly, the Deputy Solicitor General conceded at oral argument) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.67 Tw
(before the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court that the AUMF only authorizes detention of) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.45 Tw
(enemy combatants. Thus, the Government does ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( argue that the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.6 Tw
(broad language of the AUMF authorizes the President to subject to) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.31 Tw
(indefinite military detention anyone he believes to have aided any) Tj
0 -13 Td
.5 Tw
("nation[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.5 Tw
(], organization[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.5 Tw
(], or person[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.5 Tw
(]" related to the September 11th) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.26 Tw
(attacks. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.26 Tw
(2\(a\), 115 Stat. 224. Such an interpretation would lead) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(to absurd results that Congress could not have intended. ) Tj
12 -26.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(Under that reading of the AUMF, the President would be able to) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
.05 Tw
(subject to indefinite military detention anyone, including an American) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.51 Tw
(citizen, whom the President believed was associated with any organi-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.01 Tw
(zation that the President believed in some way "planned, authorized,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.12 Tw
(committed, or aided" the September 11th attacks, so long as the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.61 Tw
(dent believed this to be "necessary and appropriate" to prevent future) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(acts of terrorism. ) Tj
12 -26.3 Td
1.59 Tw
(Under such an interpretation of the AUMF, if some money from) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
2.53 Tw
(a nonprofit charity that feeds Afghan orphans made its way to al) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.22 Tw
(Qaeda, the President could subject to indefinite military detention any) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
3.23 Tw
(donor to that charity. Similarly, this interpretation of the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
2.87 Tw
(would allow the President to detain indefinitely any employee or) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.7 Td
.06 Tw
(tants. Plainly, the MCA could not provide the Government with authority) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.69 Tw
(to subject al-Marri to indefinite military detention, since Congress did) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.07 Tw
(not enact the MCA until October 16, 2006, more than three years ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.8 Td
.71 Tw
(the President ordered al-Marri's indefinite military detention. Moreover,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.7 Tw
(the MCA addresses only whether a detained individual is an ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(unlawful) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(enemy combatant subject to military trial, pursuant to specific statutory) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.15 Tw
(procedures, not whether, in the first instance, an individual with constitu-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.56 Tw
(tional rights seized in this country qualifies as an enemy combatant sub-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
4.83 Tw
(ject to indefinite military detention. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Accord ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 183-184 n.9) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(\(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\). ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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( v. P) Tj
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(shareholder of an American corporation that built equipment used by) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.26 Tw
(the September 11th terrorists; or allow the President to order the mili-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.36 Tw
(tary seizure and detention of an American-citizen physician who) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(treated a member of al Qaeda. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
3.22 Tw
(Moreover, at oral argument, the Deputy Solicitor General also) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
2.01 Tw
(explicitly and properly acknowledged that exercise of power under) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.1 Tw
(the AUMF must be consistent with the Constitution. But to read the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.1 Tw
(AUMF to provide the President with the unlimited power outlined) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
6.12 Tw
(above would present serious constitutional questions. For the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.05 Tw
(Supreme Court has long recognized that the Due Process Clause "can-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.17 Tw
(not be . . . construed as to leave Congress free to make any process) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.28 Tw
(`due process of law,' by its mere will." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Murray's Lessee v. Hobo-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.12 Tw
(ken Land & Improvement Co.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 59 U.S. \(18 How.\) 272, 276-77 \(1855\).) Tj
157.6875 -26 Td
1.2 Tw
(2.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.9 Td
2 Tw
(The Government's arguments do not require us to deal with the) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
2.67 Tw
(absurd results, nor reach the constitutional concerns, raised by an) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.74 Tw
(interpretation of the AUMF that would authorize the President to) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.38 Tw
(detain indefinitely without criminal charge or process anyone) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.48 Tw
(he believes to have aided any "nation[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.48 Tw
(], organization[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.48 Tw
(], or person[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.48 Tw
(]") Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(related to the September 11th terrorists. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.41 Tw
(2\(a\), 115 Stat. 224. For) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.9 Tw
(the Government wisely limits its argument.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( It relies only on the) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.3 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.92 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.78 Tw
(Chief Judge Williams and Judge Wilkinson each take a different) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
1.82 Tw
(approach; we address each of these approaches within. We note here,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(however, a basic inconsistency in both dissenters' reasoning. Both first) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.57 Tw
(heavily rely on the broad language of the AUMF as authorizing al-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.06 Tw
(Marri's detention, but then explicitly recognize the difficulties with inter-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.85 Tw
(preting the statute to give effect to this broad language. Judge Williams) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.91 Tw
(dismisses the definition of enemy combatant under "the traditional `law) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.42 Tw
(of war'" because, she contends, the AUMF "controls . . . for purposes of) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(domestic law," but she then acknowledges that giving full force to that) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.44 Tw
(statute "might produce absurd results." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 117 & n.4. Judge Wilkin-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.48 Tw
(son goes even further. He initially points to the breadth of the AUMF) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.24 Tw
(language and chides us for refusing to give it full effect, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 133-143,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.43 Tw
(but ultimately he himself also refuses to give this language full effect.) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.01 Tw
(Rather, Judge Wilkinson) Tj
( properly recognizes the "constitutional limits on) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.11 Tw
(what Congress can authorize the executive to do," and given those limits,) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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.2 Tw
0 Tc
(scope of the AUMF as construed by precedent and considered in light) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
0 Tw
(of "the legal background against which [it] was enacted." Specifically,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
4.53 Tw
(the Government contends that "[t]he Supreme Court's and this) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.58 Tw
(Court's prior construction of the AUMF govern this case and compel) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.2 Tw
(the conclusion that the President is authorized to detain al-Marri as an) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant." ) Tj
158.964 -26.3 Td
(i.) Tj
-146.964 -26.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(The precedent interpreting the AUMF on which the Government) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
1.67 Tw
(relies for this argument consists of two cases: the Supreme Court's) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.53 Tw
(opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, and our opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
3.61 Tw
(423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( The "legal background" for the) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.78 Tw
(AUMF, which the Government cites, consists of two cases from ear-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.19 Tw
(lier conflicts, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex Parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1 \(1942\) \(World War II\), and) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.9 Td
1.57 Tw
(Ex Parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2 \(1866\) \(U.S. Civil War\), as) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(well as constitutional and law-of-war principles. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
.54 Tw
(With respect to the latter, we note that American courts have often) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
1.32 Tw
(been reluctant to follow international law in resolving domestic dis-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
2.6 Tw
(putes. In the present context, however, they, like the Government) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.3 Tw
(here, have relied on the law of war treaty obligations including the) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.97 Tw
(Hague and Geneva Conventions and customary principles developed) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.06 Tw
(alongside them. The law of war provides clear rules for determining) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.72 Tw
(an individual's status during an international armed conflict, distin-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.23 Tw
(guishing between "combatants" \(members of a nation's military, mili-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.37 Tw
(tia, or other armed forces, and those who fight alongside them\) and) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.7 Td
.96 Tw
(he contends that to "qualify constitutionally" for treatment as an enemy) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
0 Tw
(combatant under the AUMF, an individual must fit within his three ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(newly) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.38 Tw
(created) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( criteria. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 156, 159-60. With these new criteria firmly in) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.32 Tw
(place, Judge Wilkinson maintains that our suggestion that the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(actual) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( lan-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.56 Tw
(guage of the AUMF would produce unconstitutional or absurd results,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(for example rendering donors to a nonprofit charity enemy combatants,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
(is "beyond hyperbole." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 177. ) Tj
10.5 -14.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
3.25 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
3.1 Tw
(Of course, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( does not bind this court, but we consider it) Tj
-10.5 -11.8 Td
1.07 Tw
(because the Government has heavily relied upon it, and it is in no way) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.41 Tw
(inconsistent with our conclusion that al-Marri is not an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(tant. ) Tj
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("civilians" \(all other persons\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(11) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Geneva Convention Rela-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(tive to the Treatment of Prisoners of War \(Third Geneva Convention\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(arts. 2, 4, 5, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135; Geneva) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.56 Tw
(War \(Fourth Geneva Convention\) art. 4, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287. American courts have repeatedly looked to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(these careful distinctions made in the law of war in identifying which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.41 Tw
(individuals fit within the "legal category" of "enemy combatant") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(under our Constitution. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(U.S. at 30-31 & n.7; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. at 121-22; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 391. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
1.59 Tw
(In the case at hand, the Government asserts that the construction) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(given the AUMF in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( based on these law-of-war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(principles "compel[s] the conclusion that the President is autho-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(rized [by the AUMF] to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant." In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.19 Tw
("legal category" of persons that the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and a) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.4 Tw
(panel of this court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, held the AUMF authorized the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.38 Tw
(dent to detain as enemy combatants. Thus, we examine those cases to) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.74 Tw
(determine whether the interpretation of the AUMF they adopt does) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(indeed empower the President to treat al-Marri as an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(tant. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.93 Tw
(11) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.88 Tw
(Thus, "civilian" is a term of art in the law of war, not signifying an) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.38 Tw
(innocent person, but rather someone in a certain legal category who is) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.71 Tw
(not) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( subject to ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(military) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( seizure or detention. So, too, a "combatant" is by) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.6 Tw
(no means always a wrongdoer, but rather a member of a different "legal) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(category" who ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(is) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( subject to ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(military) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( seizure and detention. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.75 Tw
(U.S. at 522 n.1. For example, our brave soldiers fighting in Germany) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.73 Tw
(during World War II were "combatants" under the law of war, and) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.87 Tw
(viewed from Germany's perspective they were "enemy combatants.") Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.87 Tw
(While civilians are subject to trial and punishment in civilian courts for) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.56 Tw
(all crimes committed during wartime in the country in which they are) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.5 Tw
(captured and held, combatant status protects an individual from trial and) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.56 Tw
(punishment by the capturing nation, unless the combatant has violated) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.79 Tw
(the law of war. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 518; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 28-31. Nations in) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.94 Tw
(international conflicts can summarily remove the adversary's "comba-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.32 Tw
(tants," i.e., the "enemy combatants," from the battlefield and detain them) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.61 Tw
(for the duration of such conflicts, but no such provision is made for "ci-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(vilians." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 28-31. ) Tj
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(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Supreme Court looked to precedent and the law of) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
3.02 Tw
(war to determine whether the AUMF authorized the President to) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.11 Tw
(detain as an enemy combatant an American citizen captured while) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
3.95 Tw
(engaging in battle against American and allied armed forces in) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.21 Tw
(Afghanistan as part of the Taliban. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 542 U.S. at 518-22. In support) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(of that detention, the Government offered evidence that Yaser Esam) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.08 Tw
(Hamdi "affiliated with a Taliban military unit and received weapons) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.45 Tw
(training," "took up arms with the Taliban," "engaged in armed con-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.31 Tw
(flict against the United States" in Afghanistan, and, when captured on) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.78 Tw
(the battlefield, "surrender[ed] his Kalishnikov assault rifle." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.08 Tw
(510, 513, 516 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). Hamdi's detention) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.88 Tw
(was upheld because, in fighting against the United States on the bat-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.25 Tw
(tlefield in Afghanistan with the Taliban, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(de ) Tj
(facto) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( government of) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.82 Tw
(Afghanistan at the time,) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Hamdi bore arms with the army of an) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.3 Tw
(enemy nation and so, under the law of war, was an enemy combatant.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 518-20. ) Tj
12 -25.7 Td
2.54 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court expressly recognized that the AUMF did not) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.21 Tw
(explicitly provide for detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 519; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 547 \(Souter,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.13 Tw
(J., concurring in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judg-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.02 Tw
(ment\). It concluded, however, "in light of" the law-of-war principles) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
4.6 Tw
(applicable to Hamdi's battlefield capture, that this was "of no) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.02 Tw
(moment" in the case before it. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 519 \(plurality\). As the plurality) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.26 Tw
(explained, "[b]ecause detention to prevent a combatant's ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(return to the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.68 Tw
(battlefield) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is a fundamental incident of waging war, in permitting the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.14 Tw
(use of `necessary and appropriate force,' Congress has clearly and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(unmistakably authorized detention in the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(narrow circumstances con-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.08 Tw
(sidered here) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(emphasis added\). Thus, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court reached) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.73 Tw
(the following limited holding: "the AUMF is explicit congressional) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.03 Tw
(authorization for the detention of individuals in the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(narrow category) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.41 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.3 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( White House Fact Sheet: Status of Detainees at Guantanamo) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
5.85 Tw
(\(Feb. 7, 2002\), http://www.pegc.us/archive/White_House/20020207_) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.26 Tw
(WH_POW_fact_sheet.txt; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see also) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Protocol Additional to the Geneva) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.06 Tw
(Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Vic-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.08 Tw
(tims of International Armed Conflicts \(Protocol I\), June 8, 1977, arts. 43-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.36 Tw
(44, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 \(defining combatants in conflicts between nations) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.62 Tw
(as members, other than chaplains and medical personnel, of "all orga-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
3.31 Tw
(nized armed forces, groups and units which are under a command) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(responsible to that [nation] for the conduct of its subordinates"\). ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(we describe," that is, individuals who were "part of or supporting) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.26 Tw
(forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners in Afghanistan) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.14 Tw
(and who engaged in an armed conflict against the United States) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.01 Tw
(there." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516-17 \(internal quotation marks omitted and emphasis) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.34 Tw
(added\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(accord ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 587 \(Thomas, J., dissenting\). The plurality) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(explained that its opinion "only finds legislative authority to detain) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.66 Tw
(under the AUMF once it is sufficiently clear that the individual ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(is) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.24 Tw
(fact, an enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 523 \(emphasis added\). The plurality) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.59 Tw
(also cautioned that "[i]f the practical circumstances of a given con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(flict" differed from those of the traditional conflicts that informed the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2 Tw
(law of war, the understanding that the AUMF authorizes detention) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
("may unravel." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 521. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.62 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, a panel of this court similarly held that the AUMF) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(authorized the President to detain as an enemy combatant an Ameri-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.02 Tw
(can citizen who "was armed and present in a combat zone" in Afghan-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.05 Tw
(istan as part of Taliban forces during the conflict there with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(United States. 423 F.3d at 390-91 \(internal quotation marks omitted\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(The Government had not been able to capture Jose Padilla until he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(came to the border of the United States, but, because the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(presented evidence that Padilla "took up arms against United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(forces in [Afghanistan] in the same way and to the same extent as did) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Hamdi," we concluded that he "unquestionably qualifies as an `enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(combatant' as that term was defined for the purposes of the control-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(ling opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 391.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(13) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( We too invoked the law of war,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(upholding Padilla's detention because we understood "the plurality's) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(reasoning) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to be that the AUMF authorizes the President to) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.88 Tw
(13) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.84 Tw
(Although our opinion discussed Padilla's association with al Qaeda,) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.56 Tw
(we ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(held) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( that Padilla was an enemy combatant because of his association) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.24 Tw
(with Taliban forces, i.e., Afghanistan government forces, on the battle-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(field in Afghanistan during the time of the conflict between the United) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.24 Tw
(States and Afghanistan. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 391. Al-Marri urges us to) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.41 Tw
(ignore ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, particularly in light of its subsequent history. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Padilla) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 432 F.3d 582, 583 \(4th Cir. 2005\) \(noting that the Govern-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.35 Tw
(ment's transfer of Padilla to civilian custody for criminal trial after argu-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
3.19 Tw
(ing before this court that he was an enemy combatant created "an) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(appearance that the government may be attempting to avoid consider-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.91 Tw
(ation of our decision by the Supreme Court"\). That history is troubling,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.45 Tw
(but we see no need to avoid ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( since its narrow holding does not in) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(any way conflict with our conclusion here. ) Tj
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( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(detain all those who qualify as `enemy combatants' within the mean-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(ing of the law of war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 392. We also noted that Padilla's deten-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.44 Tw
(tion, like Hamdi's, was permissible "`to prevent a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(combatant's return) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(to the battlefield) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( . . . a fundamental incident of waging war.'" ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(391 \(emphasis added\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.02 Tw
(Supreme Court precedent offered substantial support for the narrow) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.41 Tw
(rulings in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, which the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality) Tj
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1.24 Tw
(characterized as the "most apposite precedent," 542 U.S. at 523, the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.61 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(directed, outfitted, and paid by the German military to bring explo-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.13 Tw
(sives into the United States to destroy American war industries during) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.53 Tw
(World War II. The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court concluded that even a petitioner) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
(claiming American citizenship had been properly classified as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(enemy combatant because "[c]itizens who associate themselves with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(the military arm of the enemy government, and with its aid, guidance) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(and direction enter this country bent on hostile acts, are enemy bellig-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(erents [combatants] within the meaning of . . . the law of war." 317) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(U.S. at 37-38. The Court cited the Hague Convention "which defines) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.13 Tw
(the persons to whom belligerent [i.e., combatant] rights and duties) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(attach," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 30-31 n.7, in support of its conclusion that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(petitioners qualified as enemy combatants. Given the "declaration of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(war between the United States and the German Reich," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 21, and) Tj
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1.28 Tw
(that all the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( petitioners, including one who claimed American) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(citizenship, were directed and paid by the "military arm" of the Ger-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.42 Tw
(man Reich, the Court held that the law of war classified them as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(enemy belligerents \(or combatants\) and so the Constitution permitted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(subjecting them to military jurisdiction. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 48. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
1.41 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ground their holdings on this central teaching) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(from ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, i.e., enemy combatant status rests on an individual's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(affiliation during wartime with the "military arm of the enemy gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(ernment." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 37-38; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(423 F.3d at 391. In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, that enemy government was the German) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.36 Tw
(Reich; in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, it was the Taliban government of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Afghanistan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
.16 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( also rely on this principle from ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to distin-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(guish \(but not disavow\) ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court rejected the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(Government's impassioned contention that a presidential order and) Tj
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457 -148.5 Td
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(25) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(the "laws and usages of war," 71 U.S. at 121-22, justified exercising) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(military jurisdiction over Lamdin Milligan, an Indiana resident, dur-) Tj
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.04 Tw
(ing the Civil War. The Government alleged that Milligan had commu-) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.56 Tw
(nicated with the enemy, had conspired to "seize munitions of war,") Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(and had "join[ed] and aid[ed] . . . a secret" enemy organization "for) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.48 Tw
(the purpose of overthrowing the Government and duly constituted) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.14 Tw
(authorities of the United States." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 6. The Court recognized that) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
2.45 Tw
(Milligan had committed "an enormous crime" during "a period of) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.42 Tw
(war" and at a place "within . . . the theatre of military operations, and) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
1.31 Tw
(which had been and was constantly threatened to be invaded by the) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.29 Tw
(enemy." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 7, 130. But it found no support in the "laws and usages) Tj
0 -13.5 Td
.02 Tw
(of war" for subjecting Milligan to military jurisdiction as a combatant,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(for although he was a "dangerous enem[y]" of the nation, he was a) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(civilian and had to be treated as such. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 121-22, 130. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -27.3 Td
.82 Tw
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( all emphasize that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s teaching) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
1.54 Tw
( that our Constitution does not permit the Government to subject) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
1.24 Tw
(civilians) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( within the United States to military jurisdiction remains) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.41 Tw
(good law. The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court explained that while the petitioners) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.16 Tw
(before it were affiliated with the armed forces of an enemy nation and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(so were enemy belligerents, Milligan was a "non-belligerent" and so) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.93 Tw
("not subject to the law of war." 317 U.S. at 45. The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(similarly took care to note that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( "turned in large part on the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.01 Tw
(fact that Milligan was not a prisoner of war" \(i.e., combatant\) and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(suggested that "[h]ad Milligan been captured while he was assisting) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.25 Tw
(Confederate soldiers by carrying a rifle against Union troops on a) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Confederate battlefield, the holding of the Court might well have been) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.31 Tw
(different." 542 U.S. at 522. And in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, we reaffirmed that ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milli-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.51 Tw
(gan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not extend to enemy combatants" and so "is inapposite here) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(because Padilla, unlike Milligan, associated with, and has taken up) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(arms against the forces of the United States on behalf of, an enemy) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.31 Tw
(of the United States." 423 F.3d at 396-97. Thus, although ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
.96 Tw
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( distinguish ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, they recognize that its core) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.47 Tw
(holding remains the law of the land. That is, civilians within this) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.74 Tw
(country \(even "dangerous enemies" like Milligan who perpetrate) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.17 Tw
("enormous crime[s]" on behalf of "secret" enemy organizations bent) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(on "overthrowing the Government" of this country\) may not be sub-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(26) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(jected to military control and deprived of constitutional rights. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milli-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(gan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. at 6, 130.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(14) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(In sum, the holdings of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( share two characteris-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
2.75 Tw
(tics: \(1\) they look to law-of-war principles to determine who fits) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.03 Tw
(within the "legal category" of enemy combatant; and \(2\) following the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.22 Tw
(law of war, they rest enemy combatant status on affiliation with the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(military arm of an enemy nation. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.83 Tw
(14) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.74 Tw
(Because of this important principle, the Supreme Court has hailed) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
-10.5 -11.6 Td
1.1 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( as "one of the great landmarks in th[e] Court's history." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Reid) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.38 Tw
(354 U.S. at 30. Although in its appellate brief the Government largely) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.56 Tw
(avoids ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, it implicitly acknowledges this point and so attempts to) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.24 Tw
(distinguish ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( from the case at hand on the ground that Milligan) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.29 Tw
(was a citizen and al-Marri an alien. In some circumstances, the Constitu-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.13 Tw
(tion does afford aliens less protection than citizens. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.96 Tw
(U.S. at 558-59 \(Scalia, J., dissenting\) \(suggesting that during war the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.92 Tw
(constitutional rights of an "enemy alien," whom the Supreme Court has) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.36 Tw
(defined as a "subject of a foreign state at war with the United States,") Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.56 Tw
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 339 U.S. at 769 n.2 \(internal quotation marks omitted\), dif-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.27 Tw
(fer from those of a treasonous citizen\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 494 U.S. at) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.94 Tw
(274-75 \(holding that the Fourth Amendment) Tj
( does not apply to searches) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.78 Tw
(by United States agents of property owned by aliens ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(in) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( foreign coun-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(tries\). But the distinction between citizens and aliens provides no basis) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.03 Tw
(for depriving an alien like al-Marri, lawfully resident within the United) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.42 Tw
(States and not the subject of an enemy nation, of those rights guaranteed) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(by the Due Process Clause. Rather, the Supreme Court has repeatedly) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.08 Tw
(held that aliens situated like al-Marri have an unquestioned right to the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.97 Tw
(due process of law. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Sanchez-Llamas) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.97 Tw
(Ct. at 2681-82; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Zadvy-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(das) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 533 U.S. at 693; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Wong Wing) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 163 U.S. at 238; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Verdugo-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.62 Tw
(Urquidez) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 494 U.S. at 271; 494 U.S. at 278 \(Kennedy, J., concurring\)) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.09 Tw
(\(observing that "[a]ll would agree . . . that the dictates of the Due Process) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.2 Tw
(Clause of the Fifth Amendment protect" an alien lawfully within the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.94 Tw
(United States\). The Government does not dispute or distinguish these) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.17 Tw
(cases in its appellate brief; it simply ignores them. At oral argument) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.31 Tw
(before the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( court, however, the Government finally acknowl-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
0 Tw
(edged that an alien legally resident in the United States, like al-Marri, has) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.49 Tw
(the same Fifth Amendment due process rights as an American citizen.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.09 Tw
(For this reason, the Government had to concede that if al-Marri can be) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.38 Tw
(detained as an enemy combatant, then the Government can also detain) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.41 Tw
(any American citizen on the same showing and through the same pro-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(cess. ) Tj
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-145.3655 -25.2 Td
1.15 Tw
(In view of the holdings in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, we find it remark-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(able that the Government contends that they "compel the conclusion") Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.7 Tw
(that the President may detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant. For) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(unlike Hamdi and Padilla, al-Marri is not alleged to have been part) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.04 Tw
(of a Taliban unit, not alleged to have stood alongside the Taliban or) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(the armed forces of any other enemy nation, not alleged to have been) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(on the battlefield during the war in Afghanistan, not alleged to have) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.15 Tw
(even been in Afghanistan during the armed conflict there, and not) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.25 Tw
(alleged to have engaged in combat with United States forces any-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.41 Tw
(where in the world. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Rapp Declaration \(alleging none of these) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(facts, but instead that "[a]l-Marri engaged in conduct in preparation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(for acts of international terrorism intended to cause injury or adverse) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(effects on the United States"\). Indeed, unlike Hamdi and Padilla, al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(Marri had been imprisoned in the United States by civil authorities on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(criminal charges for more than a year before being seized by the mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(tary and indefinitely confined in a Navy brig as an enemy combatant.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.14 Tw
(In place of the "classic wartime detention" that the Government) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(argued justified Hamdi's detention as an enemy combatant, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Br. of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(Respondents at 20-21, 27, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
3.04 Tw
("classic battlefield" detention it maintained justified Padilla's, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(Opening Br. for the Appellant at 16, 20, 29, 51, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 432 F.3d 386) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.17 Tw
(\(No. 05-6396\), here the Government argues that al-Marri's seizure) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.73 Tw
(and indefinite detention by the military in this country are justified) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
("because he engaged in, and continues to pose a very real threat of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(carrying out, . . . acts of international terrorism." And instead of seek-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.64 Tw
(ing judicial deference to decisions of "military officers who are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(engaged in the serious work of waging battle," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
(531-32, the Government asks us to defer to the "multi-agency evalua-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(tion process" of government bureaucrats in Washington made eigh-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.2 Tw
(teen months after al-Marri was taken into custody. Neither the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(holding in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( nor that in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( supports the Government's con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tentions here. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.73 Tw
(In arguing to the contrary, the Government confuses certain sec-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(ondary arguments it advanced in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( with the actual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(holdings in those cases. As discussed above, both ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.47 Tw
(upheld the President's authority pursuant to the AUMF to detain as) Tj
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0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(enemy combatants individuals \(1\) who affiliated with and fought on) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
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(behalf of Taliban government forces, \(2\) against the armed forces of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.01 Tw
(the United States and its allies, \(3\) on the battlefield in Afghanistan.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.31 Tw
(In both cases, however, the Government also contended that the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.75 Tw
(AUMF provided the President with even broader authority to subject) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
5.34 Tw
(to military detention, as enemy combatants, persons otherwise) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.39 Tw
(involved "in the global armed conflict against the al Qaeda terrorist) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.1 Tw
(network." Br. of Respondents at 20-21, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507 \(No. 03-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
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(6996\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Opening Br. for the Appellant at 17-18, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(386 \(No. 05-6396\). ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
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(But neither the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, nor this court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
2.03 Tw
(accepted the Government's invitation to fashion such a broad con-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.03 Tw
(struction of the AUMF. Instead, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality emphasized the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.09 Tw
(narrowness of its holding, 542 U.S. at 509, 516-19, and the "limited) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.7 Tw
(category" of individuals controlled by that holding, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 518. In) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
.81 Tw
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, we similarly saw no need to embrace a broader construction) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.38 Tw
(of the AUMF than that adopted by the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.07 Tw
(Indeed, the Government itself ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(principally) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( argued that Padilla was an) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.86 Tw
(enemy combatant because he, like Hamdi, "engaged in armed con-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.35 Tw
(flict" alongside the Taliban "against our forces in Afghanistan." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.91 Tw
(Opening Br. for the Appellant at 22-23, 27, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d 386) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(No. 05-6396\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.5 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.52 Tw
(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.4 Tw
(In doing so, the Government acknowledged, Opening Br. for the) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
2.19 Tw
(Appellant at 29-30, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.7 Td
4.36 Tw
(guished colleague Judge Wilkinson's statement that "[t]o compare) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
4.48 Tw
([Hamdi's] battlefield ) Tj
(capture to the domestic arrest in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla v.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.76 Tw
(Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( is to compare apples and oranges," ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 337) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.58 Tw
(F.3d 335, 344 \(4th Cir. 2003\) \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in the denial of) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.15 Tw
(rehearing ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(\), but explained that Judge Wilkinson's observation) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.19 Tw
(came ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(before) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( the Government had proffered any evidence that Padilla had) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.72 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
.14 Tw
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0 -11.7 Td
1 Tw
(kinson differentiated Hamdi from Padilla, the Government's allegations) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.29 Tw
(against Padilla mirrored its allegations against al-Marri here that he) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.83 Tw
(had associated with al Qaeda and engaged in conduct in preparation for) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(acts of terrorism. We agree with Judge Wilkinson's characterization: to) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.42 Tw
(compare Hamdi's battlefield capture to the domestic arrest of al-Marri is) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(indeed "to compare apples and oranges." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( "recognized" "[t]he President's authority to detain `enemy) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(combatants' during the current conflict with al Qaeda." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence no sympathy for the view that the AUMF permits) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.98 Tw
(indefinite military detention beyond the "limited category" of people) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.84 Tw
(covered by the "narrow circumstances" of those cases. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.57 Tw
(U.S. at 516-19. Therefore the Government's argument that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
.12 Tw
(President "to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant" fails. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Accord) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 73 \(Traxler, J., concurring in the judgment\). ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(3.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
3.62 Tw
(The Government offers no other legal precedent, rationale, or) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.32 Tw
(authority justifying its position that the AUMF empowers the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1 Tw
(dent to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant; indeed, at oral argu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
6.92 Tw
(ment before the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court, the Government repeatedly) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(emphasized that it argued only that al-Marri may be detained under) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(the AUMF because he is an enemy combatant under established law-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.35 Tw
(of-war principles explicated in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and other precedent. Our dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(senting colleagues go further, however. They contend that the defini-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(tion of enemy combatant has somehow expanded to permit a person) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(to be so classified because of his criminal conduct on behalf of a ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(rorist organization. We have searched extensively for authority that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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158.964 -25.2 Td
(i.) Tj
-146.964 -25.2 Td
.52 Tw
(First, the Supreme Court's most recent terrorism cases ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( provide no support for the dissenters' position. In) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court held that because the conflict between the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.43 Tw
(States and al Qaeda in Afghanistan is not "between nations," it is a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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("`conflict not of an international character'" and so is governed by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.76 Tw
(Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.76 Tw
(Ct. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(2795; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 2802 \(Kennedy, J., concurring\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.26 Tw
(Common Article 3 and other Geneva Convention provisions apply-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(ing to non-international conflicts \(in contrast to those applying to) Tj
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1.47 Tw
(international conflicts\) simply do ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(of enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Third Geneva Convention, art. 3, 6 U.S.T.) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(cial codifier of the Geneva Conventions explains, "an `enemy) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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(combatant' is a person who, either lawfully or unlawfully, engages in) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
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(hostilities for the opposing side in an ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(international) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(in contrast, "[i]n non-international armed conflict combatant status) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
2.06 Tw
(does not exist) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." Int'l Comm. of the Red Cross, Official Statement:) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(The Relevance of IHL in the Context of Terrorism, at 1, 3 \(Feb. 21,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
10.6 Tw
(2005\), http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/terrorism-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(ihl-210705 \(emphasis added\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(16) Tj
0 Ts
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1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
.81 Tw
(Perhaps for this reason, our dissenting colleagues and the Govern-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
2.63 Tw
(ment ignore ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s holding that the conflict with al Qaeda in) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.55 Tw
(Afghanistan is a non-international conflict and ignore the fact that, in) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.71 Tw
(such conflicts, the legal category of enemy combatant does not exist.) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.22 Tw
(Indeed, the Government's sole acknowledgment of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is a short) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.7 Tw
(footnote in its appellate brief, in which it asserts that "the Court took) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.52 Tw
(it as a given that Hamdan was subject to detention as an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.54 Tw
(batant during ongoing hostilities." The weakness of this response is) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.56 Tw
(apparent. Not only does it avoid the holding in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that the con-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
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(, Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith,) Tj
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(Congressional Authorization and the War on Terrorism) Tj
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(Rev. 2047, 2115 & n.304 \(2005\) [hereinafter Bradley & Goldsmith]) Tj
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(\(internal quotation marks omitted\). No precedent from the Supreme) Tj
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(follow this approach in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(some) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(taken a ") Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(direct) Tj
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(See) Tj
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() Tj
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1.93 Tw
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(17) Tj
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(17) Tj
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1.3 Tw
(]) Tj
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(one) Tj
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(Hamdan) Tj
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(, 126) Tj
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(S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.59 Tw
(Ct. at 2795 \(emphasis added\) \(quoting Third Geneva Convention, 6) Tj
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(. Of course, al-) Tj
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(Marri is not a participant in any conflict involving the United States in) Tj
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0 -11.4 Td
1.27 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
2.52 Tw
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0 -11.4 Td
.95 Tw
(between the United States and al Qaeda ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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(ii.) Tj
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-12 -12.7 Td
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12 -25.9 Td
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1.42 Tw
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(Quirin) Tj
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(Quirin) Tj
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(well. The ) Tj
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(Quirin) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Quirin) Tj
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12 -25.6 Td
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(Quirin) Tj
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(organization.) Tj
4.7 Ts
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(18) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In fact, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
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10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
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2.82 Tw
(18) Tj
0 Ts
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2.69 Tw
(The distinction between organizations and nations is not without) Tj
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1.05 Tw
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10.5 -16.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Moreover, a rule permitting indefinite military detention of members) Tj
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2.8 Tw
(throw the power of the United States" made him and his co-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.76 Tw
(conspirators "dangerous enemies to their country." 71 U.S. at 6, 130.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.2 Tw
(But the Government did not allege that Milligan took orders from any) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.32 Tw
(enemy government or took up arms against this country on the battle-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.51 Tw
(field. And so the Court held that the Government could not subject) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.43 Tw
(Milligan to trial by military tribunal or treat him as an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.34 Tw
(tant subject to military detention as a prisoner of war. Milligan was) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.09 Tw
(an "enem[y] of the country" and associated with an organization seek-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.46 Tw
(ing to "overthrow[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.46 Tw
(] the Government" of this country, but he was still) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(a civilian and had to be treated as one. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.83 Tw
(Although ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( involved a time in which our democracy was) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
.77 Tw
(much younger, it dealt with a war fully as threatening to our country) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.9 Tw
(as any present conflict. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 88 \(noting the Government's argu-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.48 Tw
(ment that Milligan's military detention must be permitted because) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.28 Tw
("the facts are unprecedented" as is "the war out of which they grew"\).) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.13 Tw
(Today, the Government contends that the fate of our nation requires) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.9 Tw
(the military detention of al-Marri and others lawfully resident in this) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.21 Tw
(country because of their membership in a terrorist organization. A) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.5 Td
1.49 Tw
(contrary to controlling precedent, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 71 U.S. at 130,) Tj
( could well) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.04 Tw
(endanger citizens of this country or our allies. For example, a nation) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(could employ this rule to treat American members of an environmental) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.71 Tw
(group, which it regards as a terrorist organization, as enemy combatants) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.56 Tw
(and so subject those Americans to indefinite military detention. Under) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.86 Tw
(definitions as nebulous as the ones proposed by our dissenting col-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.9 Tw
(leagues, these fears are hardly "completely unfounded." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 177) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.3 Tw
(\(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\). Foreign leaders) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.66 Tw
(who have already designated members of these environmental organiza-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.6 Tw
(tions "terrorists" might well, applying the dissents' definitions, conclude) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.23 Tw
(that those individuals are enemy combatants and thus detain them indefi-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.03 Tw
(nitely without criminal process. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Hiroko Tabuchi, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Japanese Are Hunt-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.94 Tw
(ing Humpbacks) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, Record \(N.N.J.\), Nov. 18, 2007, at A10 \(reporting that) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.36 Tw
(some Japanese leaders regard activists for Greenpeace, an organization) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.25 Tw
(with 2.8 million members, as terrorists\); Amanda Hodge, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Japan Warship) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
("Sent to Help Whalers") Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, Australian, Jan. 2, 2006, at 3 \(same\). ) Tj
ET
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(35) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(century ago, the Government similarly contended that the military) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.73 Tw
(detention of Milligan and other members of the Sons of Liberty law-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.63 Tw
(fully resident in this country was necessary to "save the nation" from) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(the terrorist plots of the "one hundred thousand men enrolled in" that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(organization. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 102, 104. Thus ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, "one of [the Court's]) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.21 Tw
(great landmarks," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 354 U.S. at 30, firmly and clearly rejected the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(argument the Government asserts here. The weakness of the dissents') Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(brief attempts to distinguish ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( attests to the strength of the pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(cedent. \(The concurrence does not even attempt a distinction.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
(First, one of our dissenting colleagues maintains that "reliance on) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" is "misplaced" because its principles "apply only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(been determined" that an individual "is a civilian, not a combatant.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 182-83 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.23 Tw
(part\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 140. This contention ignores the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(Court's express rejection of the Government's argument that Milli-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(gan, even if not subject to military trial, could be held by the military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(as a prisoner of war during the duration of hostilities. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(71 U.S. at 131. As the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality noted, that Milligan was not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(a combatant and therefore not a prisoner of war was "central to" the) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( holding. 542 U.S. at 522 \(noting if "Milligan [had] been cap-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.61 Tw
(tured while . . . assisting Confederate soldiers by carrying a rifle) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(against Union troops on a Confederate battlefield, the holding of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(Court might well have been different"\). Thus, reliance on ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(hardly "misplaced": there, the Supreme Court unequivocally rebuffed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(an argument precisely parallel to the one the Government makes here) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
( that an unarmed civilian captured in his home in the United States,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(rather than while "carrying a rifle . . . on a . . . battlefield," could be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
("detained under military authority for the duration of the conflict.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
5.68 Tw
(Second, and equally unconvincing, the dissenters apparently) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(believe that the enactment of the AUMF makes Milligan's case distin-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(guishable from al-Marri's. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 117 \(Williams, C.J., concurring) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(in part and dissenting in part\) \(acknowledging that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( governs) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(the rights of civilians but nevertheless finding that the AUMF permits) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(the President to declare al-Marri an enemy combatant\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 140) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(\(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\) \(asserting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(that because Congress did not authorize use of military force against) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
("the Sons of Liberty, Milligan's organization," but did, in the AUMF,) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(36) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(authorize the use of force against "al Qaeda, al-Marri's organization,") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
4.05 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s "constitutional force" does not apply\). This argument) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.64 Tw
(clearly fails, too, for, as we discuss in detail in the following section,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.04 Tw
(it misreads the AUMF. As the Government expressly conceded at oral) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.64 Tw
(argument, the AUMF authorizes the detention of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.69 Tw
(tants. The AUMF does ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( purport to alter the definition of enemy) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.11 Tw
(combatant and so provides no basis for distinguishing al-Marri from) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.51 Tw
(Milligan or determining that al-Marri or anyone else "plainly quali-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(fies" as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 140 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(in part and dissenting in part\). ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.35 Tw
(In sum, the dissents have not and cannot distinguish ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milli-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(gan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. The Government's allegations against Milligan mirror the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
8.26 Tw
(ernment's allegations against al-Marri. If the Government's) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.93 Tw
(allegations here are true, like Milligan, al-Marri is deplorable, crimi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.26 Tw
(nal, and dangerous, but, like Milligan, he is a civilian nonetheless and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.43 Tw
(must be treated as one for Congress certainly has not directed oth-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.14 Tw
(erwise. Thus, we believe that the indefinite detention of al-Marri must) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(cease.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(19) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.37 Tw
(19) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.35 Tw
(We note that the Government's treatment of al-Marri, i.e., subjecting) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
.65 Tw
(him to military detention, which the Government insists "is not `punish-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.07 Tw
(ment,'" is at odds with the Government's repeated recognition that crimi-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.83 Tw
(nal terrorist conduct by aliens ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(in this country) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( merits punishment by a) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(civilian court, not indefinite military detention as an enemy combatant.) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.36 Tw
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States v. Abdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 463 F.3d 547, 550 \(6th Cir. 2006\) \(civil-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.8 Tw
(ian prosecution of suspected al Qaeda terrorist who allegedly "indicated) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.6 Tw
(a desire to `shoot up' a Columbus shopping mall with an AK-47"\);) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.13 Tw
(United States v. Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 382 F.3d 453 \(4th Cir. 2004\) \(civilian prose-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.94 Tw
(cution of al Qaeda conspirator involved in the September 11th attacks\);) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
2.12 Tw
(United States v. Reid) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 369 F.3d 619, 619-20 \(1st Cir. 2004\) \(civilian) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1 Tw
(prosecution of terrorist allied with Bin Laden who attempted to destroy) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(airplane with explosives\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States v. Goba) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 240 F. Supp. 2d 242,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.02 Tw
(244 \(W.D.N.Y. 2003\) \(civilian prosecution of associates of al Qaeda,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.08 Tw
(including those who met with Bin Laden and trained in terrorist camps) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.42 Tw
(in Afghanistan\). And after long contending he was an enemy combatant,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
(the Government ultimately prosecuted even Jose Padilla in civilian court) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
3.63 Tw
(for his crimes. This practice is hardly new. Even the civilian co-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.5 Tw
(conspirators of the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( petitioners were tried for their crimes in civil-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.12 Tw
(ian courts. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Cramer v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 325 U.S. 1 \(1945\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(v. Haupt) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 136 F.2d 661 \(7th Cir. 1943\). ) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
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0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(iii.) Tj
-143.767 -26.7 Td
2.42 Tw
(Moreover, the AUMF does not assist our dissenting colleagues.) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.22 Tw
(The AUMF clearly states that it is "intended to constitute specific) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.65 Tw
(statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5\(b\) of the War) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.15 Tw
(Powers Resolution." ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.15 Tw
(2\(b\), 115 Stat. 224. And under the War Powers) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.81 Tw
(Resolution, such statutory authorization permits the President to "ex-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.61 Tw
(ercise[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.61 Tw
(]" his powers "as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(States Armed Forces into hostilities" and to remain engaged in such) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.15 Tw
(hostilities for longer than sixty days. 50 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.15 Tw
(1541\(c\), 1544\(b\)) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.59 Tw
(\(West 2003\). Thus, to say that Congress did not have a dramatic) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -27.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(The Government's treatment of others renders its decision to halt al-) Tj
-10.5 -12.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(Marri's criminal prosecution on the eve of a pre-trial hearing on a) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.44 Tw
(suppression motion puzzling at best. Al-Marri contends that the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.69 Tw
(ernment has subjected him to indefinite military detention, rather than) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.56 Tw
(see his criminal prosecution to the end, in order to interrogate him with-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.12 Tw
(out the strictures of criminal process. We trust) Tj
( that this is not so, for such) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.63 Tw
(a stratagem would contravene ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
('s injunction that "indefinite deten-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.66 Tw
(tion for the purpose of interrogation is not authorized." 542 U.S. at 521.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(We note, however, that not only has the Government offered no other) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
3.32 Tw
(explanation for abandoning al-Marri's prosecution, it has even pro-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.33 Tw
(pounded an affidavit in support of al-Marri's continued military deten-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.41 Tw
(tion, stating that he "possesses information of high intelligence value.") Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -12.1 Td
.01 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Rapp Declaration. Moreover, former Attorney General John Ashcroft) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.3 Tw
(has explained that the Government decided to declare al-Marri an enemy) Tj
0 -12 Td
.94 Tw
(combatant only after he became a "hard case" by "reject[ing] numerous) Tj
0 -12 Td
.98 Tw
(offers to improve his lot by . . . providing information." John Ashcroft,) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -12 Td
1.93 Tw
(Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( 168-69 \(2006\).) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.7 Tw
(The Government's recent admission in other litigation that it has sub-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.95 Tw
(jected al-Marri to repeated interrogation during his imprisonment in) Tj
( the) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.07 Tw
(Naval Brig would seem to substantiate al-Marri's contention. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Decl.) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.33 Tw
(of Robert H. Berry, Jr., Defense Intelligence Agency, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.33 Tw
(8, 9, Ex. 2 in) Tj
0 -12 Td
.13 Tw
(Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Mot. for Preservation Order and Inquiry into Spolia-) Tj
0 -12 Td
4.04 Tw
(tion of Evidence, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Gates) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, No. 2:05-cv-02259-HFF-RSC) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.39 Tw
(\(D.S.C. Apr. 30, 2008\) \(stating that, although "a number of recordings) Tj
0 -12 Td
.12 Tw
(of the Al-Marri interrogation sessions . . . were destroyed during the time) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.62 Tw
(period between December 1, 2004, and March 31, 2005," "subsequent) Tj
0 -12 Td
0 Tw
(investigation revealed . . . original or duplicate recordings of nine interro-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.05 Tw
(gation sessions"\). ) Tj
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105.3934 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
.9 Tw
0 Tc
(expansion of the Executive's military detention power in mind when) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(it passed the AUMF is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( "to say that Congress had very little in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(mind at all." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 136 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.21 Tw
(senting in part\). Rather, it is to say that in the AUMF, as in other gen-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(eral authorizations for the use of force passed pursuant to the War) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(Powers Resolution, Congress intended to provide the statutory autho-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
(rization that it insists is required before the President may engage the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(United States Armed Forces in extended hostilities abroad. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.26 Tw
(At least some of our dissenting colleagues, however, apparently) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.84 Tw
(believe that enactment of the AUMF not only "activated the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(dent's war powers," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.78 Tw
(Ct. at 2775, but also substan-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(tially expanded and redefined the legal category of enemy combatant.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(They are wrong. Plainly, the AUMF is not "a specific and targeted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
6.38 Tw
(congressional directive" aimed at which individuals "may be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(detained[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.06 Tw
(] for purposes of domestic law." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 116 \(Williams, C.J.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(concurring in part and dissenting in part\). Rather, precisely because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(the AUMF contains only a broad grant of war powers and lacks any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
7.83 Tw
(specific language authorizing detention, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(explained that its opinion "only finds legislative authority to detain) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(under the AUMF once it is sufficiently clear that the individual ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(is) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.1 Tw
(fact, an enemy combatant." 542 U.S. at 523 \(emphasis added\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(Although the military detention of enemy combatants like Hamdi is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(certainly "a fundamental incident of waging war," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 519, the mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tary detention of civilians like al-Marri just as certainly is not. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.17 Tw
(Even assuming the Constitution permitted Congress to grant the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.28 Tw
(President such an awesome and unprecedented power, if Congress) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(intended to grant this authority, it could and would have said so) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3 Tw
(explicitly. The AUMF lacks the particularly clear statement from) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
(Congress that would, at a minimum, be necessary to authorize the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(indefinite military detention of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(civilians) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Greene v. McElroy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 U.S. 474, 508 \(1959\) \(rejecting Govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(ment argument that executive orders and statutes permitted depriva-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.98 Tw
(tion of liberty rights absent "explicit authorization"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Duncan v.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(Kahanamoku) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 327 U.S. 304, 324 \(1946\) \(rejecting Government argu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(ment that statute authorized trial of civilians by military tribunals) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(because Congress could not have intended "to exceed the boundaries) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(between military and civilian power, in which our people have always) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.63 Tw
(believed"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex Parte Endo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 323 U.S. 283, 300 \(1944\) \(rejecting Gov-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(39) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.55 Tw
0 Tc
(ernment argument that a "wartime" executive order and statute per-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.87 Tw
(mitted detention of citizen of Japanese heritage when neither "use[d]) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.37 Tw
(the language of detention"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Brown v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 12 U.S. \(8) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.02 Tw
(Cranch\) 110, 128-29 \(1814\) \(rejecting Government argument that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.33 Tw
(declaration of war authorized confiscation of enemy property because) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(it did not clearly "declare[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.51 Tw
(]" the legislature's "will"\). We are exceed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ingly reluctant to infer a grant of authority that is so far afield from) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(anything recognized by precedent or law-of-war principles, especially) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(given the serious constitutional concerns it would raise. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(Additionally, nothing in the legislative history of the AUMF sup-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(ports the view that Congress intended the AUMF to provide the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.27 Tw
(dent with the unprecedented power claimed here.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(20) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In fact, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(legislative history suggests just the opposite that in the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(Congress intended neither to expand the definition of enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(tant to include civilians nor to authorize the military seizure and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(detention of civilians within the United States. Senator Daschle has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.92 Tw
(recounted that "[l]iterally minutes before the Senate cast its vote" on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(the AUMF, "the administration sought to add the words `in the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(States and' after `appropriate force' in the agreed-upon text" to give) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
("the President broad authority to exercise expansive powers not just) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(overseas where we all understood he wanted authority to act but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(right here in the United States, potentially against American citizens.") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(Tom Daschle, Editorial, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Power We Didn't Grant) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Wash. Post,) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.9 Tw
(Dec.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(23, 2005, at A21. The Senate refused to "accede to this extraordinary) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.17 Tw
(request for additional authority." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Wartime Executive) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.03 Tw
(20) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.98 Tw
(Judge Wilkinson challenges our reliance on legislative history. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.8 Tw
(at 138-39. But none of our conclusions rests solely, or even principally,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(on analysis of the legislative history of the AUMF and the Patriot Act.) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.78 Tw
(We fully recognize that several of the statements to which we cite were) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.63 Tw
(made after the enactment of those statutes. But these statements both) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.5 Tw
(those made contemporaneously and those made after the fact do nev-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(ertheless provide further evidence regarding the limited scope of the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 8 \(approving as) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.53 Tw
("correct" reliance on "legislative history when construing" a related stat-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.37 Tw
(ute, the MCA\). Moreover, we cannot help but observe that although) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.74 Tw
(Judge Wilkinson criticizes us for relying on comments from the "distin-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.11 Tw
(guished members of the legislative branch," ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 139, he himself relies) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.53 Tw
(extensively on comments of those much further removed from the legis-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(lative process distinguished legal academics. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tc
(Power and the National Security Agency's Surveillance Authority:) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.31 Tw
(Hearings Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 109th Cong. 126) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(\(2006\) \(statement of Sen. Specter, Chairman, S. Comm. on the Judi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.54 Tw
(ciary\) \("[The proposal to add `in the United States'] was rejected) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.06 Tw
(since it would give the President broad authority not just overseas, but) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(also in the United States."\). The congressional debates on the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.45 Tw
(similarly indicate that key members of Congress believed that the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.23 Tw
(AUMF ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorized the use of miliary force abroad, not within the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 147 Cong. Rec. 17,047 \(2001\) \(statement of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.98 Tw
(Sen. Biden\) \("In extending this broad authority to cover those `plan-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.98 Tw
(ning, authorizing, committing, or aiding the attacks' it should go) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(without saying, however, that the resolution is directed only at using) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.41 Tw
(force ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to combat acts of international terrorism." \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.95 Tw
(added\)\); 147 Cong. Rec. 17,111 \(2001\) \(statement of Rep. Lantos\)) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
(\("The resolution before us empowers the President to bring to bear the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.08 Tw
(full force of American power ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in our struggle against the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(scourge of international terrorism." \(emphasis added\)\). ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.34 Tw
(Furthermore, the day after Congress enacted the AUMF, it began) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.23 Tw
(consideration of another statute, which it enacted a few weeks later,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.69 Tw
(that did explicitly authorize the President to arrest and detain "terror-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.6 Tw
(ist aliens" living within the United States believed to have come here) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(to perpetrate acts of terrorism. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Uniting and Strengthening Amer-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
5.03 Tw
(ica by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.57 Tw
([hereinafter Patriot Act].) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(21) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( However, the Patriot Act only authorizes) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.3 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.28 Tw
(21) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.22 Tw
(The legislative history of the Patriot Act \(originally titled the Anti-) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
4.46 Tw
(Terrorism Act of 2001\) indicates that the Administration initially) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2 Tw
(requested the power to indefinitely detain "terrorist aliens" within the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
3.4 Tw
(United States. But in legislative hearings, members of both parties) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(fiercely objected to this authorization, and several viewed authorization) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.63 Tw
(of indefinite detention as unconstitutional. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Homeland Defense:) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.02 Tw
(Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 107th Cong. 18, 26, 28) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.46 Tw
(\(2001\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Administration's Draft Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001: Hearings) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.19 Tw
(Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 107th Cong. 21, 40, 54 \(2001\).) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.89 Tw
(In the course of these hearings, no one no legislator and no member) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.17 Tw
(of the Administration suggested that the AUMF already granted the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.42 Tw
(President the power to order indefinite military detention of some terror-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
3.17 Tw
(ists within the United States. Congressional opposition to indefinite) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
.28 Tw
0 Tc
(detention for a limited time pending deportation or trial, accompanied) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.1 Tw
(by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(civilian) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( law enforcement processes and careful congressional over-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.41 Tw
(sight; it expressly prohibits "indefinite detention" of "terrorist aliens.") Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(The explicit authorization for limited detention and criminal process) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.84 Tw
(in civilian courts in the Patriot Act provides still another reason why) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(we cannot assume that in the AUMF Congress silently empowered) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.3 Tw
(the President to order the indefinite military detention of civilian "ter-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(rorist aliens" as enemy combatants without any criminal process. ) Tj
12 -27.2 Td
.8 Tw
(We note that this does ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( mean that we accept al-Marri's conten-) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
1.99 Tw
(tion that the Patriot Act affirmatively prohibits the detention of all) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(suspected terrorist aliens within this country as enemy combatants.) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.48 Tw
(Plainly, the Patriot Act does not eliminate the statutory authority pro-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.55 Tw
(vided the President in the AUMF to detain individuals who fit within) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(the "legal category" of enemy combatant; thus, if an alien "qualif-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.17 Tw
([ies]" as an enemy combatant, then the AUMF authorizes his deten-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.77 Tw
(tion. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516. But if there were any conflict between) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(the Patriot Act and the AUMF as to the legality of the detention of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(terrorist alien ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(civilians) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( within the United States, we would have to) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.76 Tw
(give precedence to the Patriot Act for while the Patriot Act's) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.2 Tw
(explicit and specific focus is on detention of terrorist aliens within the) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(United States, the AUMF lacks any language permitting such deten-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(tion. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 519. And the Supreme Court has instructed that "a) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(more specific statute will be given precedence over a more general) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(one, regardless of their temporal sequence." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Busic v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -27.8 Td
1.46 Tw
(detention ultimately forced the Administration) Tj
( to accept elimination of) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
1.52 Tw
(indefinite detention from the Patriot Act. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Patriot Act ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.52 Tw
(412\(a\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
.37 Tw
(also) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( 147 Cong. Rec. 19,507 \(2001\) \(Senator Hatch relating that "Senator) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
1.51 Tw
(Kennedy, Senator Kyl, and I worked out a compromise that limits the) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
1.64 Tw
([detention] provision"\); 147 Cong. Rec. 20,448 \(2001\) \(Representative) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
2.33 Tw
(Delahunt stating that negotiations had led to a "better bill" than that) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
1.17 Tw
(reflected in the initial proposal, which included authorization of indefi-) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
.79 Tw
(nite detention\). That the Administration and Congress felt the need dur-) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
.88 Tw
(ing the hearings and markup to address indefinite detention of terrorists) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
.78 Tw
(in such detail and at such length certainly suggests that no one believed) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
.77 Tw
(that the AUMF, passed just days before the Patriot Act, already granted) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
1.05 Tw
(the President such authority. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(446 U.S. 398, 406 \(1980\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Edmond v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 520 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(651, 657 \(1997\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(22) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
156.089 -25.4 Td
(iv.) Tj
-144.089 -25.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(Finally, we do not find our dissenting colleagues' respective new) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(definitions of enemy combatant at all compelling. The dissents do not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(contend that, under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(traditional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( law-of-war principles, enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(tant status would extend to al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 116 \(Williams,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
(C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\) \("The plurality opinion) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(may very well be correct that, under the traditional `law of war,' per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(sons not affiliated with the military of a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(nation-state) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( may not be con-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Tw
(22) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Judge Williams acknowledges that the Patriot Act prohibits indefinite) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
3.01 Tw
(detention of unarmed alleged terrorist aliens captured in the United) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.28 Tw
(States, and she recognizes that the Patriot Act, as the "more-specific pro-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.2 Tw
(vision[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.2 Tw
(]," governs if it "deal[s] with the same subject matter" as the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 119. Yet she refuses to recognize that her expansive) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.74 Tw
(interpretation of the AUMF permits indefinite detention of precisely the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(same persons \(unarmed alleged terrorist aliens captured in the United) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(States\) whose indefinite detention is prohibited by the Patriot Act. The) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.87 Tw
(sole rationale Judge Williams offers for refusing to hold the Patriot Act) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.24 Tw
(controls given this conflict is that, in her view, the two statutes "refer") Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(to presidential powers set forth in different sections of the Constitution) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.07 Tw
(and, therefore, should not be read to conflict. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 119 \(suggesting that) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(the Patriot Act "refer[s] to the President's power" under the Take Care) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(Clause, while the AUMF) Tj
( "relates to the Commander-in-Chief power"\).) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.56 Tw
(Even if this view is correct, the Supreme Court has never suggested that) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.7 Tw
(this is a relevant consideration in determining whether two statutes con-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.87 Tw
(flict. Indeed, Judge Williams has not cited, and we have not found, any) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.95 Tw
(authority to support such an analysis. The Supreme Court has long) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(directed that courts follow the "well settled rule" that a specific statute) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.96 Tw
(controls over a general one as a means to ascertain legislative intent.) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.46 Tw
(Townsend v. Little) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 109 U.S. 504, 512 \(1883\) \(noting that when "general) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.71 Tw
(and specific provisions" are "in apparent contradiction, whether in the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.5 Tw
(same or different statutes," the specific will "qualify[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.5 Tw
(] and supply[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.5 Tw
(]) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.88 Tw
(exceptions to the general"\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Kepner v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 195 U.S. 100, 125) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.02 Tw
(\(1904\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Bulova Watch Co. v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 365 U.S. 753, 758) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.54 Tw
(\(1961\) \(collecting cases\). Where indeed whether legislation "re-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.86 Tw
(fer[s]" to a specific executive power permitting the President to enforce) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.42 Tw
(the congressional authorization matters not at all in making this determi-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(nation. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(sidered enemy combatants."\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 162, 173 \(Wilkinson, J.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(concurring in part and dissenting in part\) \("Traditionally, the defini-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(tion of `enemy' has been state-based . . . ."\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(23) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Instead, to justify al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(Marri's indefinite military detention, the dissents resort to inventing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(novel definitions of enemy combatant, drawing on their own beliefs) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(as to when detention is appropriate. That these judicially-created defi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(nitions differ so markedly from one another follows from the fact that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(each is simply the product of judicial conjecture; any limits on whom) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(the Executive may detain as an enemy combatant are thus left to an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(individual judge. This is particularly troubling because, as our distin-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(guished colleague has observed, "`it is difficult to conceive of an area) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(of governmental activity in which the courts have less competence') Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(than military affairs." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 142 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(and dissenting in part\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Gilligan v. Morgan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 413 U.S. 1, 10) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(1973\)\). ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
2.3 Tw
(Moreover, Supreme Court precedent seems to foreclose the dis-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(senters' rejection of traditional law-of-war principles. On every occa-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(sion in which the Court has considered even tangentially the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(important issues at stake in this case, it has invoked and relied on tra-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.81 Tw
(ditional law-of-war principles for guidance. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(U.S. at 27-38 \("From the very beginning of its history this Court has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(recognized and applied the law of war . . . ."\). Indeed, one of the dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(senters somewhat grudgingly recognizes this. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 175 \(Wilkin-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.42 Tw
(son, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\) \(acknowledging that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.83 Tw
("[t]he Supreme Court insists we consult" traditional law-of-war prin-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(ciples in determining enemy combatant status\). ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
.71 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court had the opportunity to interpret the AUMF to) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.57 Tw
(incorporate new definitions like those proposed by the dissenters, but) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.13 Tw
(it refused to do so. Rather, the Court continued to hue closely to tradi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.98 Tw
(tional and "longstanding law-of-war principles." 542 U.S. at 521. Of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.23 Tw
(course, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality noted that "[t]he permissible bounds" of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.97 Tw
("[t]he legal category of enemy combatant" would "be defined by the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.59 Tw
(lower courts as subsequent cases are presented to them." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 522) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.57 Tw
(23) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.49 Tw
(The concurrence takes a different view, apparently contending that) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.07 Tw
(traditional law-of-war principles permit the military detention of al-Marri) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.61 Tw
(and persons like him. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 77 \(Traxler, J., concurring in the judg-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(ment\). For the reasons set forth above, we disagree. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(n.1. But nothing in any of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( opinions suggests that lower) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.5 Tw
(courts, absent express congressional authorization, are free to venture) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(beyond traditional law-of-war principles to fashion these "permissible) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.57 Tw
(bounds." Reading ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to permit such an action is a huge leap. For) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(four times in as many pages the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality cautioned that it was) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.18 Tw
(only willing to find that the AUMF authorized detention, as an enemy) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
(combatant, of a person who fit within "the narrow category" presented) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.39 Tw
( a person affiliated with an enemy nation, captured on a battlefield,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
0 Tw
(and engaged in armed conflict against the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516-19.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.82 Tw
(Contrary to our dissenting colleague's contentions, these traditional) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.37 Tw
(law-of-war principles are hardly "quaint" or "outmoded." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 128,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.95 Tw
(175, 185 \(Wilkinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part\).) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.62 Tw
(Rather, as the Supreme Court recently counseled, "[e]stablished legal) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.18 Tw
(doctrine . . . must be consulted for its teaching. Remote in time it may) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(be; irrelevant to the present it is not." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(slip op. at 68. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.62 Tw
(Furthermore, on the very same day that the Court issued ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.52 Tw
(four Justices expressly declared that in their view the AUMF "does) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.58 Tw
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorize . . . the protracted, incommunicado detention of Ameri-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.17 Tw
(can citizens ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(arrested in the United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Rumsfeld v. Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.7 Tw
(U.S. 426, 464 n.8 \(2004\) \(Stevens, J., dissenting, joined by Souter,) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.61 Tw
(Ginsburg, & Breyer, JJ.\) \(emphasis added\). Although Justice Scalia) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.01 Tw
(declined to reach the issue in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, when dissenting in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, he) Tj
0 -13 Td
.82 Tw
(similarly rejected the argument that the AUMF authorized the deten-) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.52 Tw
(tion of United States citizens absent invocation of the Suspension) Tj
0 -13 Td
.25 Tw
(Clause, stating that the AUMF did not "authorize[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.25 Tw
(] detention of a cit-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.67 Tw
(izen with the clarity necessary to satisfy the interpretive canon that) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.16 Tw
(statutes should be construed so as to avoid grave constitutional con-) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.01 Tw
(cerns." 542 U.S. at 554, 574. Given that the Government has now) Tj
0 -13 Td
.78 Tw
(expressly conceded that aliens lawfully residing in the United States,) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.31 Tw
(like al-Marri, have the same due process rights as citizens, it would) Tj
0 -13 Td
.56 Tw
(seem that a majority of the Court not only would reject the new defi-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(nitions that the dissents propose, but in fact has already done so. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.46 Tw
(Although we respect our colleagues' hard work, we also find the) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.2 Tw
(specific rationales they offer in support of their respective new defini-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(tions totally unpersuasive. ) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(a.) Tj
-146.0095 -25.2 Td
1.23 Tw
(Judge Williams finds that in the AUMF, Congress has authorized) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.26 Tw
(the indefinite military detention, as an "enemy combatant," of any) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(individual "who meets two criteria: \(1\) he attempts or engages in bel-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.47 Tw
(ligerent acts against the United States, either domestically or in a for-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.46 Tw
(eign combat zone; \(2\) on behalf of an enemy force." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 116. Her) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.45 Tw
(definition requires neither an affiliation with an enemy nation nor) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(capture on a battlefield, nor anything else but attempted injurious acts) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.36 Tw
("against the United States" on behalf of some hostile, organized) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.44 Tw
(group. As we have explained above, this new definition finds no sup-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(port in the AUMF, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, or ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. We note that Judge Williams) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(appears to place substantial weight on ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s reference to "enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(belligerents, including those acting under the direction of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(armed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(forces) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( of the enemy," 317 U.S. at 37 \(emphasis added\), to conclude) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.73 Tw
(that an enemy combatant need only be affiliated with an "enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(force," rather than a nation-state. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 116. She ignores the fact that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.73 Tw
(the Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( defined "armed forces" in accord with traditional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(law-of-war principles as forces of "belligerent ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(nations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." 317 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(30 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.53 Tw
(Judge Williams attempts to limit the indefinite nature of the deten-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(tion allowed under her broad definition of enemy combatant by asso-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(ciating al-Marri with ongoing hostilities in Afghanistan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(117-18. But this invocation of a specific conflict in a specific country) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(does nothing to circumscribe her construction of the AUMF, which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.62 Tw
(imposes no limits on detention as long as somewhere in the world,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.81 Tw
(someone is attempting belligerent acts against the United States on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(behalf of an "enemy force." Indeed, in response to questions from the) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court, the Deputy Solicitor General admitted that in the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(ernment's view, the Executive could hold an individual like al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(in military custody without charges, not just until the end of the con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(flict in Afghanistan, but "during the course of" all "ongoing hostili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(ties," which he conceded could be "for a long time." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Cf. ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 41 \(noting that the duration of the current) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(conflict "is already among the longest wars in American history"\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.22 Tw
(In sum, by abandoning precedent and traditional law-of-war princi-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(ples, Judge Williams renders the term "enemy combatant" utterly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(malleable. Such a definition presents serious constitutional concerns.) Tj
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(46) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(For an amorphous definition like that proposed by Judge Williams,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(lacking any of the limits provided by precedent and traditional law-of-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.59 Tw
(war principles, simply will not ensure that "detention without trial `is) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.4 Tw
(the carefully limited exception,'" rather than the rule. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.04 Tw
(U.S. at 529 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. at 755\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( n.19.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(We cannot agree that in the AUMF Congress replaced the narrow,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.6 Tw
(established definition of enemy combatant with such a vague and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(unbounded one. ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(b.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
2.04 Tw
(Judge Wilkinson takes a very different, but no more persuasive,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(approach. Unlike every other member of this court, he maintains that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(the AUMF must be interpreted ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(solely) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in terms of its broad language.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 133-43. Under this approach, the AUMF yields no defini-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.11 Tw
(tion of enemy combatant and thus, as Judge Wilkinson acknowledges,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
(imposes no "limiting principle on enemy combatant detentions." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.88 Tw
(at 176. Recognizing the necessity for such limits, Judge Wilkinson) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.32 Tw
(then creates ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(constitutional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( criteria for establishing enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(status. He proposes that to be classified as an enemy combatant sub-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ject to indefinite military detention:) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
1.32 Tw
([a] person must \(1\) be a member of \(2\) an organization or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(nation against whom Congress has declared war or autho-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(rized the use of military force, and \(3\) knowingly plans or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(engages in conduct that harms or aims to harm persons or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(property for the purpose of furthering the military goals of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the enemy nation or organization. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.2 Td
.4 Tw
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 179. He explains, praises, and then applies these criteria to al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(Marri, unsurprisingly concluding that al-Marri meets them and there-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(fore is an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 175-85. Without in any way deni-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(grating Judge Wilkinson's extensive efforts, we do not believe that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(the approach he advocates is open to us. In addition to the problems) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(set forth above, several other factors make such an approach untena-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ble. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.58 Tw
(First, Judge Wilkinson's statutory analysis cannot be reconciled) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(with that of the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. There, the Court expressly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(relied on traditional law-of-war principles to interpret the AUMF. 542) Tj
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457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(47) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(U.S. at 517-21. Indeed, just this term, when discussing ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(Supreme Court characterized the holding of that case as resting on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.9 Tw
(traditional law-of-war principles, explaining that the "detention of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(individuals who fought against the United States in Afghanistan . . .) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(is so fundamental and accepted an incident to war" that it constitutes) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.86 Tw
("an exercise of the necessary and appropriate force Congress has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(authorized the President to use." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(op. at 2 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). Thus, although Judge Wil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(kinson defends his statutory analysis by asserting that we must "giv[e) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(the] text [of the AUMF] some semblance of the meaning that Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(gress intended for it," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 157, he utterly fails to acknowledge that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(the Supreme Court has twice held that the AUMF evinces Congress's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(intent to incorporate established law-of-war principles. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.48 Tw
(Second, by refusing to construe the AUMF through the lens of tra-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(ditional law-of-war principles, as ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( did \(and we do\), Judge Wil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(kinson ignores a construction that avoids constitutional difficulties) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(and instead chooses one that abounds in them. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 156 \(recog-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(nizing the "serious constitutional issues that result" from giving full) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(effect to the broad language of the AUMF\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 131-32,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(158-59, 176-77. This approach clearly violates the settled constitu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(tional avoidance doctrine, which requires that, whenever possible, a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(statute be construed to avoid rather than "raise serious constitutional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(problems." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla. Gulf Coast Bldg.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(& Constr. Trades Council) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 485 U.S. 568, 575 \(1988\) \(collecting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(cases\). The Supreme Court has repeatedly stressed the importance of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(this doctrine. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Spector Motor Serv. v. McLaughlin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 323 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(101, 105 \(1944\) \(explaining that this doctrine is "more deeply rooted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(than any other in the process of constitutional adjudication"\). Thus,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(when, as here, a court can choose between a construction of a statute) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(that avoids constitutional problems and one that "would raise" them,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.04 Tw
(the former "prevail[s]." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Clark v. Martinez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 543 U.S. 371, 380-82) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(\(2005\). Because "one of the [doctrine's] chief justifications is that it) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(allows courts to ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(avoid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the decision of constitutional questions," a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.23 Tw
(court must avoid an interpretation that raises serious constitutional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(questions ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(regardless) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( of whether the court's concerns are borne out on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(full consideration. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 381 \(emphasis in original\). Of particular rele-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(vance here, a court must avoid an interpretation that raises serious) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(constitutional questions "whether or not those constitutional problems) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(pertain to the particular litigant before the Court." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
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(48) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Nor do the difficulties with Judge Wilkinson's approach end with) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.65 Tw
(his statutory analysis. After rejecting reliance on law-of-war princi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.21 Tw
(ples in interpreting the AUMF, Judge Wilkinson makes the startling) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
(contention that his constitutional criteria for defining enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.38 Tw
(tant "conform to the evolving principles of the law of war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.83 Tw
(175. We find it very strange indeed that he refuses to accord law-of-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.07 Tw
(war principles any statutory relevance but then ascribes them a consti-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.17 Tw
(tutional significance that would limit both the executive and legisla-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.85 Tw
(tive branches. Moreover, Judge Wilkinson offers ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(no) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( legal authority) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.93 Tw
(for the assertion that the law of war has in fact "evolved" to provide) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.49 Tw
(a basis for his proposed criteria, other than his own "emphatic[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.49 Tw
(] con-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.32 Tw
(ten[tion]" that it has. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 175.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(24) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( As Judge Wilkinson acknowl-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
3.38 Tw
(edges, changes in the law of war typically appear in treaties or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.03 Tw
(international agreements, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 161, yet no treaty or agreement) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.46 Tw
(suggests any change in or evolution from the traditional law-of-war) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(definition of enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
2.4 Tw
(Perhaps recognizing the difficulties outlined above, the Govern-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.81 Tw
(ment has not in any of its extensive legal briefs or during its lengthy) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.96 Tw
(24) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.91 Tw
(In response to this assertion, Judge Wilkinson surprisingly contends) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
0 Tw
(that the AUMF provides "legal authority" for his view that the law of war) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.17 Tw
(has "evolved" to support his criteria. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 174. In none of the Supreme) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.13 Tw
(Court's recent terrorism cases has it recognized the AUMF as evidencing) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.08 Tw
(any "evol[ution]" in law-of-war principles. To the contrary, the Court has) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.1 Tw
(consistently interpreted the AUMF as circumscribed by traditional law-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.06 Tw
(of-war principles. Indeed, earlier in his opinion, Judge Wilkinson himself) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.39 Tw
(repeatedly and correctly recognizes that judges have consistently inter-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(preted the AUMF in this manner. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 160. Judge Wilkin-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.59 Tw
(son's contention that the AUMF evidences an evolution in law-of-war) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
3.69 Tw
(principles not only ignores governing precedent, it also creates an) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(entirely circular argument. First, Judge Wilkinson finds it necessary to) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.77 Tw
(determine the "constitutional limits" on the authority granted by the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.26 Tw
(AUMF.) Tj
( ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 156. Then he posits that the "law of war . . . informs") Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.93 Tw
(these constitutional limits on the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 160. And finally he) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.4 Tw
(identifies the AUMF itself as the sole legal authority supporting his con-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.76 Tw
(ception of the evolving law of war, which assertedly "informs" the con-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.07 Tw
(stitutional limits on the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 174-75. Of course, when a statute) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
4.29 Tw
(itself somehow informs the principles governing the constitutional) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.67 Tw
(review of the power it authorizes, the constitutionality of that authoriza-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(oral arguments espoused Judge Wilkinson's criteria ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(either) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as a basis) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.9 Tw
(for interpreting the AUMF ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(or) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as an independent set of constitutional) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.25 Tw
(limits on executive and congressional authority. Rather, when pressed) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.18 Tw
(at oral argument as to the source of the criteria for determination of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.35 Tw
(enemy combatant status in this case, the Deputy Solicitor General) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.84 Tw
(assured us that the Government relied only on the traditional law-of-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(war principles articulated in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.12 Tw
(In the last analysis, Judge Wilkinson's approach seems to be driven) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.73 Tw
(by his undoubtedly sincere belief that his new criteria best identify) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.52 Tw
(those individuals who ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(should) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( qualify as enemy combatants in our) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(conflict with al Qaeda. Perhaps so. However, surely the determination) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(of who should be classified as an enemy combatant is a task best left) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.86 Tw
(in the first instance to the political branches. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(U.S. at ___, slip op. at 68 \(recognizing that when judges consider "the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.4 Tw
(procedural and substantive standards used to impose detention to pre-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.24 Tw
(vent acts of terrorism, proper deference must be accorded to the polit-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(ical branches"\). Neither the President nor Congress has indicated any) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(intent or desire to adopt Judge Wilkinson's new definition of enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.96 Tw
(combatant. Rather, both political branches have been content to be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.2 Tw
(guided by the traditional law-of-war principles against which the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(AUMF was enacted. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
5.3 Tw
(Given the total absence of authority for Judge Wilkinson's) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.5 Tw
(approach, we cannot adopt it, particularly in view of the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.28 Tw
(ment's considered failure to champion this approach. Before conclud-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.75 Tw
(ing our discussion of Judge Wilkinson's position, we want to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.71 Tw
(acknowledge his stirring statements as to why criminal process is ill-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.77 Tw
(suited to deal with the unique problems presented by the prosecution) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.97 Tw
(of terrorists. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 147-51. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(But see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Richard B. Zabel & James J.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(Benjamin, Jr., ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.22 Tw
(the Federal Courts) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 5 \(2008\) \(analyzing data from over one hundred) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.56 Tw
(international terrorism cases prosecuted in U.S. federal courts and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.93 Tw
(concluding that the criminal justice "system is generally well-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.11 Tw
(equipped to handle most terrorism cases"\). Whatever the merits of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(Judge Wilkinson's statements, we want to be clear that our rejection) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.66 Tw
(of his approach does not stem from some sort of "preference" for the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.38 Tw
(criminal justice system. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 143. We reject Judge Wilkinson's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.14 Tw
(position because we conclude, for all of the reasons set forth above,) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(50) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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.74 Tw
0 Tc
(that al-Marri is a civilian, and our Constitution demands, not prefers,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(that civilians be afforded the rights inherent in that system.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(25) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.24 Tw
(25) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.22 Tw
(Judge Wilkinson also contends that the military detention of al-Marri) Tj
-10.5 -11.8 Td
.38 Tw
(and persons like him strikes the proper "balance" between criminal pros-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.24 Tw
(ecution and military detention, that "the best way to maximize liberty for) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.45 Tw
(all" is to remove such persons from the criminal justice system so as not) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.7 Tw
(to "dilute the core protections of" that system, and that extending crimi-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.26 Tw
(nal process to these people "risks pushing the executive . . . in a more) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.72 Tw
(extreme direction." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Post) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 152-53. If true, this might provide some sort) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.55 Tw
(of philosophical \(albeit not legal\) justification for al-Marri's military) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.13 Tw
(detention. But recent admissions by the Administration itself, in fact,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.41 Tw
(indicate that military detention in the recent conflicts has not achieved) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.82 Tw
(the proper "balance," but rather has permitted the Executive to pursue a) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(very "extreme direction." In this vein, we note the admission by CIA) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(director Michael Hayden that the CIA waterboarded al Qaeda suspects) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.82 Tw
(in order to extract) Tj
( intelligence, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Dan Eggen, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(White House Defends) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.12 Tw
(CIA's Use of Waterboarding in Interrogations) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, Wash. Post, Feb. 7, 2008,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.72 Tw
(at A3; Hayden's acknowledgment that the CIA destroyed hundreds of) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.53 Tw
(hours of videotapes documenting interrogation of two al Qaeda opera-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.52 Tw
(tives, sparking separate investigations by the Justice Department and the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.7 Tw
(House Intelligence Committee, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Mark Mazzetti, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(CIA Destroyed 2) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Tapes Showing Interrogations) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Dec. 7, 2007, at A1; Mark) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.9 Tw
(Mazzetti & David Johnston, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(U.S. Announces Criminal Inquiry Into CIA) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.97 Tw
(Tapes) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Jan. 3, 2008, at A1; Mark Mazzetti & Scott Shane,) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
.88 Tw
(Tapes' Destruction Hovers Over Detainee Cases) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Mar. 28,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.95 Tw
(2008, at A1; President Bush's disclosure that at least fourteen al Qaeda) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.24 Tw
(suspects were held for years, secretly and without charges, in covert CIA) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.6 Tw
("black sites" outside the United States, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Jane Mayer, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(The Black Sites) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.89 Tw
(New Yorker, Aug. 13, 2007, at 46; Sheryl Gay) Tj
( Stolberg, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(President) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.81 Tw
(Moves 14 Held in Secret to Guantanamo) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Sept. 7, 2006, at) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.08 Tw
(A1; the public admission by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice that the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.79 Tw
(United States mishandled the case of Canadian Maher Arar, who was) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.58 Tw
(detained by United States officials in 2002 and deported to Syria, where) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.73 Tw
(Arar was allegedly held for ten months in a 3-by-6-foot cell and repeat-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.27 Tw
(edly beaten by Syrian interrogators, often with frayed electrical cables,) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
.95 Tw
(see ) Tj
(Rice Admits U.S. Erred in Deportation) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Oct. 25, 2007,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.24 Tw
(at A10; Ian Austen, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Canada Will Pay $9.75 Million to Man Sent to Syria) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.12 Tw
(and Tortured) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, Jan. 27, 2007, at A5; and, finally, the recently) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.36 Tw
(declassified March 14, 2003, memorandum of the Office of Legal Coun-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
3.11 Tw
(sel, advising Pentagon officials that neither federal laws prohibiting) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.31 Tw
(assault, maiming, and other crimes nor the U.N. Convention Against) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(v.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.5 Td
.37 Tw
(In sum, neither the Government nor our dissenting colleagues have) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
2.11 Tw
(offered, and although we have exhaustively searched, we have not) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.11 Tw
(found, any authority that permits us to hold that the AUMF empowers) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(the President to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant. If the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.02 Tw
(ernment's allegations are true, and we assume they are for present) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.49 Tw
(purposes, al-Marri, like Milligan, is a dangerous enemy of this nation) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.2 Tw
(who has committed serious crimes and associated with a secret terror-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.98 Tw
(ist organization that has engaged in hostilities against us. But, like) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.06 Tw
(Milligan, al-Marri is still a civilian: he does not fit within the "permis-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(sible bounds of" "[t]he legal category of enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(542 U.S. at 522 n.1. Therefore, we believe the AUMF provides the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.69 Tw
(President no statutory authority to order the military to seize and) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(indefinitely detain al-Marri. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26 Td
.81 Tw
(Torture nor customary international law prohibiting torture would apply) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.54 Tw
(to military interrogation of al Qaeda detainees overseas, because the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.64 Tw
(President's authority as Commander-in-Chief overrode such restrictions,) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
1.06 Tw
(see) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Dan Eggen & Josh White, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Memo: Laws Didn't Apply to Interroga-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(tors) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, Wash. Post, Apr. 2, 2008, at A1. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.2 Td
(Thus, we turn to the Government's final contention. The Govern-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
(ment summarily argues that even if the AUMF does not authorize al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
(Marri's seizure and indefinite detention as an enemy combatant, the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.98 Tw
(President has "inherent constitutional authority" to order the military) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.46 Tw
(to seize and detain al-Marri. According to the Government, the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.41 Tw
(dent's "war-making powers" afford him "inherent" authority to sub-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.82 Tw
(ject persons legally residing in this country and protected by our) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.92 Tw
(Constitution to military arrest and detention, without the benefit of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(any criminal process, if the President believes these individuals have) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.22 Tw
("engaged in conduct in preparation for acts of international terror-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.78 Tw
(ism." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Rapp Declaration. Given that the Government has now) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(acknowledged that aliens lawfully residing in the United States have) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(the same due process rights as United States citizens, this is a breath-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(taking claim and one that no member of the court embraces. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.05 Tw
(To assess claims of presidential power, the Supreme Court has long) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(recognized, as Justice Kennedy stated most recently, that courts look) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(to the "framework" set forth by Justice Jackson in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown Sheet) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(& Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. 579, 635-38 \(1952\) \(Jackson, J., con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(curring\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.15 Tw
(Ct. at 2800 \(Kennedy, J., concurring\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(Justice Jackson explained that "Presidential powers are not fixed but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(fluctuate, depending upon their disjunction or conjunction with those) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(of Congress." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 635 \(Jackson, J., concurring\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
("When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authoriza-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(tion of Congress, his authority is at its maximum," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, but "[w]hen) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.52 Tw
(the President takes measures incompatible with the expressed or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(implied will of Congress, his power is at its lowest ebb," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 637.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(Hence, to evaluate the President's constitutional claim, we must first) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(look to the "expressed or implied will of Congress" as to detention of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(aliens captured within the United States alleged to be engaged in ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(rorist activity. ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.3 Td
3.32 Tw
(In contrast to the AUMF, which is silent on the detention of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(asserted alien terrorists captured and held within the United States, in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(the Patriot Act, enacted shortly after the AUMF, Congress carefully) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(stated how it wished the Government to handle aliens believed to be) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(55) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 Tc
(terrorists who were seized and held within the United States. The) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.99 Tw
(Patriot Act provides the Executive with broad powers to deal with) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
("terrorist aliens," but it ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(explicitly prohibits) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( their indefinite detention.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.77 Tw
(Section 412 of the Patriot Act, entitled "Mandatory Detention of) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
7.76 Tw
(Suspected Terrorists," permits the short-term "[d]etention of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.11 Tw
([t]errorist [a]liens." Patriot Act ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.11 Tw
(412\(a\). The statute authorizes the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4 Tw
(Attorney General to detain any alien whom he "has reasonable) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.7 Tw
(grounds to believe": \(1\) "seeks to enter the United States" to "violate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(any law of the United States relating to espionage or sabotage" or to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(use "force, violence, or other unlawful means" in opposition to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(government of the United States; \(2\) "has engaged in a terrorist activ-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(ity"; or \(3\) is "likely to engage after entry in any terrorist activity,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(has "incited terrorist activity," is a "representative" or "member" of a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
("terrorist organization," is a "representative" of a "group that endorses) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(or espouses terrorist activity," or "has received military-type training") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.31 Tw
(from a terrorist organization. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; 8 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.31 Tw
(1182\(a\)\(3\)\(A\)-\(B\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
(\(West 2007\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 8 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.12 Tw
(1227\(a\)\(4\)\(A\)\(i\), \(a\)\(4\)\(A\)\(iii\),) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(\(a\)\(4\)\(B\) \(West 2007\). In addition, the Patriot Act authorizes the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.76 Tw
(Attorney General to detain any other alien who "is engaged in any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.73 Tw
(other activity that endangers the national security of the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(States." Patriot Act ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.5 Tw
(412\(a\). In particular, the Patriot Act permits the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(Attorney General to "take into custody" any "terrorist aliens" based) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.02 Tw
(only on the Attorney General's "belie[fs]" as to the aliens' threat, with) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(no) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( process or evidentiary hearing, and judicial review available only) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(through petition for habeas corpus. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.34 Tw
(Recognizing the breadth of this grant of power, however, Congress) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(also imposed strict limits in the Patriot Act on the duration of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(detention of such "terrorist aliens" within the United States. Thus, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.25 Tw
(Patriot Act expressly prohibits unlimited "indefinite detention";) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(instead it requires the Attorney General either to begin "removal pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(ceedings" or to "charge the alien with a criminal offense" "not later) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(than 7 days after the commencement of such detention." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( If a ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.57 Tw
(rorist alien's removal "is unlikely for the reasonably foreseeable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.21 Tw
(future," he "may be detained for additional periods of up to six) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.35 Tw
(months" if his release "will threaten the national security of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.5 Tw
(United States." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( But no provision of the Patriot Act allows for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(unlimited indefinite detention. Moreover, the Attorney General must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.58 Tw
(provide the legislature with reports on the use of this detention) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(56) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
.8 Tw
0 Tc
(authority every six months, which must include the number of aliens) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(detained, the grounds for their detention, and the length of the deten-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(412\(c\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.65 Tw
(Therefore, the Patriot Act establishes a specific method for the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.15 Tw
(Government to detain aliens affiliated with terrorist organizations) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.88 Tw
(who the Government believes have come to the United States to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(endanger our national security, conduct espionage and sabotage, use) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.43 Tw
(force and violence to overthrow the government, engage in terrorist) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.44 Tw
(activity, or are likely to engage in any terrorist activity. Congress) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(could not have better described the Government's allegations against) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.75 Tw
(al-Marri ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Congress decreed that individuals so described are) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to be detained indefinitely, but only for a limited time, and only) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(by civilian authorities, prior to deportation or criminal prosecution. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.01 Tw
(In sum, Congress has carefully prescribed the process by which it) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.11 Tw
(wishes to permit detention of "terrorist aliens" within the United) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.63 Tw
(States, and it has expressly prohibited the indefinite detention the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(President seeks here. The Government's argument that the President) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.56 Tw
(may indefinitely detain al-Marri is thus contrary to Congress's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.17 Tw
(expressed will. "When the President takes measures incompatible) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(with the expressed or implied will of Congress, his power is at its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(lowest ebb, for then he can rely only upon his own constitutional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(powers minus any constitutional powers of Congress over the matter.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
4.33 Tw
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 637 \(Jackson, J., concurring\). As the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(Supreme Court has recently explained, "[w]hether or not the President) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(has independent power . . . he may not disregard limitations that Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.87 Tw
(gress has, in proper exercise of its own war powers, placed on his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(powers." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.54 Tw
(Ct. at 2774 n.23 \(citing ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.4 Tw
(U.S. at 637 \(Jackson, J., concurring\)\). In such cases, "Presidential) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(claim[s]" to power "must be scrutinized with caution, for what is at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.73 Tw
(stake is the equilibrium established by our constitutional system.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 638 \(Jackson, J., concurring\). ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(2.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(In light of the Patriot Act, therefore, we must "scrutinize[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.83 Tw
(] with) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(caution" the Executive's contention that the Constitution grants the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.45 Tw
(President the power to capture and subject to indefinite military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.92 Tw
(detention certain civilians lawfully residing within the United States.) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(57) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.81 Tw
0 Tc
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( The Government nowhere suggests that the President's inherent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(constitutional power to detain does not extend to American citizens.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(Yet it grounds its argument that the President has constitutional power) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(to detain al-Marri on his alien status. Even though at oral argument) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(before the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en ) Tj
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court the Government acknowledged that an alien) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(legally resident in the United States has the same due process rights) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.45 Tw
(as an American citizen, the Government apparently maintains that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(alien status permits the President to exercise special "peak" authority) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.56 Tw
(over legally resident aliens like al-Marri. The Government can so) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(contend only by both ignoring the undisputed and relying on the inap-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(posite. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.96 Tw
(It is undisputed that al-Marri had been legally admitted to the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(United States, was attending an American university from which he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(had earlier received an undergraduate degree, and was legally residing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(here \(with his family\) for several months before the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(arrested him at his home in Peoria. The Government's refusal to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.12 Tw
(acknowledge these undisputed facts dooms its contention that al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(Marri's status as an alien somehow provides the President with spe-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(cial "peak" authority to deprive al-Marri of constitutional rights. For,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(as we have noted within, and as the Government itself has conceded) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(on rehearing, the Supreme Court has repeatedly and expressly held) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(that aliens like al-Marri, i.e., those lawfully admitted into the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(States who have "developed substantial connections with this coun-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.85 Tw
(try," are entitled to the Constitution's due process protections.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494 U.S. at 271; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(Sanchez-Llamas) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.57 Tw
(Ct. at 2681-82; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Kwong Hai Chew) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 344 U.S. at 596; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Wong Wing) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(163 U.S. at 238. No case suggests that the President, by fiat, can elim-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(inate the due process rights of such an alien.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(Without even a mention of these undisputed facts and controlling) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
(legal principles, the Government relies on two sorts of inapposite) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.07 Tw
(cases as assertedly establishing special presidential authority over) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(aliens like al-Marri. The first of these, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 339 U.S. at 769) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.04 Tw
(n.2, and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ludecke) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 335 U.S. at 161-62, involves "enemy aliens." In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(those cases, the Supreme Court specifically defined "enemy aliens,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.1 Tw
(but the Court did ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( define them as aliens who commit crimes) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(against our country and so are enemies, as the Government seems to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(suggest. Rather, the Supreme Court defined "enemy aliens" as "sub-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(ject[s] of a foreign state at war with the United States." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(58) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tc
(339 U.S. at 769 n.2. Al-Marri plainly is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the "subject of a foreign) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(state at war with the United States" and so is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( an "enemy alien,") Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(but rather is a citizen of Qatar, a country with which the United States) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.22 Tw
(has friendly relations. Thus ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ludecke) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( provide no basis) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
(for asserting authority over al-Marri. In fact, elsewhere in its brief, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.82 Tw
(Government concedes, as it must, that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ludecke) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( do) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(not "have direct application" to al-Marri. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.27 Tw
(The other inapposite cases on which the Government relies involve) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(congressional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authority over aliens stemming from Congress's power) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.78 Tw
(over naturalization and immigration not some special "inherent") Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.23 Tw
(constitutional authority enjoyed by the President over aliens. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.16 Tw
(Mathews v. Diaz) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 426 U.S. 67, 79-80 \(1976\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Harisiades v. Shaugh-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.88 Tw
(nessy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 342 U.S. 580, 588-91 \(1952\). These cases do not speak to the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.18 Tw
(powers of the President acting alone let alone contrary to an Act) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.37 Tw
(of Congress and certainly do not suggest that the President has the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.66 Tw
(power to subject to indefinite military detention an alien lawfully) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(residing in this country. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.06 Tw
(In sum, al-Marri is not a subject of a country with which the United) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.45 Tw
(States is at war, he did not illegally enter the United States, and he) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.42 Tw
(is not alleged to have committed any other immigration violation.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(Rather, after lawfully entering the United States, al-Marri "developed) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.73 Tw
(substantial connections with this country," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Verdugo-Urquidez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 494) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.47 Tw
(U.S. at 271, and so his status as an alien neither eliminates his due) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(process rights nor provides the President with extraordinary powers) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(to subject al-Marri to seizure and indefinite detention by the military.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.35 Tw
(The President's constitutional powers do not allow him to order the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.11 Tw
(military to seize and detain indefinitely al-Marri without criminal pro-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(cess any more than they permit the President to order the military to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.96 Tw
(seize and detain, without criminal process, other terrorists within the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.96 Tw
(United States, like the Unabomber or the perpetrators of the Okla-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(homa City bombing. ) Tj
157.6875 -25.8 Td
(3.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.8 Td
.4 Tw
(In light of al-Marri's due process rights under our Constitution and) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
2.38 Tw
(Congress's express prohibition in the Patriot Act on the indefinite) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.97 Tw
(detention of those civilians arrested as "terrorist aliens" within this) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(59) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
.56 Tw
0 Tc
(country, we can only conclude that, in the case at hand, the President) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(claims power that far exceeds that granted him by the Constitution.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(We do not question the President's wartime authority over enemy) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(combatants, but absent suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(Constitution simply does not provide the President the power to exer-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.42 Tw
(cise military authority over civilians within the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(Toth) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 350 U.S. at 14 \("[A]ssertion of military authority over civilians) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(cannot rest on the President's power as commander-in-chief."\). The) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(President cannot eliminate constitutional protections with the stroke) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(of a pen by proclaiming a civilian, even a criminal civilian, an enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(combatant subject to indefinite military detention. Put simply, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(Constitution does not empower the President to order the military to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.23 Tw
(seize civilians residing within the United States and detain them) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(indefinitely without criminal process, and this is so even if he calls) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(them "enemy combatants." ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.15 Tw
(A "well-established purpose of the Founders" was "to keep the mil-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(itary strictly within its proper sphere, subordinate to civil authority.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 354 U.S. at 30. In the Declaration of Independence, our forefa-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(thers lodged the complaint that the King of Great Britain had "af-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.73 Tw
(fected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(power" and objected that the King had "depriv[ed] us in many cases,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.87 Tw
(of the benefits of Trial by Jury." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Declaration of Independence) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(paras. 14, 20 \(U.S. 1776\). Thus, a resolute conviction that civilian) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(authority should govern the military animated the framing of the Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.23 Tw
(stitution. As Alexander Hamilton, no foe of executive power,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.8 Tw
(observed, the President's Commander-in-Chief powers "amount to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(and naval forces." The Federalist No. 69, at 386 \(Alexander Hamil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(ton\) \(Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961\). "That military powers of the Com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(mander in Chief were not to supersede representative government of) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(internal affairs) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( seems obvious from the Constitution and from ele-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(mentary American history." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 644 \(Jackson,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(J., concurring\) \(emphasis added\). For this reason, in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(Supreme Court rejected the President's claim to "inherent power" to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.17 Tw
(use the military even to seize property within the United States,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(despite the Government's argument that the refusal would "endanger) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.58 Tw
(the well-being and safety of the Nation." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 584 \(majority opin-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ion\). ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(60) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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12 -8 Td
.04 Tw
0 Tc
(Of course, this does not mean that the President lacks power to pro-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(tect our national interests and defend our people, only that in doing) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.46 Tw
(so he must abide by the Constitution. We understand and do not in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(any way minimize the grave threat international terrorism poses to our) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.94 Tw
(country and our national security. But as ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( teaches, "the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.46 Tw
(ernment, within the Constitution, has all the powers granted to it,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(which are necessary to preserve its existence." 71 U.S. at 121. Those) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(words resound as clearly in the twenty-first century as they did in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(nineteenth. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.24 Tw
(Thus, the President plainly has plenary authority to deploy our mil-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(itary against terrorist enemies overseas. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Curtiss-Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 299 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(at 319-20; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Eisentrager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 339 U.S. at 789. Similarly, the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(ernment remains free to defend our country against terrorist enemies) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(within, using all the considerable powers "the well-stocked statutory) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(arsenal" of domestic law affords. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 547 \(Souter, J.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(concurring in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(\(citing numerous federal statutes criminalizing terrorist acts\). Civilian) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(law enforcement officers may always use deadly force whenever rea-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(sonable. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Scott v. Harris) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 127 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.61 Tw
(Ct. 1769, 1776-78 \(2007\). Fur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(thermore, in the wake of September 11th, Congress has specifically) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(authorized the President to deploy the armed forces at home to protect) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.69 Tw
(the country in the event of actual "terrorist attack[s] or incident[s]") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(within the United States meeting certain conditions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 10 U.S.C.A.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.57 Tw
(333\(a\)\(A\) \(West 2007\) \(amending the Insurrection Act to provide) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(the President with this authority, notwithstanding the Posse Comitatus) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Act, 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(1385\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.01 Tw
(But in this nation, military control cannot subsume the constitu-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(tional rights of civilians. Rather, the Supreme Court has repeatedly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(catalogued our country's "deeply rooted and ancient opposition . . .) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(to the extension of military control over civilians." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 354 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(33; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(Laird v. Tatum) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 U.S. 1, 15 \(1972\) \(Burger, C.J.\) \(rec-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
(ognizing "a traditional and strong resistance of Americans to any mil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.51 Tw
(itary intrusion into civilian affairs" that "has deep roots in our history) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.91 Tw
(and found early expression . . . in the constitutional provisions for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(civilian control of the military"\). The Court has specifically cautioned) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.67 Tw
(against "break[ing] faith with this Nation's tradition" "firmly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(embodied in the Constitution" "of keeping military power subser-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(vient to civilian authority." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Reid) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 354 U.S. at 40. When the Court) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(61) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
2.83 Tw
0 Tc
(wrote these words in 1957, it explained that "[t]he country ha[d]) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.6 Tw
(remained true to that faith for almost one hundred seventy years." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
2.18 Tw
(Another half century has passed, but the necessity of "remain[ing]) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.94 Tw
(true to that faith" remains as important today as it was at our found-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ing. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.48 Tw
(The President has cautioned us that "[t]he war on terror we fight) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(today is a generational struggle that will continue long after you and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.57 Tw
(I have turned our duties over to others." Pres. George W. Bush, State) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.93 Tw
(of the Union Address \(Jan. 23, 2007\). Unlike detention for the dura-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(tion of a traditional armed conflict between nations, detention for the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(length of a "war on terror" has no bounds. Justice O'Connor observed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that "[i]f the practical circumstances of a given conflict are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(entirely unlike those of the conflicts that informed the development) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(of the law of war," the understanding that combatants can be detained) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
("for the duration of the relevant conflict" "may unravel." 542 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(521. If the indefinite military detention of an actual combatant in this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(new type of conflict might cause the thread of our understandings to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
("unravel," the indefinite military detention of a civilian like al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(would shred those understandings apart. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.73 Tw
(In an address to Congress at the outset of the Civil War, President) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(Lincoln defended his emergency suspension of the writ of habeas cor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(pus to protect Union troops moving to defend the Capital. Lincoln) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(famously asked: "[A]re all the laws, but one, to go unexecuted, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(the government itself to go to pieces, lest that one be violated?" Abra-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(ham Lincoln, Message to Congress in Special Session \(July 4, 1861\),) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
(in ) Tj
(Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 246, 254) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(\(Don E. Fehrenbacher ed., 1989\). The authority the President seeks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(here turns Lincoln's formulation on its head. For the President does) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(not acknowledge that the extraordinary power he seeks would result) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(in the suspension of even one law, and he does not contend that this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(power should be limited to dire emergencies that threaten the nation.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(Rather, he maintains that the authority to order the military to seize) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(and detain certain civilians is an inherent power of the Presidency,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(which he and his successors may exercise as they please. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.02 Tw
(To sanction such presidential authority to order the military to seize) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(and indefinitely detain civilians, even if the President calls them) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
("enemy combatants," would have disastrous consequences for the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(62) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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BT
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0 -8 Td
.24 Tw
0 Tc
(Constitution and the country. For a court to uphold a claim to such) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(extraordinary power would do more than render lifeless the Suspen-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(sion Clause, the Due Process Clause, and the rights to criminal pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.01 Tw
(cess in the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments; it would) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.33 Tw
(effectively undermine all of the freedoms guaranteed by the Constitu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(tion. It is that power were a court to recognize it that could lead) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.93 Tw
(all our laws "to go unexecuted, and the government itself to go to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.86 Tw
(pieces." We refuse to recognize a claim to power that would so alter) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(the constitutional foundations of our Republic. ) Tj
154.8182 -25.2 Td
(III.) Tj
-142.8182 -25.3 Td
.85 Tw
(Because we find that neither the AUMF nor the President's inher-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(ent authority permits the military to detain al-Marri indefinitely as an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(enemy combatant, we would not reach the question of whether the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(Government has afforded al-Marri sufficient process to challenge his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(designation as an enemy combatant. We would simply reverse the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(judgment of the district court and remand the case with instructions) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(to issue a writ of habeas corpus directing the Secretary of Defense to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(release al-Marri from military custody within a reasonable period of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(time to be set by the district court. Pursuant to this directive, the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(ernment could transfer al-Marri to civilian authorities to face criminal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(charges, initiate deportation proceedings against him, hold him as a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(material witness in connection with grand jury proceedings, or detain) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(him for a limited time pursuant to the Patriot Act, but military deten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion of al-Marri would have to cease. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.72 Tw
(This disposition, however, does not command a majority of the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(en) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(banc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court. Accordingly, to give practical effect to the conclusions of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(the majority of the court who reject the Government's position, we) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.1 Tw
(join in ordering remand on the terms closest to those we would) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(impose. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 553 \(Souter, J., concurring in part,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\). We believe that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(it is unnecessary to litigate whether al-Marri is an enemy combatant,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(but joining in remand for the evidentiary proceedings outlined by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(Judge Traxler will at least place the burden on the Government to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.37 Tw
(make an initial showing that normal due process protections are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(unduly burdensome and that the Rapp declaration is "the most reliable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(available evidence," supporting the Government's allegations before) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(it may order al-Marri's military detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(post) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 94-95. There-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(63) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
Q
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<>stream
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
1.58 Tw
0 Tc
(fore, we concur in the per curiam opinion reversing and remanding) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.73 Tw
(for evidentiary proceedings to determine whether al-Marri actually is) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(an enemy combatant subject to military detention. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.42 Tw
(Judges Michael, King, and Gregory have authorized me to indicate) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(that they join in this opinion. ) Tj
0 -25.2 Td
(TRAXLER, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.17 Tw
(Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri \("al-Marri"\), a citizen of Qatar and) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(alleged operative of the al Qaeda terrorist network, was designated an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(enemy combatant by the President of the United States and is cur-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.56 Tw
(rently being detained at the Naval Consolidated Brig in Charleston,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.92 Tw
(South Carolina. According to evidence submitted by the government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.77 Tw
(in support of al-Marri's military detention, al-Marri received training) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(and funding from al Qaeda prior to the September 11 attacks perpe-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.86 Tw
(trated by that organization and entered this country as a "sleeper) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.36 Tw
(agent" charged with carrying out additional terrorist activities on its) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.01 Tw
(behalf. Al-Marri now appeals the district court's decision dismissing) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.36 Tw
(his habeas petition, filed under 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.36 Tw
(2241, challenging the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.75 Tw
(President's authority to designate him an enemy combatant and mili-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(tarily detain him as such. In the alternative, al-Marri challenges the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
0 Tw
(process he has been afforded by the district court to contest the factual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(basis for his designation. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.1 Tw
(I agree with my colleagues who hold that the Authorization for Use) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.03 Tw
(of Military Force \("AUMF"\), Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(\(2001\), enacted by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, grants) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.52 Tw
(the President the power to detain enemy combatants in the war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(against al Qaeda, including belligerents who enter our country for the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(purpose of committing hostile and war-like acts such as those carried) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(out by the al Qaeda operatives on 9/11. And, I agree that the allega-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(tions made by the government against al-Marri, if true, would place) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(him within this category and permit the President to militarily detain) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(him. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.52 Tw
(However, I depart from my dissenting colleagues on the issue of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(whether al-Marri has been afforded a fair opportunity to challenge the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(factual basis for his designation as an enemy combatant. Because the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(process afforded al-Marri by the district court to challenge the factual) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(64) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
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(imal requirements of due process guaranteed by the Fifth Amend-) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
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(As is now tragically well-known, on September 11, 2001, opera-) Tj
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(tives of the al Qaeda terrorist network hijacked commercial airliners) Tj
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12 -25.2 Td
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22 -25.2 Td
1.18 Tw
(the President is authorized to ) Tj
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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(any future acts of international terrorism against the United) Tj
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(emphasis added\). The preamble to the AUMF references the Pres-) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
3.21 Tw
(prevent acts of international terrorism against the United States,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.71 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(self-defense and to protect United States citizens ) Tj
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(both at home and) Tj
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(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.7 Tw
(Having determined that the 9/11 attacks were inflicted by opera-) Tj
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(within, and that al Qaeda was heavily supported and harbored by the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.92 Tw
(Taliban government of Afghanistan, the President responded militar-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(ily against both entities by ordering our armed forces to Afghanistan.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.68 Tw
(On September 10, 2001, the day before al Qaeda's devastating) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(attack upon our homeland, al-Marri entered the United States from) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(abroad with his wife and children, ostensibly for the purpose of pursu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.99 Tw
(ing a degree at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois. Two months) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.24 Tw
(later, FBI agents arrested al-Marri as a material witness in the investi-) Tj
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(gation of the 9/11 attacks. In the course of their investigation, the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(authorities discovered that al-Marri was rarely attending his university) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(classes and was failing his courses. Additional investigation resulted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.63 Tw
(in al-Marri being charged with several federal criminal offenses.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
(Marri pled not guilty and trial was set to begin in the district court of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Illinois on July 21, 2003. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.7 Tw
(On June 23, 2003, however, President George W. Bush declared) Tj
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(that al-Marri "is, and at the time he entered the United States in Sep-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.81 Tw
(tember 2001 was, an enemy combatant." J.A. 54. According to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(presidential declaration, "al-Marri is closely associated with al Qaeda,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(an international terrorist organization with which the United States is) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(at war" and "engaged in conduct that constituted hostile and war-like) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(acts, including conduct in preparation for acts of international terror-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.53 Tw
(ism that had the aim to cause injury to or adverse effects on the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(United States." J.A. 54. The President additionally declared that "al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(Marri possesses intelligence, including intelligence about personnel) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.68 Tw
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10.5 -25.7 Td
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2.5 Tw
(1) Tj
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.38 Tw
(The offenses consisted of one count of possession of 15 or more) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(unauthorized or counterfeit credit card numbers, with intent to defraud,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.26 Tw
(1029\(a\)\(3\) \(West 2000\); two counts of) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
3.71 Tw
(making a false statement to the FBI, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A.) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
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() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.77 Tw
(1001\(a\)\(2\) \(West 2000 & Supp. 2007\); three counts of making a false) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.02 Tw
(statement in a bank application, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.02 Tw
(1014 \(West) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
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(Supp. 2007\); and one count of using a means of identification of another) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(person for the purpose of influencing the action of a federally insured) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
3.15 Tw
(financial institution, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.15 Tw
(1028\(a\)\(7\) \(West) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(Supp. 2007\). Al-Marri was initially charged with these offenses in two) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(indictments in the Southern District of New York, but the indictments) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.68 Tw
(were dismissed on venue grounds. Al-Marri was then returned to Peoria) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
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(and re-indicted on the same seven counts in the district court of Illinois.) Tj
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(States], would aid [United States'] efforts to prevent attacks by al) Tj
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(Qaeda on the United States or its armed forces, other governmental) Tj
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(personnel, or citizens," and that he "represents a continuing, present,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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0 -12.4 Td
2.57 Tw
(54. Accordingly, the President declared that the "detention [of al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(Marri] is necessary to prevent him from aiding al Qaeda in its efforts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(to attack the United States or its armed forces, other governmental) Tj
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2.34 Tw
(personnel, or citizens" and that "it is in the interest of the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(States that the Secretary of Defense detain [him] as an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tant." J.A. 54. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
.16 Tw
(In the wake of this declaration, the government successfully moved) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(to dismiss the criminal indictment pending in the district court of Illi-) Tj
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2.68 Tw
(nois, asserting national security interests required that al-Marri be) Tj
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2.66 Tw
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4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Al-Marri was trans-) Tj
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0 -12.4 Td
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(military custody as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
3.18 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
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0 -12.5 Td
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(lack of jurisdiction, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 360 F.3d 707 \(7th Cir.) Tj
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(2004\), but re-filed in the United States District Court for the District) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(of South Carolina. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(In his petition, al-Marri claimed that his military detention was) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
2.6 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.05 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
.06 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.9 Tw
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0 -12.5 Td
1.64 Tw
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10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.44 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.42 Tw
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-10.5 -11.5 Td
.69 Tw
(vent his transfer prior to filing a habeas petition, the government agreed) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.93 Tw
(to inform counsel of al-Marri's location and to provide the court and) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.62 Tw
(counsel with advance notice of any plan to move al-Marri outside the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(United States. ) Tj
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(designation as an enemy combatant." J.A. 21.) Tj
4.7 Ts
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(3) Tj
0 Ts
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( Al-Marri also) Tj
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(demanded that a hearing be scheduled at which the government) Tj
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0 -12.7 Td
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0 -12.7 Td
1.82 Tw
(an opportunity to challenge such designation with the assistance of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(counsel." J.A. 25. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
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(The government thereafter filed its response to al-Marri's petition,) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.35 Tw
(supported by a hearsay declaration of Jeffrey N. Rapp, identified as) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(the Director of the Joint Intelligence Task Force for Combating Ter-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(rorism \(the "Rapp Declaration"\). In this affidavit, Rapp professed to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.76 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
1.22 Tw
(the Federal Bureau of Investigation and by personnel of the Depart-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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(ment of Defense \(DOD\) once the DOD took custody of Al-Marri . . .) Tj
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2.26 Tw
(after he was declared an enemy combatant by the President." J.A.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
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(213. The Rapp Declaration summarized the national intelligence and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.88 Tw
(other federal investigative information upon which the President) Tj
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1.08 Tw
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.55 Tw
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0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
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1.26 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
.02 Tw
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0 -12.6 Td
1.92 Tw
(agent sent to the United States for the purpose of engaging in and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.3 Tw
(facilitating terrorist activities subsequent to September 11, 2001," and) Tj
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10.5 -26.3 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
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(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.93 Tw
(Al-Marri's petition initially set forth two additional claims, asserting) Tj
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2.6 Tw
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0 -11.6 Td
1.91 Tw
(When his petition was filed, al-Marri claimed that he was being held) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.08 Tw
(incommunicado at the Naval Brig, without access to his counsel, and that) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.93 Tw
(he had been provided no opportunity to contest his designation as an) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.34 Tw
(enemy combatant. He was subsequently granted access to counsel in) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.39 Tw
(October 2004. The district court ruled that al-Marri's claims for depriva-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.56 Tw
(tion of his right to counsel and unlawful interrogation were not cogniza-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.17 Tw
(ble in the habeas action. Al-Marri is currently pursuing these claims in) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.31 Tw
(a separate action, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Al-Marri v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, C.A. No. 2:05-cv-02259-HFF-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.34 Tw
(RSC \(filed Aug. 8, 2005\), which is still pending before the district court.) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(See ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Wright) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 443 F. Supp. 2d 774, 777 n.2 \(D.S.C. 2006\). ) Tj
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0 -12.3 Td
.04 Tw
(training in the use of poisons at an al-Qaeda camp." J.A. 217. He "met) Tj
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0 -12.3 Td
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(assignment to the United States by known al Qaeda members, includ-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.76 Tw
(ing "[9/11] mastermind Khalid Shaykh Muhammed" and "al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.62 Tw
(financier and [9/11] moneyman Mustafa Ahmed Al-Hawsawi." J.A.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.45 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(by al Qaeda for the purpose of carrying out his assigned mission. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.54 Tw
(In response, al-Marri asserted that, even if the allegations were) Tj
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.23 Tw
(true, the President lacked authority to detain him as an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(tant. However, al-Marri also denied the factual allegations supporting) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.89 Tw
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1.54 Tw
(nity to rebut the factual assertions on which his classification as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.88 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(ducted consistent with the fundamental requirements of due process,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(including, most importantly, the right to confront and cross-examine) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
6.65 Tw
(the witnesses against him." J.A. 69. According to al-Marri,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
("[a]nything less would make his right to due process illusory." J.A.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(69. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.91 Tw
(As discussed in more detail below, the district court rejected al-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(Marri's assertion that the President lacked the authority to detain him) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(as an enemy combatant, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 378 F. Supp. 2d 673) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(\(D.S.C. 2005\), and, in a later decision, dismissed al-Marri's habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
(petition based upon its determination that he had failed to rebut the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(allegations upon which his designation rested, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(443 F. Supp. 2d 774 \(D.S.C. 2006\). On appeal, al-Marri challenges) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(the district court's determination that the President can detain him as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(an enemy combatant and, in the alternative, asserts that he was not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(afforded a meaningful opportunity to contest his status. I address each) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(issue in turn. ) Tj
93.7645 -25.2 Td
(II.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(The Authority to Detain) Tj
-81.7645 -25.3 Td
2.51 Tw
(I begin with the district court's denial of al-Marri's motion for) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(summary judgment based upon its determination that, assuming the) Tj
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457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(69) Tj
-207.6066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
.55 Tw
0 Tc
(allegation of the Rapp Declaration to be true, the President possessed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.44 Tw
(legal authority under the AUMF to detain al-Marri as an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(batant in the war against al Qaeda even though al-Marri had success-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(fully crossed our borders and was residing within this country at the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(time of his seizure. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 378 F. Supp. 2d at 680. Al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(asserts that the President lacks legal authority to designate and detain) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(him as an enemy combatant because he was taken into custody in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(United States and, as a result, enjoyed "civilian" status and its accom-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.06 Tw
(panying rights to full criminal process for his alleged wrongdoing.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.17 Tw
(The government counters that both the AUMF and the President's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(inherent constitutional authority allowed for the detention. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.3 Td
.02 Tw
(As pointed out by my colleagues, the Constitution generally affords) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(all persons detained by the government the right to be charged and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(tried in a criminal proceeding for suspected wrongdoing, and it pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(hibits the government from subjecting individuals arrested inside the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(United States to military detention ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(unless) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( they fall within certain nar-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(row exceptions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(United States v. Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739, 755) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(\(1987\) \("In our society liberty is the norm, and detention prior to trial) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(or without trial is the carefully limited exception."\). The detention of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(enemy combatants during military hostilities, however, is such an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(exception. If properly designated an enemy combatant pursuant to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(legal authority of the President, such persons may be detained without) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(charge or criminal proceedings "for the duration of the relevant hostil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ities." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 519-521 \(2004\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(The Supreme Court first considered the breadth of the AUMF's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(grant of such authority in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, a case which originated from this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(circuit. Hamdi was captured by our allies in Afghanistan and turned) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(over to our military personnel there. When it was discovered that he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(was a United States citizen by birth, Hamdi was transported to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(United States for continued detention here. A plurality of the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.13 Tw
(ruled that "individuals who fought against the United States in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(Afghanistan as part of the Taliban, an organization known to have) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(supported the al Qaeda terrorist network responsible for [the 9/11]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.55 Tw
(attacks, are individuals Congress sought to target in passing the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(AUMF." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 518. Although the AUMF did not specifically autho-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(rize such military detention, the plurality "conclude[d] that detention) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(70) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(of individuals falling into the limited category we are considering, for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.7 Tw
(the duration of the particular conflict in which they were captured, is) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(so fundamental and accepted an incident to war as to be an exercise) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(of the `necessary and appropriate force' Congress has authorized the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(President to use." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 519 \("Because detention to pre-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(vent a combatant's return to the battlefield is a fundamental incident) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(of waging war, in permitting the use of `necessary and appropriate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(force,' Congress has clearly and unmistakably authorized detention in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the narrow circumstances considered here."\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.3 Tw
(Because Hamdi was "part of or supporting forces hostile to the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(United States or coalition partners in Afghanistan and who engaged) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(in an armed conflict against the United States there," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516 \(inter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.92 Tw
(nal quotation marks omitted\), the plurality concluded that, even) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(though he was a United States citizen detained within this country, he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.2 Tw
(clearly fell within the legal category of those "enemy combatants") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(who may be detained. However, in the course of rejecting Hamdi's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(claim that his citizenship prohibited his detention as an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(tant, the plurality also recognized the Court's precedent in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1 \(1942\), which "held that `[c]itizens who associate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(themselves with the military arm of the enemy government, and with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(its aid, guidance and direction enter this country bent on hostile acts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(are enemy belligerents within the meaning of . . . the law of war.'") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 37-38\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.81 Tw
(This court also considered the scope of the AUMF in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v.) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\), albeit in a somewhat different) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(context. There we held that the AUMF was broad enough to authorize) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the military detention of Jose Padilla, "a citizen of this country who) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(is closely associated with al Qaeda, an entity with which the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
(States is at war; who took up arms on behalf of that enemy and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(against our country in a foreign combat zone of that war; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( who) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(thereafter traveled to the United States for the avowed purpose of fur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(ther prosecuting that war on American soil, against American citizens) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.39 Tw
(and targets." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 389. In so holding, we also relied upon the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(Supreme Court's decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, which dealt with "the military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(trial of Haupt, a United States citizen who entered th[is] country with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(orders from the Nazis to blow up domestic war facilities but was cap-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(tured before he could execute those orders." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 392. Noting that,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
("[l]ike Haupt, Padilla associated with the military arm of the enemy,) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(71) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(and with its aid, guidance, and direction entered this country bent on) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.57 Tw
(committing hostile acts on American soil," we held that Padilla "falls) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.74 Tw
(within ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s definition of enemy belligerent, as well as within the) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.96 Tw
(definition of the equivalent term [enemy combatant] accepted by the) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(plurality in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( We concluded:) Tj
22 -24.1 Td
.86 Tw
(The Congress of the United States, in the Authorization for) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.1 Tw
(Use of Military Force Joint Resolution, provided the Presi-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.58 Tw
(dent all powers necessary and appropriate to protect Ameri-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.04 Tw
(can citizens from terrorist acts by those who attacked the) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
5.61 Tw
(United States on September 11, 2001. As would be) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.83 Tw
(expected, and as the Supreme Court has held, those powers) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.7 Tw
(include the power to detain identified and committed ene-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.81 Tw
(mies such as Padilla, who associated with al Qaeda and the) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.68 Tw
(Taliban regime, who took up arms against this Nation in its) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
3.33 Tw
(war against these enemies, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( who entered the United) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.26 Tw
(States for the avowed purpose of further prosecuting that) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.97 Tw
(war by attacking American citizens and targets on our own) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.25 Tw
(soil a power without which, Congress understood, the) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.73 Tw
(President could well be unable to protect American citizens) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.47 Tw
(from the very kind of savage attack that occurred four years) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(ago almost to the day. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -24.1 Td
.3 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 397. Accordingly, we reversed the district court's determination) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(that the detention of Padilla by the President was without legal sup-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
(port, necessitating additional proceedings below.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -24.6 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.69 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.65 Tw
(Shortly after our ruling in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, the government filed a motion for) Tj
-10.5 -10.8 Td
.22 Tw
(authorization to transfer Padilla from military custody to civilian custody) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
.16 Tw
(and suggested that we withdraw our prior opinion. We denied the motion) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
.36 Tw
(and suggestion, noting "that the transfer of Padilla and the withdrawal of) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
2.39 Tw
(our opinion at the government's request while the Supreme Court is) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
2.24 Tw
(reviewing this court's decision . . . would compound what is, in the) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
.85 Tw
(absence of explanation, at least an appearance that the government may) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
2.16 Tw
(be attempting to avoid consideration of our decision by the Supreme) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
1.68 Tw
(Court, and also because we believe that this case presents an issue of) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
1.78 Tw
(such especial national importance as to warrant final consideration by) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
.05 Tw
(that court, even if only by denial of further review." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 432) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
.09 Tw
(F.3d 582, 583 \(4th Cir. 2005\). We, therefore, expressed the view that any) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
.2 Tw
(decision to terminate the litigation "should be made not by this court but,) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
1.81 Tw
(rather, by the Supreme Court." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 584. The Supreme Court subse-) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
3.73 Tw
(quently granted the government's motion to transfer. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hanft v.) Tj
0 -10.9 Td
1.05 Tw
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 546 U.S. 1084 \(2006\). ) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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( v. P) Tj
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(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.2 Td
1.4 Tw
(Like my colleagues, I agree that neither ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( nor ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( com-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(pels the conclusion that the AUMF authorized the President to detain) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.75 Tw
(al-Marri as an enemy combatant, although they do provide guidance.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.82 Tw
(I disagree, however, that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex Parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.24 Tw
(\(1866\), compels the opposite conclusion. Having carefully considered) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(these cases, as well as the Supreme Court's decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, I am) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(of the opinion that the AUMF also grants the President the authority) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.37 Tw
(to detain enemy combatants who associate themselves "with al) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
0 Tw
(Qaeda, an entity with which the United States is at war," and "travel[) Tj
( ) Tj
(]) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.93 Tw
(to the United States for the avowed purpose of further prosecuting) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.15 Tw
(that war on American soil, against American citizens and targets,") Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.75 Tw
(even though the government cannot establish that the combatant also) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.24 Tw
("took up arms on behalf of that enemy and against our country in a) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.45 Tw
(foreign) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( combat zone of that war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 389 \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(added\). ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
2.36 Tw
(As accurately pointed out by my colleagues, the alleged enemy) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(combatants in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were affiliated with the military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.51 Tw
(arm of an enemy government, specifically the Taliban government of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(Afghanistan. By virtue of the alleged combatant's affiliation with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.52 Tw
(Taliban government, neither court was required to decide whether) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(their affiliation with al Qaeda and, in the case of Padilla, the mission) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(to carry out additional terrorist acts within this country, would also) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(have supported their detention as enemy combatants. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.45 Tw
(In my opinion, however, there is no doubt that individuals who are) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(dispatched here by al Qaeda, the organization known to have carried) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(out the 9/11 attacks upon our country, as sleeper agents and terrorist) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.96 Tw
(operatives charged with the task of committing additional attacks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(upon our homeland "are [also] individuals Congress sought to target) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(in passing the AUMF." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518. Citing the right of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(the United States "to protect United States citizens ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(both at home and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(," the AUMF authorized the President's use of "all necessary) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.25 Tw
(and appropriate force against" the nations ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and ) Tj
(organizations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
("planned, authorized, committed, or aided" the 9/11 attacks, "or har-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(bored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(73) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(acts of international terrorism against the United States." 115 Stat.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.16 Tw
(224. Clearly, Congress was not merely authorizing military retaliation) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.32 Tw
(against a reigning foreign government known to have ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supported) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.64 Tw
(enemy force that attacked us in our homeland, but was also authoriz-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.4 Tw
(ing military action against al Qaeda operatives who, like the 9/11) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(hijackers, were sent by the al Qaeda organization to the United States) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(to conduct additional terror operations here. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
2.16 Tw
(As persuasively pointed out by the government, it was the 9/11) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.12 Tw
(attacks which triggered the passage of the AUMF. The al Qaeda oper-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.75 Tw
(atives who successfully carried out those attacks entered this country) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.8 Tw
(under false pretenses for the purpose of carrying out al Qaeda orders) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.11 Tw
(and, while finalizing the preparations for these attacks, maintained a) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.91 Tw
(facade of peaceful residence until the very moment they boarded the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.14 Tw
(commercial airliners that they used as weapons. The hijackers never) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.1 Tw
(engaged in combat operations against our forces on a foreign battle-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.43 Tw
(field. Yet al-Marri would have us rule that when Congress authorized) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.24 Tw
(the President to deal militarily with those responsible for the 9/11) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.99 Tw
(attacks upon our country, it did not intend to authorize the President) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.16 Tw
(to deal militarily with al Qaeda operatives identically situated to the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.74 Tw
(9/11 hijackers. There is nothing in the language of the AUMF that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.15 Tw
(suggests that Congress intended to limit the military response or the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.17 Tw
(presidential authorization to acts occurring in foreign territories, and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(it strains reason to believe that Congress, in enacting the AUMF in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.35 Tw
(the wake of those attacks, did ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( intend for it to encompass al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.45 Tw
(operatives standing in the exact position as the attackers who brought) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.8 Tw
(about its enactment. Furthermore, Congress has not revised or) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(revoked the AUMF since its enactment or since the Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(decided ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.81 Tw
(I am also unpersuaded by the claim that because al Qaeda itself is) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.12 Tw
(an international terrorist organization instead of a "nation state" or) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.02 Tw
("enemy government," the AUMF cannot apply, consistent with the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(laws of war and our constitutional guarantees, to such persons. The) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.33 Tw
(premise of that claim seems to be that because al Qaeda is not techni-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.63 Tw
(cally in control of an enemy nation or its government, it cannot be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.45 Tw
(considered as anything other than a criminal organization whose) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
(members are entitled to all the protections and procedures granted by) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(our constitution. I disagree. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(In my view, al Qaeda is much more and much worse than a crimi-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.23 Tw
(nal organization. And while it may be an unconventional enemy force) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(in a historical context, it is an enemy force nonetheless. The fact that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
(it allied itself with an enemy government of a foreign nation only) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(underscores this point, rendering attempts to distinguish its soldiers or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.51 Tw
(operatives as something meaningfully different from military soldiers) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(in service to the Taliban government \(or al Qaeda operatives such as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.03 Tw
(Hamdi and Padilla, who fought beside them\) equally strained. The) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.53 Tw
(President attacked the Taliban in Afghanistan as ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(retaliation) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( for al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(Qaeda's strike upon our nation ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(because) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( al Qaeda was centralized) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(there and allied with the Taliban, and it also strains credulity to assert) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(that while we are legitimately at war with the Taliban government, we) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(cannot be at war with al Qaeda. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.05 Tw
(In sum, the war that al Qaeda wages here and abroad against Amer-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(ican interests may be viewed as unconventional, but it is a war none-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.03 Tw
(theless and one initially declared by our enemy. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi v.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.43 Tw
(Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 296 F.3d 278, 283 \(4th Cir. 2002\) \(noting that "[t]he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.71 Tw
(unconventional aspects of the present struggle do not make its stakes) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(any less grave"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 389 \(noting that al Qaeda is "an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(entity with which the United States is at war"\). The members of this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(enemy force come from different countries and they are positioned) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(globally. They fight us with conventional weapons in Afghanistan and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(Iraq, but they have also infiltrated our borders and those of our allies,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(bent on committing, at a minimum, sabotage and other war-like acts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(targeting both military and civilian installations and citizens. While) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(they do not hail from a single nation state, they are not really so dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(similar from the multi-national forces united against the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(and its allies in the conventional wars that we are more comfortable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(discussing. And when they cross our borders with the intent to attack) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(our country from within on behalf of those forces, they are not appre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(ciably different from the soldiers in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, who infiltrated our bor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(ders to commit acts of sabotage against our military installations here) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
( although as history and intelligence inform us, al Qaeda soldiers) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(target not only our military installations, but also the citizens of this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(country. Nor does it matter that "they have not actually committed or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(attempted to commit any act of depredation or entered the theatre or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(zone of active military operations." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 38. When they) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
(enter this country "with hostile purpose," they are enemy belligerents) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(subject to detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(75) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(In my view, limiting the President's authority to militarily detain) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.49 Tw
(soldiers or saboteurs as enemy combatants to those who are part of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.43 Tw
(a formal military arm of a foreign nation or enemy government is not) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.99 Tw
(compelled by the laws of war, and the AUMF plainly authorizes the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(President to use all necessary and appropriate force against al Qaeda.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
(I believe this necessarily includes the detention of al Qaeda operatives) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(who associate with the enemy, be that the al Qaeda organization or) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.5 Tw
(the Taliban government, "and with its aid, guidance and direction) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(enter this country bent on hostile acts." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 37-38. Accordingly, I) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.1 Tw
(find it unnecessary to reach the question of whether the President pos-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(sesses inherent authority to detain al-Marri. ) Tj
157.6875 -25.9 Td
(2.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.9 Td
.5 Tw
(If the allegations of the Rapp Declaration are true, I am also of the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.27 Tw
(view that al-Marri would fall within the category of persons who may) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(be lawfully detained pursuant to the authority granted by the AUMF.) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.65 Tw
(According to Rapp, al-Marri was ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( simply a civilian who law-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.2 Tw
(fully entered the United States and was residing peacefully here while) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.21 Tw
(pursuing a higher educational goal. Nor, for that matter, was he a) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(civilian who became sympathetic to al-Qaeda's mission and sought to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.08 Tw
(support it in indirect ways. And he was certainly not a common crimi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.4 Tw
(nal bent on committing criminal acts for personal reasons or gain. On) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.57 Tw
(the contrary, the allegations are that al-Marri directly allied himself) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.86 Tw
(with al Qaeda abroad, volunteered for assignments \(including a mar-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
(tyr mission\), received training and funding from al Qaeda abroad, was) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.7 Tw
(dispatched by al Qaeda to the United States as an al Qaeda operative) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.72 Tw
(with orders to serve as a sleeper agent, and was tasked with facilitat-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.96 Tw
(ing and ultimately committing terrorist attacks against the United) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(States within this country. Unlike the al Qaeda operatives who pre-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.79 Tw
(ceded him, al-Marri was unsuccessful in his mission. But with this) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.32 Tw
(exception owing to the efforts of our federal authorities here he) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.17 Tw
(would not be appreciably different from either the German soldier) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.62 Tw
(dispatched here to attack military installations in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( or the al) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.38 Tw
(Qaeda operatives dispatched here to attack this country on 9/11. As) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.58 Tw
(noted by the magistrate judge, "[a]ssuming . . . that all of the facts) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.17 Tw
(asserted by [the government] are true, [al-Marri] attended an al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.77 Tw
(terror training camp and later, on September 10, 2001, entered this) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(76) Tj
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(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(country to continue the battle that the September 11th hijackers began) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(on American soil." J.A. 123. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
2.64 Tw
(For these reasons, I agree that, assuming the allegations of the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(Rapp Declaration to be true, al-Marri would fall within the definition) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.01 Tw
(of an enemy combatant and that his military detention would be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(authorized pursuant to the AUMF. ) Tj
119.885 -25.8 Td
(III.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Due Process) Tj
-107.885 -25.8 Td
1.15 Tw
(While I agree with my colleagues who would hold that the Presi-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.59 Tw
(dent has the legal authority under the AUMF to detain al-Marri as an) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(enemy combatant for the duration of the hostilities, we part company) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.44 Tw
(on the issue of whether the process afforded al-Marri to challenge his) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.95 Tw
(detention was sufficient to meet the minimum requirements of due) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
(process of law. In my opinion, due process demands more procedural) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.75 Tw
(safeguards than those provided to al-Marri in the habeas proceedings) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(below. ) Tj
156.411 -25.8 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.8 Td
1.43 Tw
(Consideration of "the question of what process is constitutionally) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.65 Tw
(due to a [person] who disputes his enemy-combatant status" begins) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(with consideration of the Supreme Court's decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, which) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.33 Tw
(addressed not only the legal authority of the President to detain) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.83 Tw
(enemy combatants but also the process due to those so designated.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 524. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.31 Tw
(Hamdi was captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan by our allies,) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
3.2 Tw
(transferred into our military custody, and then transported to the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.27 Tw
(United States, where a habeas petition was filed on his behalf. In sup-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.72 Tw
(port of Hamdi's designation as an enemy combatant, the government) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.64 Tw
(filed the hearsay declaration of Michael Mobbs, Special Advisor to) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, summarizing the factual) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.13 Tw
(basis for Hamdi's detention. The government argued that "`[r]espect) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.6 Tw
(for separation of powers and the limited institutional capabilities of) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.53 Tw
(courts in matters of military decision-making in connection with an) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.32 Tw
(ongoing conflict' ought to eliminate entirely any individual process,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.41 Tw
(restricting the courts to investigating only whether legal authorization) Tj
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457 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(77) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(exists for the broader detention scheme," or "[a]t most," review) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
("under a very deferential `some evidence' standard," which the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1 Tw
(ernment asserted the Mobbs Declaration met. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 527. The district) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.65 Tw
(court disagreed, imposing procedural safeguards and discovery bur-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.06 Tw
(dens "approach[ing] the process that accompanies a criminal trial." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.35 Tw
(at 528. The plurality of the Court, however, disagreed with both posi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.86 Tw
(tions, noting that due process and normal habeas procedures demand) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(more than the government sought to give, but also recognized that the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(exigencies and burdens of military warfare may necessitate a modifi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
6.9 Tw
(cation of the procedures and evidentiary showings normally) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(demanded by our habeas jurisprudence. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.26 Tw
(As noted by the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality at the outset, ") Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.26 Tw
(2241 and its com-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(panion provisions provide at least a skeletal outline of the procedures) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(to be afforded a petitioner in federal habeas review." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 525. Once) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(the petition is filed by or on behalf of the detainee setting forth "the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(facts concerning the applicant's . . . detention," 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.08 Tw
(2242,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.42 Tw
(the habeas court "direct[s] the respondent to show cause why the writ) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
(should not be granted," 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.6 Tw
(2243, which places the burden) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(upon "[t]he person to whom the writ or order is directed [to] make a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(return certifying the true cause of the detention," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Section "2243) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(provides that `the person detained may, under oath, deny any of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(facts set forth in the return or allege any other material facts,' and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.69 Tw
(2246 allows the taking of evidence in habeas proceedings by depo-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(sition, affidavit, or interrogatories." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 525. How-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(ever, while "Congress envisioned that habeas petitioners would have) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(some opportunity to present and rebut facts[,] . . . courts in cases like) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
(this retain some ability to vary the ways in which they do so as man-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dated by due process." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 526. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.55 Tw
(In determining what process would be appropriate in light of the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(facts at hand, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality recognized the fundamental "ten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.17 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(a constitutional right." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 528. The individual's interest, of course,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.51 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.02 Tw
(from physical detention." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 529. The government's interests, how-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 530, and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(the interest in "ensuring that those who have in fact fought with the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.44 Tw
(enemy during a war do not return to battle against the United States,") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.79 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
("serious competing interests." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Mathews v. Eldridge) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424 U.S. 319 \(1976\), which) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
1.04 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is deter-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.38 Tw
(mined by weighing "the private interest that will be affected) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.95 Tw
(by the official action" against the [g]overnment's asserted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(interest, "including the function involved" and the burdens) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.75 Tw
(the [g]overnment would face in providing greater process.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( calculus then contemplates a judicious balanc-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.63 Tw
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1.18 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(or substitute procedural safeguards." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.64 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 529 \(internal citations omitted\) \(emphasis added\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424 U.S. at 335\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.9 Tw
(Applying the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( test to the situation at hand, the plurality) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.03 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(the government ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(and) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the criminal-like process suggested by the district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(court, ruling that:) Tj
22 -25.3 Td
2.1 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
3.81 Tw
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1.36 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
([g]overnment's proposed rule, while some of the "additional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.2 Td
1.32 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
3.15 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
1.32 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
.59 Tw
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0 -12.2 Td
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(a fair opportunity to rebut the [g]overnment's factual assertions) Tj
0 -12.2 Td
.76 Tw
(before a neutral decisionmaker." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.2 Td
.96 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.2 Td
.17 Tw
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
.98 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
4.8 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.69 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 535 \(emphasis added\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25 Td
2.41 Tw
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-12 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(nation, the core of the government's argument was that the need for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.77 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -12.3 Td
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.44 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
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2.81 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
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(the rubble of war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
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( at 531-32. ) Tj
12 -25 Td
1.33 Tw
(As dictated by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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1.48 Tw
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.64 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.61 Tw
(In a partially concurring opinion, Justice Souter and Justice Ginsberg) Tj
-10.5 -11.3 Td
1.7 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
1.39 Tw
(evidence that he is not an enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
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(, 542 U.S. at 553) Tj
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1.38 Tw
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1.57 Tw
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3.57 Tw
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6.59 Tw
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0 -11.3 Td
2.96 Tw
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( of the circumstances ) Tj
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1.06 Tw
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2.41 Tw
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2.17 Tw
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4.01 Tw
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.33 Tw
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3.57 Tw
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1.18 Tw
(burden-shifting scheme of this sort would meet the goal of) Tj
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.17 Tw
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.34 Tw
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2.83 Tw
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2.78 Tw
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1.5 Tw
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3.86 Tw
(ing certain procedures that have questionable additional) Tj
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1.2 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.5 Td
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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.5 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
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.55 Tw
(In sum, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
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-12 -12.5 Td
.78 Tw
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(proceedings ) Tj
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10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.88 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.75 Tw
(In August 2004, following the Supreme Court's June decision in) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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1.56 Tw
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.88 Tw
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2.13 Tw
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(7) Tj
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( ) Tj
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0 -12.9 Td
.27 Tw
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0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(ment was denied was constitutionally sufficient. ) Tj
12 -26.2 Td
.02 Tw
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1.2 Tw
(of law he could not be detained as an enemy combatant, the district) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.18 Tw
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0 -12.9 Td
1.36 Tw
(stitutional right to challenge the allegations supporting his detention) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.44 Tw
(at a hearing satisfying the requirements of due process. Thus, the dis-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.9 Tw
(trict court referred the case to a magistrate judge for a determination) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.38 Tw
(of what process al-Marri was entitled to in his efforts to challenge his) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(designation. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.7 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.31 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.2 Tw
(The Supreme Court's recent decision in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553) Tj
-10.5 -11.9 Td
.21 Tw
(U.S. ___, No. 06-1195 \(June 12, 2008\), I believe, confirms this approach) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.47 Tw
(to the question of whether and how the normal process due may be less-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.91 Tw
(ened in enemy-combatant proceedings. There, the Court reiterated the) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.87 Tw
("uncontroversial" principles that "the privilege of habeas corpus entitles) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.71 Tw
(the prisoner to a meaningful opportunity to demonstrate that he is being) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.82 Tw
(held pursuant to `the erroneous application or interpretation' of relevant) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.63 Tw
(law" and that "the habeas court must have the power to order the condi-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.12 Tw
(tional release of an individual unlawfully detained." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at ___, slip op.) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.48 Tw
(at 50. But, the Court went on to recognize that these are only "the easily) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.03 Tw
(identified attributes of any constitutionally adequate habeas corpus pro-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.65 Tw
(ceeding. . . . [D]epending on the circumstances, more may be required.") Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.8 Td
.96 Tw
(Id) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(. As noted by the Court, "common-law habeas corpus was, above all,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.72 Tw
(an adaptable) Tj
( remedy. Its precise application and scope changed ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(depend-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.17 Tw
(ing upon the circumstances) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( \(emphasis added\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at ___,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.18 Tw
(slip op. at 8-9 \(Roberts, C.J., dissenting\) \("Because the central purpose) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.48 Tw
(of habeas corpus is to test the legality of executive detention, the writ) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.72 Tw
(requires most fundamentally an Article III court able to hear the prison-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.65 Tw
(er's claims and, when necessary, order release. Beyond that, the process) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.72 Tw
(a given prisoner is entitled to receive ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(depends on the circumstances) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( and) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(the rights of the prisoner." \(citation omitted\) \(emphasis added\)\). ) Tj
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-12 -12 Td
1.43 Tw
(Marri sought full discovery from the government, arguing that such) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.28 Tw
(discovery was appropriate because many of the factors weighing) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.08 Tw
(against expansive discovery that were appropriate in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( would) Tj
0 -12 Td
.67 Tw
(not apply to him because Hamdi had been seized by military officers) Tj
0 -12 Td
.47 Tw
(in a combat setting.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Unlike in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, al-Marri argued, the discovery) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.22 Tw
(he sought would be primarily, if not entirely, from civilian agencies) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.23 Tw
(and therefore would not interfere with the war powers or operations) Tj
0 -12 Td
.42 Tw
(of the government. Al-Marri thus argued that the discovery he sought) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.8 Tw
(would be more akin to information obtained in a standard criminal) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(investigation. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
4.27 Tw
(The magistrate judge, however, denied al-Marri's attempts to) Tj
-12 -12 Td
1.3 Tw
(obtain evidence under ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.3 Tw
(2246, rejected al-Marri's attempts to distin-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.07 Tw
(guish ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and ruled that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s relaxed evidentiary standard and) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.32 Tw
(presumption in favor of the government were equally and automati-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.61 Tw
(cally appropriate for al-Marri's enemy-combatant proceeding. Thus,) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.25 Tw
(the magistrate judge concluded that the Rapp Declaration was suffi-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.85 Tw
(cient by itself to provide al-Marri with notice of the factual basis for) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.45 Tw
(his designation as an enemy combatant and to meet the government's) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.6 Tw
(initial burden to set forth credible evidence that he met the enemy-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.37 Tw
(combatant criteria. The magistrate judge accorded al-Marri sixty days) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(to file factual evidence to rebut the Rapp Declaration by "more per-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.08 Tw
(suasive evidence.") Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( If al-Marri was "unable to produce more persua-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.2 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.17 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.16 Tw
(Specifically, al-Marri sought all statements made by al-Marri; all doc-) Tj
-10.5 -11.2 Td
.19 Tw
(uments relied upon by Rapp or describing the sources of information ref-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
4.7 Tw
(erenced in the Rapp Declaration; all documents upon which the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.09 Tw
(government intended to rely; all documents upon which the CIA, Depart-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.02 Tw
(ment of Justice, Department of Defense, and the President relied in deter-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
4.08 Tw
(mining whether al-Marri was an enemy combatant; all documents) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
2.31 Tw
(describing the standard for the designation; and any exculpatory evi-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.33 Tw
(dence. The request, therefore, included all documents pertaining to inter-) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.27 Tw
(rogations and interviews conducted by United States officials or others) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.5 Tw
(acting on their behalf. In addition, al-Marri sought to depose the sources) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.75 Tw
(referenced in or relied upon by Rapp in his declaration, including the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.05 Tw
(high-level officials in the Executive Branch. ) Tj
10.5 -13.6 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.11 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.01 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( framework requires the individual to meet the govern-) Tj
-10.5 -11.2 Td
0 Tw
(ment's evidence with proof that is "more persuasive," and this is what the) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.17 Tw
(magistrate judge explicitly required of al-Marri. Thus, there is no basis) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
.65 Tw
(for the argument that al-Marri needed only to come forward with "some) Tj
0 -11.2 Td
1.05 Tw
(evidence" to contradict the Rapp Declaration. ) Tj
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(sive evidence than that produced by the government," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Rapp) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(Declaration, "the inquiry [would] end there." J.A. 183. But if al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(proved ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(by more persuasive evidence) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that he was not an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(batant, he would not necessarily receive relief. If the government so) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.16 Tw
(desired, the magistrate judge would give the government another) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(chance and proceed to a "full-blown adversary hearing" with the gov-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.29 Tw
(ernment having the burden to show "by clear and convincing evi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.85 Tw
(dence that the petitioner represents a continuing, present and grave) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.67 Tw
(danger to the national security of the United States and whose deten-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.56 Tw
(tion is necessary to prevent him from aiding al Qaeda in its efforts to) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(attack the United States." J.A. 183. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.91 Tw
(Al-Marri thereafter filed a response generally denying the govern-) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
2.88 Tw
(ment's allegations. However, al-Marri asserted that the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.09 Tw
(judge had erred in relieving the government of its constitutional and) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.52 Tw
(legal burden of coming forward with sufficient admissible evidence) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.43 Tw
(establishing that al-Marri was, in fact, an enemy combatant. Al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.96 Tw
(thus "decline[d] ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(at th[at] time) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the Court's invitation to assume the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.01 Tw
(burden of proving his own innocence," which he deemed to be an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
0 Tw
("unconstitutional, unlawful and un-American" burden. J.A. 243 \(inter-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.1 Tw
(nal quotation marks omitted\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( The magistrate judge then issued a) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.2 Tw
(report and recommendation that the habeas petition be dismissed) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.72 Tw
(based upon al-Marri's failure to rebut the Rapp Declaration. Because) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.01 Tw
(al-Marri "present[ed] nothing but a general denial to the Executive's) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.41 Tw
(assertion of facts," J.A. 243, the magistrate judge concluded, al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.9 Tw
(had "refused to participate in a meaningful way," J.A. 244, thus "sq-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(uander[ing] his opportunity to be heard." J.A. 248. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.24 Tw
(Over al-Marri's objections, the district court adopted the report and) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.1 Tw
(recommendation and dismissed the petition. Although recognizing the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.5 Tw
(lack of any "binding standard for reviewing the factual basis support-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.28 Tw
(ing the detention of an alleged enemy combatant" and the "little guid-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.32 Tw
(ance" provided by the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the district court) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.17 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.16 Tw
(Al-Marri also complained that large portions of the Rapp Declaration) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
2.37 Tw
(deemed classified were not shared with him or his counsel, severely) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.53 Tw
(hampering his ability to refute the allegations against him. After the dis-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.83 Tw
(trict court advised the parties that it would not consider information not) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.55 Tw
(presented to al-Marri, the government filed an updated, declassified ver-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(sion of the Rapp Declaration. ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
(should be applied to al-Marri's situation. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 443 F. Supp. 2d) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.81 Tw
(at 778. The district court found unconvincing al-Marri's contention) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.87 Tw
(that ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not apply here because the `constitutional balance') Tj
0 -12.3 Td
0 Tw
(it struck is limited to cases where the alleged enemy combatant is cap-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.74 Tw
(tured on a foreign battlefield." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In the district court's view, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
2.22 Tw
(was "not tethered to the facts surrounding [Hamdi's] apprehension) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.65 Tw
(and detention," and "the Supreme Court intended the due process) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.25 Tw
(structure it announced in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to apply to any challenge to deten-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(tion mounted by an alleged enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 779. "As ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(has been interpreted as supporting the authority of the President to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(designate Padilla and al-Marri as enemy combatants and to order their) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.63 Tw
(detention," the district court noted, "it makes little sense to cast aside) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(the framework it announced for analyzing the factual evidence sup-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(porting that detention. The Court concludes, then, that the due process) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(requirements outlined in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( apply here." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 780 \(internal cita-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(tions omitted\). The district court therefore held that the hearsay decla-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.66 Tw
(ration of Rapp was sufficient to satisfy the government's initial) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(burden of providing al-Marri notice of the factual allegations support-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.56 Tw
(ing his designation and that al-Marri had no right to cross-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(examination or discovery in making his initial response. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.58 Tw
(Turning to the adequacy of al-Marri's response itself, the district) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(court agreed that al-Marri had abandoned his opportunity to respond,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
("render[ing] the [g]overnment's assertions uncontested" and placing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(al-Marri "in an untenable position." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 785. Al-Marri's "failure to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(offer ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(any) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence on his behalf" necessarily resulted in his failure "to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(present `more persuasive evidence' to rebut" the Rapp Declaration.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( "[U]nder ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s outline of the procedures applicable in enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.95 Tw
(combatant proceedings," the district court concluded that it "need go) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(no further" and dismissed the petition. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( According to the district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.33 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
1.27 Tw
(detention" and was "afforded a meaningful opportunity to rebut that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(evidence." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( I respectfully disagree. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.3 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
1.66 Tw
(The dispute in this appeal is relatively straight-forward, although) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(its resolution is not. Al-Marri contends that he stands in a different) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(cedural safeguards than those provided by the district court here and) Tj
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1.32 Tw
(by the plurality in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. The government counters that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13 Td
1.43 Tw
(plurality's framework provided al-Marri all the process he was due,) Tj
0 -13 Td
.27 Tw
(asserting \(1\) that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework for providing process to a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(cit-) Tj
0 -13 Td
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(izen) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy combatant captured on a foreign battlefield is, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(a fortiori) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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(constitutionally sufficient for an ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(alien) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy combatant seized in the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.83 Tw
(United States; and \(2\) that al-Marri failed to take advantage of the) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.63 Tw
(process he was provided, making his claim for additional process) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(unpersuasive. ) Tj
12 -26.5 Td
.58 Tw
(Having carefully considered the plurality's guidance in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.99 Tw
(the precedents upon which it relies, I am of the opinion that the dis-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.4 Tw
(trict court erred in categorically applying the framework discussed by) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.17 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality to al-Marri's situation and accepting the Rapp) Tj
0 -13 Td
.71 Tw
(Declaration as sufficient to shift the burden of persuasion to al-Marri) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.22 Tw
(without considering the specific circumstances before it. As was the) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.46 Tw
(case in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, "the full protections that accompany challenges to) Tj
0 -13 Td
.32 Tw
(detentions in other settings [might] prove unworkable and inappropri-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.94 Tw
(ate in [al-Marri's] enemy-combatant [proceeding]." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S.) Tj
0 -13 Td
.05 Tw
(at 535. But that remains to be seen because, in my opinion, the district) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.3 Tw
(court erred in the initial step of accepting the hearsay affidavit of) Tj
0 -13 Td
9.08 Tw
(Rapp "as the most reliable available evidence from the) Tj
0 -13 Td
.27 Tw
([g]overnment," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534, without any inquiry into whether the provi-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.81 Tw
(sion of nonhearsay evidence would unduly burden the government,) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.01 Tw
(and erred in failing to then weigh the competing interests of the liti-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.31 Tw
(gants in light of the factual allegations and burdens placed before it) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(for consideration.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(11) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.42 Tw
(11) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.31 Tw
(I find no guidance from ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( on this particular question. Like) Tj
-10.5 -11.9 Td
2 Tw
(Hamdi, Padilla "associated with forces hostile to the United States in) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.67 Tw
(Afghanistan and took up arms against the United States forces in that) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.45 Tw
(country in our war against al Qaeda." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 388. And like) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.38 Tw
(al-Marri, Padilla was then "recruited, trained, funded, and equipped by) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.33 Tw
(al Qaeda leaders to continue prosecution of the war in the United States") Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.36 Tw
(through additional terrorist activities here, but was apprehended in this) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.14 Tw
(country before he could complete his mission. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Although we held in) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.9 Td
.97 Tw
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( that the place of capture did not affect the President's power to) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.46 Tw
(detain Padilla, neither this court nor the Supreme Court has held that the) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.44 Tw
(place of capture does not affect the minimum constitutional process due.) Tj
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-145.6875 -25.5 Td
2.6 Tw
(I begin with a general observation of the breadth of the ruling) Tj
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1 Tw
(below. The district court concluded that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( decision was not) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.82 Tw
(limited to the facts surrounding Hamdi's apprehension and that the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.58 Tw
(Supreme Court intended its framework to apply to every habeas peti-) Tj
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.37 Tw
(tion filed by an alleged enemy combatant. On this broad point, I have) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.57 Tw
(no particular quarrel. However, from this premise, the district court) Tj
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1.51 Tw
(also ruled that the Rapp Declaration, like the Mobbs Declaration in) Tj
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0 -12.5 Td
(Hamdi) Tj
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(, was sufficient to satisfy the government's initial step in the) Tj
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1.65 Tw
(burden-shifting scheme, without requiring any showing by the gov-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.25 Tw
(ernment that the circumstances demanded that the proceedings should) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.18 Tw
(be "tailored to alleviate their uncommon potential to burden the Exec-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.02 Tw
(utive" or that the hearsay affidavit of Rapp was "the most reliable) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.58 Tw
(available evidence from the [g]overnment" because the presentation) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.03 Tw
(of more reliable evidence would unduly burden the government or) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.75 Tw
(otherwise interfere with the military or other national security efforts) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(of the Executive. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
1.84 Tw
(In my opinion, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality neither said nor implied that) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
2.65 Tw
(normal procedures and evidentiary demands would be lessened in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
.61 Tw
(every) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy-combatant habeas case, regardless of the circumstances.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.69 Tw
(And I cannot endorse such a view, which would allow the govern-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.74 Tw
(ment to seize and militarily detain any person \(including American) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.67 Tw
(citizens within this country\) and support such military detention) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.32 Tw
(solely with a hearsay declaration of a government official who has no) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.16 Tw
(first-hand information about the detainee ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(regardless) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( of whether) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.12 Tw
(more reliable evidence is readily available or whether the presentation) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(of such evidence would impose ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(any) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( burden upon the government or) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(interfere at all with its war or national security efforts.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
2.19 Tw
(Although I do not rule out the possibility that hearsay evidence) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
-1.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.46 Tw
(12) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.39 Tw
(Once such evidence \(which might also enjoy a favorable presump-) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.31 Tw
(tion\) is presented, the burden will shift to the detainee to rebut the show-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.49 Tw
(ing with evidence that is "more persuasive" than that of the government.) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.92 Tw
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 534. A detainee's general denial of the hearsay) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.98 Tw
(allegations will be insufficient. Rather, he will be required to refute the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.36 Tw
(fact-specific allegations made against him by presenting "more persua-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(sive evidence that he falls outside the criteria." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( ) Tj
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(might ultimately prove to be the most reliable available evidence from) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.59 Tw
(the government in this case, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not support such a categori-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(cal relaxation of the protections due persons who are detained within) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(our borders. As noted earlier, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality balanced the com-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(peting interest of the detainee in being free from governmental deten-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.24 Tw
(tion against the interest of the government in detaining those who) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.82 Tw
(pose a threat to national security and concluded that "the full protec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(tions that accompany challenges to detentions in other settings ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(may) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(prove unworkable and inappropriate in the enemy-combatant setting.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
2.53 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 535 \(emphasis added\). The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality's acceptance of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.88 Tw
(hearsay evidence from the government in such settings, however,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.36 Tw
(clearly arose from the context of a battlefield detainee, the "exigen-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.1 Tw
(cies of [such] circumstances," and the "uncommon potential to burden) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.86 Tw
(the Executive at a time of ongoing military conflict." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 533. The) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.54 Tw
(relaxed evidentiary standard was accepted in the balance as appropri-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.23 Tw
(ate in light of the facts of that case a person initially detained) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.47 Tw
(abroad by our allies on a battlefield in Afghanistan. The plurality) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.85 Tw
(rejected an outright disapproval of such hearsay declarations, and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.32 Tw
(described lesser procedures it believed might be sufficient to satisfy) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(the due process rights of such detainees, noting that the normal evi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.37 Tw
(dentiary requirements ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(might) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( need to be relaxed to account for the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(governmental interest in military matters. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 533-34 \(explain-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.84 Tw
(ing that hearsay ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(may) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( need to be accepted as the most reliable avail-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(able evidence from the [g]overnment" and "a presumption in favor of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(the [g]overnment's evidence" would not "offend[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.3 Tw
(]" the Constitution) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(in battlefield detainee proceedings\). But while the plurality refused to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(categorically prohibit hearsay declarations, neither did it categorically) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.83 Tw
(approve the use of such hearsay declarations in all enemy-combatant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(proceedings.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(13) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Hearsay declarations ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(may) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( be accepted upon a weighing) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.7 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.71 Tw
(13) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.67 Tw
(Thus, I do not believe ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( recognized that the government's bur-) Tj
-10.5 -11.3 Td
2.63 Tw
(den in enemy-combatant proceedings could always be satisfied by a) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.11 Tw
(knowledgeable affiant who summarizes the evidence on which the deten-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.63 Tw
(tion was based. That is not what ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( said at all. Instead, the plurality) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(merely noted that, in the context of the case before it, the Government) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.39 Tw
(had made it clear "that documentation regarding ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(battlefield detainees) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(already is kept in the ordinary court of military affairs" and that "[a]ny) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.76 Tw
(factfinding imposition created by requiring a knowledgeable affiant to) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(summarize ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(these) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( records to an independent tribunal is a minimal one.") Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 534 \(emphasis added\). For this reason, the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(plurality was unpersuaded by the government's claim that "this basic) Tj
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( v. P) Tj
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(of the burdens in time of warfare of "providing greater process") Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.43 Tw
(against the detainee's liberty interests. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 529. But to decide) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1 Tw
(whether a hearsay declaration is acceptable, the court must first take) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.73 Tw
(into account "the risk of erroneous deprivation" of the detainee's lib-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.09 Tw
(erty interest, "the probable value, if any, of any additional or substi-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.77 Tw
(tute procedural safeguards," and the availability of additional or) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.28 Tw
(substitute evidence which might serve the interests of both litigants.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(internal quotation marks omitted\). ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
.77 Tw
(In sum, I disagree that the plurality in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( endorsed a categori-) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
2.67 Tw
(cal acceptance of such hearsay declarations for all alleged enemy) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.31 Tw
(combatants regardless of the place of seizure or the other circum-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.83 Tw
(stances at hand. In my view, the balancing test set forth in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.36 Tw
(and discussed in the context of enemy-combatant proceedings in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.96 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, presumes that the process due a detainee, including enemy) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.57 Tw
(combatants, will indeed vary with the facts surrounding the detention) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.82 Tw
(and the precise governmental burdens that would result from provid-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.17 Tw
(ing the normal procedures due under our constitution. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.11 Tw
(424 U.S. at 334 \("[D]ue process, unlike some legal rules, is not a) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.43 Tw
(technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.36 Tw
(circumstances. Due process is flexible and calls for such procedural) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.48 Tw
(protections as the particular situation demands" \(internal quotation) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.32 Tw
(marks and alteration omitted\)\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 526 \(noting that) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.29 Tw
(courts in habeas cases "retain some ability to vary the ways in which") Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.01 Tw
(enemy combatants may present and rebut facts "as mandated by due) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.13 Tw
(process"\). This balancing will require flexibility on the part of the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.05 Tw
(habeas court in order to deal with the wide variety of situations) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.61 Tw
(involved in each individual case and is a necessary component of the) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.28 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework. Thus, on remand, the locus of al-Marri's seizure) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.99 Tw
(will not forbid his classification as an enemy combatant subject to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.03 Tw
(military detention or foreclose the district court from lessening the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.47 Tw
(normal procedures where appropriate in the balance of the competing) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(interests, but it is not irrelevant to the task of weighing the interests) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(at stake and balancing the risks involved to determine what due pro-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.5 Td
.19 Tw
(process [would] have [a] dire impact on the central functions of warmak-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.71 Tw
(ing." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( I cannot read this language divorced from the context in which) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
4.17 Tw
(it was written and would demand no more than the same bene-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(fits/burdens analysis given to Hamdi. ) Tj
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(-M) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(cess protections are due him in his quest to challenge his designation) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.79 Tw
(and continued detention by our military. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.94 Tw
(334 \("[R]esolution of the issue of whether [the] procedures provided) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.42 Tw
(. . . are constitutionally sufficient requires analysis of the governmen-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(tal and private interests that are affected."\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(14) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
157.6875 -26 Td
(2.) Tj
-145.6875 -26 Td
3.02 Tw
(In this case al-Marri's "private interest affected by the official) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
.65 Tw
(action" is the same as that of Hamdi, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the liberty interest in being) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.18 Tw
(free from unlawful seizure and detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 529) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.49 Tw
(\(internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted\). The risk of an errone-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.25 Tw
(ous deprivation of al-Marri's liberty interest, however, is not identical) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.04 Tw
(to the risk that was present in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. Al-Marri was not captured on) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.34 Tw
(the battlefields of Afghanistan or Iraq, nor even apprehended in a) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.91 Tw
(neighboring country where al Qaeda trains its soldiers. He was) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.74 Tw
(arrested by civilian federal authorities while residing in Illinois. I am) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.11 Tw
(acutely aware of the dangers of detention and imprisonment without) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.73 Tw
(compliance with criminal process safeguards, dangers that are even) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.05 Tw
(greater when the military detains persons inside the borders of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.32 Tw
(United States. In my view, the risk of erroneously detaining a civilian) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.47 Tw
(or citizen in this country as an enemy combatant is much greater) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.29 Tw
(inside the United States than in the very different context addressed) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.5 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.28 Tw
(14) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.22 Tw
(Thus, the locus of capture is not an artificial or categorical distinc-) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
.49 Tw
(tion, nor is it the lynchpin of my view. I have made it clear that I do not) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(rule out the possibility that the Rapp Declaration ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(might) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( be acceptable,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
3.34 Tw
(although al-Marri is entitled to have the basis for such acceptance) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.24 Tw
(explained to an Article III court before he is deprived of his liberty inter-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.93 Tw
(est in being free from physical detention. Actually, I propose that al-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.41 Tw
(Marri receive exactly what the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( plurality gave to Hamdi a) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.08 Tw
(directive that the district court weigh his rights against the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(actual) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( govern-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.52 Tw
(mental burdens to determine whether a lessening of the normal proce-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.35 Tw
(dures is warranted. For the reasons discussed by the ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( plurality, the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.52 Tw
(locus of capture affects the question of whether we should accept less) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.29 Tw
(reliable evidence, such as a hearsay affidavit, than we normally would in) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.81 Tw
(habeas cases. But this is because capture in a war zone almost certainly) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.53 Tw
(will increase the burden placed upon the Executive by requiring produc-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.8 Tw
(tion of direct or first-hand evidence supporting the designation. It is not) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(simply because the detainee was abroad when seized. ) Tj
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(-M) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(by the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, a conventional battlefield within) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.09 Tw
(the borders of a foreign country in which we are fighting our enemies.) Tj
12 -23.8 Td
.67 Tw
(On the other hand, we must consider the government's interest "in) Tj
-12 -11.6 Td
.52 Tw
(detaining those who actually pose an immediate threat to the national) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.7 Tw
(security of the United States during ongoing international conflict,") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.6 Td
.55 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 530, and in "ensuring that those who have in fact) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.32 Tw
(fought with the enemy during a war do not return to battle against the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.36 Tw
(United States," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 531, as well as "the burdens the [g]overnment) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(would face in providing greater process," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 529. ) Tj
12 -23.8 Td
2.98 Tw
(Here, the government asserts that the Rapp Declaration, which) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.4 Tw
(summarizes the intelligence gathered on al-Marri's activities as an al-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.23 Tw
(Qaeda operative, is sufficient to meet its initial burden of proving that) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
3.17 Tw
(al-Marri was properly designated an enemy combatant. However,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.62 Tw
(unlike in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the government has presented ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the Rapp Decla-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.39 Tw
(ration. It has made no attempt to show that this hearsay evidence) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.14 Tw
("need[s] to be accepted as the most reliable available evidence from) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.82 Tw
(the [g]overnment," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 533-34, or that additional protections to) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.89 Tw
(ensure that the innocent are not detained by our military would be) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.17 Tw
("unworkable and inappropriate in th[is] enemy-combatant setting," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
1 Tw
(at 535. Nor has there been any consideration of the "probable value,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.66 Tw
(if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards" or the avail-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.26 Tw
(ability of more reliable evidence that might be presented by substitute) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.61 Tw
(methods which account for the government's weighty interests. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(529 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
1.94 Tw
(As previously noted, al-Marri argued below that he believed the) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.11 Tw
(discovery sought would be primarily from civilian agencies that could) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.14 Tw
(produce it without interfering with the war powers and war operations) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.36 Tw
(of this government.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( At a minimum, I believe the government should) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -24.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.54 Tw
(15) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.51 Tw
(For example, it seems that at least some portions of the Rapp Decla-) Tj
-10.5 -10.8 Td
.17 Tw
(ration merely summarize interviews of al-Marri conducted by FBI agents) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(after his civilian arrest and by DOD personnel once he was transferred) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
.91 Tw
(to military custody and imprisoned in the Charleston Naval Brig. There) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
.76 Tw
(is every indication that these governmental agents have first-hand infor-) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.26 Tw
(mation about the basis for al-Marri's detention and, unlike the military) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.07 Tw
(personnel at issue in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, are present in the United States. The gov-) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
.09 Tw
(ernment has made no showing that it would be unduly burdensome to the) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.03 Tw
(war effort or, more particularly, to its efforts to carry out the directives) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
.08 Tw
(of the AUMF, to have them appear, either in person or by their own first-) Tj
0 -10.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(hand affidavits, before the district court. ) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(be required to demonstrate to the district court why this is not the case) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.61 Tw
(and why, in balancing the liberty interest of the detainee and the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.05 Tw
(heightened risk of erroneous deprivation, the Rapp Declaration should) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.67 Tw
(be accepted as the most reliable available evidence the government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(can produce without undue burden or serious jeopardy to either its) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(war efforts or its efforts to ensure the national security of this nation.) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
1.2 Tw
(3.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
1.17 Tw
(In this context, the Constitution prohibits subjecting an individual) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.55 Tw
(inside the United States to military detention ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(unless) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( he fits within the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(legal category of an enemy combatant in the armed conflict against) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(al Qaeda or its supporting nations. If the allegations contained within) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.74 Tw
(the Rapp Declaration are true, then al-Marri fits within the exception) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.96 Tw
(and can be properly designated an enemy combatant and militarily) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(detained pursuant to the authority granted the President in the AUMF.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.8 Tw
(He would be properly classified as an enemy combatant who infil-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(trated our country under false pretenses for the purpose of waging war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(via terrorist activities. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.13 Tw
(Because al-Marri was seized and detained in this country, however,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(he is entitled to habeas review by a civilian judicial court and to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(due process protections granted by our Constitution, interpreted and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(applied in the context of the facts, interests, and burdens at hand. To) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(determine what constitutional process al-Marri is due, the court must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(weigh the competing interests, and the burden-shifting scheme and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(relaxed evidentiary standards discussed in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( serve as important) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(guides in this endeavor. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not, however, provide a cookie-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.11 Tw
(cutter procedure appropriate for every alleged enemy-combatant,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(regardless of the circumstances of the alleged combatant's seizure or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(actual) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( burdens the government might face in defending the habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(petition in the normal way. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(Al-Marri clearly stands in a much different position from Hamdi.) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(He was not captured bearing arms on the battlefield of Afghanistan,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(but was arrested within the United States by the FBI as a result of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.71 Tw
(9/11 investigation and subsequent intelligence operations conducted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.79 Tw
(by our government. This does not preclude his designation as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(enemy combatant, but we cannot ignore that the evidence supporting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(his designation is not likely buried under the rubble of a foreign bat-) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(92) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
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0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(tlefield although it might be equally unavailable for national secur-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.88 Tw
(ity reasons. Thus, unlike in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the government's interest "in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(reducing) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( the process available to alleged enemy combatants" may not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(be "heightened by the practical difficulties that would accompany a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.42 Tw
(system of trial-like process." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 531 \(emphasis added\). In sum, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(government has not demonstrated that al-Marri's fair opportunity for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(rebuttal requires no more than that which would have been accorded) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(to Hamdi on remand. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(Al-Marri, like any person accused of being an enemy combatant,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(is entitled to a fair, meaningful opportunity to contest that designation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(by requiring the government to demonstrate through "the most reli-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.98 Tw
(able available evidence" that he is an enemy combatant, denying the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.56 Tw
(allegations against him, and presenting evidence in support of his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(contest. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. As in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the evidence which will be accepted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
(and the determination of the manner in which due process proceed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(ings must occur will again be left largely to the district courts. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(at 538-39 \(noting that "[w]e anticipate that a District Court [will] pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(ceed with the caution that we have indicated is necessary in this set-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.62 Tw
(ting, engaging in a factfinding process that is both prudent and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(incremental. We have no reason to doubt that courts faced with these) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.73 Tw
(sensitive matters will pay proper heed both to the matters of national) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(security that might arise in an individual case and to the constitutional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(limitations safeguarding essential liberties that remain vibrant even in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(times of security concerns"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(accord ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(slip op. at 67-68 \("We make no attempt to anticipate all of the eviden-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(tiary and access-to-counsel issues that will arise during the course of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.4 Tw
(the detainees' habeas corpus proceedings. We recognize, however,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(that the Government has a legitimate interest in protecting sources) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(and methods of intelligence gathering; and we expect that the District) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(Court will use its discretion to accommodate this interest to the great-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(est extent possible. . . . These and . . . other remaining questions are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(within the expertise and competence of the District Court to address) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.24 Tw
(in the first instance."\). In this regard, the district court retains all its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(normal flexibility to vary the manner in which the presentation of evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(dence occurs in enemy-combatant proceedings. It is not precluded) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(from accepting the hearsay declaration should it conclude that threats) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(to national security or the war efforts dictate its use. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(U.S. at 533-34; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
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(in these cases was intended to prevent. . . . Certain accommodations) Tj
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(can be made to reduce the burden habeas corpus proceedings will) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.6 Tw
(place on the military without impermissibly diluting the protections) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.28 Tw
(of the writ."\). But, it is not handcuffed by an inflexible procedure that) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.04 Tw
(would demand acceptance of a hearsay declaration from the govern-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.11 Tw
(ment simply because the government has labeled al-Marri an enemy) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(combatant. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.28 Tw
(The general rule, therefore, is that al-Marri would be entitled to the) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.92 Tw
(normal due process protections available to all within this country,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.6 Tw
(including an opportunity to confront and question witnesses against) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.44 Tw
(him. But, if the government can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.85 Tw
(district court that this is impractical, outweighed by national security) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.78 Tw
(interests, or otherwise unduly burdensome because of the nature of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.16 Tw
(the capture and the potential burdens imposed on the government to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(produce non-hearsay evidence and accede to discovery requests, then) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.01 Tw
(alternatives should be considered and employed. Given the grave) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.17 Tw
(national security concerns in matters such as this, and that the Rapp) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.01 Tw
(Declaration references not only al-Marri's activities in this country) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(but also those he engaged in abroad prior to his entry here, the Rapp) Tj
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1.57 Tw
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(gations. However, I am not satisfied to let matters stand as they are) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.54 Tw
(when the government has not even been required to demonstrate to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.83 Tw
(the district court why it cannot or should not be required to produce,) Tj
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.94 Tw
(even for ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ex ) Tj
(parte) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( examination, any of the supporting evidence relied) Tj
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1.61 Tw
(upon by Rapp to justify al-Marri's detention. Here, the government) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(has made no showing that "[h]earsay . . . [needs] to be accepted as) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.58 Tw
(the most reliable available evidence from the [g]overnment" or that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(the "exigencies of the circumstances . . . demand . . . [that the] enemy-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.98 Tw
(combatant proceeding[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.98 Tw
(] . . . be [otherwise] tailored to alleviate their) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.11 Tw
(uncommon potential to burden the Executive at a time of ongoing) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.72 Tw
(military conflict." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(cf. ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.35 Tw
(op. at 64-65 \("Practical considerations and exigent circumstances) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.45 Tw
(inform the definition and reach of the law's writs, including habeas) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(corpus. The cases and our tradition reflect this precept."\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
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(16) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
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10.5 -26.4 Td
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/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.85 Tw
(16) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.81 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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.93 Tw
(make this showing. It is only after ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(that) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( showing has been made, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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2.36 Tw
("once the [g]overnment puts for ) Tj
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(credible) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence that the habeas) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.27 Tw
(petitioner meets the enemy-combatant criteria," that "the onus could) Tj
0 -13 Td
.32 Tw
(shift to the petitioner to rebut that evidence with more persuasive evi-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.03 Tw
(dence that he falls outside the criteria." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534 \(emphasis added\).) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.57 Tw
("In the words of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, process of this sort would sufficiently) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.23 Tw
(address the `risk of an erroneous deprivation' of a detainee's liberty) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.88 Tw
(interest while eliminating certain procedures that have questionable) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(additional value in light of the burden on the [g]overnment." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
156.411 -26.4 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -26.3 Td
.11 Tw
(Concluding that the procedural framework employed below has not) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.75 Tw
(been shown to be constitutionally sufficient, however, does not com-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.7 Tw
(pletely end the inquiry. The district court held that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( frame-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.43 Tw
(work, with its relaxed evidentiary standards and presumption in favor) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.8 Td
2.6 Tw
(No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600, fell "well short of the procedures and) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.55 Tw
(adversarial mechanisms that would eliminate the need for habeas corpus) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.98 Tw
(review," ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 37, noting in particular that) Tj
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1.96 Tw
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0 -11.9 Td
1.46 Tw
(dence, . . . his ability to rebut the Government's evidence against him) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.08 Tw
([which is accorded a presumption of validity] is limited by the circum-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.32 Tw
(stances of his confinement and his lack of counsel at th[at] stage," ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.89 Tw
(553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 38 \(citation omitted\). And while the dissent) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.7 Tw
(disagreed that the CSRT hearings were an insufficient substitute for) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.35 Tw
(habeas, it too pointed out in defense that the CSRT provides "every peti-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.15 Tw
(tioner . . . the right to present evidence that he has been wrongfully) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.16 Tw
(detained," "includ[ing]) Tj
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0 -11.8 Td
.81 Tw
(available, question witnesses called by the tribunal, introduce documen-) Tj
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.93 Tw
(tary evidence, and testify before the tribunal." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
3.48 Tw
(op. at 17 \(Roberts, C.J., dissenting\). Nowhere, in either ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.8 Td
1.7 Tw
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/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
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0 -11.8 Td
.94 Tw
(or other concerns for national security necessitate such a drastic lessen-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.82 Tw
(ing of the process normally available who challenge their executive) Tj
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.61 Tw
(ting the government to meet its initial burden with a hearsay declara-) Tj
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2.41 Tw
(tion regardless of the location of capture or the citizenship of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(detainee. The district court also held that the Rapp Declaration was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(sufficient to meet the government's initial burden, entitling it to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(favorable presumption and shifting to al-Marri the burden of refuting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(the allegations by "more persuasive" evidence. However, al-Marri's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.4 Tw
(petition was not ultimately dismissed because the district court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(weighed competing factual evidence and determined that it supported) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(a finding that al-Marri ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(was) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( an enemy combatant, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, that the allega-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(tions of the Rapp Declaration were true. Rather, the district court dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.81 Tw
(missed the petition because al-Marri failed to come forward with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(affidavits and documents of his own as required by the court's order,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.34 Tw
(thereby ostensibly failing to contradict the government's position) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
("with more persuasive evidence." ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.55 Tw
(Al-Marri, however, did not ignore the district court. He filed a) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(pleading in which he denied the allegations in the Rapp declaration,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(he denied that he was an enemy combatant, and he denied he had) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.64 Tw
(entered the United States to commit hostile acts. In this, his first) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.42 Tw
(opportunity to contest his designation as an enemy combatant, he had) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(been completely denied any discovery, not been allowed to see the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(evidence upon which the allegations were based, and not told even the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(identity of his accusers, all without adequate explanation or justifica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(tion. Given that his burden was not just to contest, but to disprove,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(he was placed at a substantial disadvantage. And despite the efforts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.61 Tw
(that have been made to slough off or ignore the burden of proof) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.13 Tw
(placed upon him, the fact warrants emphasis that al-Marri was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(required under these circumstances to prove that he was not an enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(combatant by more persuasive evidence. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( J.A. 183 \(holding that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(al-Marri would be given sixty days to file factual evidence to rebut) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.51 Tw
(the Rapp Declaration by "more persuasive evidence, but if "unable to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(produce more persuasive evidence than that produced by the govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(ment," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(i.e.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Rapp Declaration, "the inquiry [would] end there"\). He) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(did contest the constitutionality of the process to which he had been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(subjected, and he declined for the time being "to assume the burden) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(of proving his innocence." J.A. 231. Had he produced evidence, it is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(possible that the district court might have found his contrary evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(sufficiently "more persuasive" than the Rapp Declaration, but proving) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
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(option of further proceedings against him. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.95 Tw
(In the end, the district court rejected al-Marri's petition because it) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.47 Tw
(presumed that the process it utilized ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(was) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( a constitutional one, the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(point on which I disagree. I am aware of no case in which a person) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
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0 -12.3 Td
3.05 Tw
(test the legality of his detention for refusing to participate in an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.09 Tw
(unconstitutional process. Nor has any been pointed out to me. A crim-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(inal defendant cannot claim a procedural due process violation after) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(he has refused to avail himself of protections that comport with his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(constitutional rights, but al-Marri is not presently a criminal defendant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(and he refused to participate in a process that, in my judgment, was) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( constitutional. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.07 Tw
(In any event, given the unique and uncertain circumstances in) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(which al-Marri found himself as he progressed in his challenge, I) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(think it would be unfair to punish al-Marri by dismissing his petition) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
(on this basis. Al-Marri had been charged criminally with serious) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(crimes prior to his designation as an enemy combatant. After his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(transfer from civilian to military custody, he advanced a novel but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(plausible argument that, as a resident seized within this country, he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.82 Tw
(should be considered a civilian who could not be detained as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(enemy combatant and he should be ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(returned) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(system. Were he ultimately successful on this issue, al-Marri would) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(be accorded the presumption of innocence and the Fifth Amendment) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(right not to "be compelled . . . to be a witness against himself." U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(Const. Amend. V. Al-Marri simultaneously advanced a second, plau-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(sible argument that the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework would not meet the mini-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4 Tw
(mum procedural due process requirements in his quite different) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(situation, and that he was entitled to something more akin to the crim-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(inal process protections. As evidenced in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(case, the government frequently changes the manner in which it deals) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(with alleged enemy combatants during the pendency of habeas pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(ceedings, including transferring detainees back and forth from civilian) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(to military detention when it deems it prudent. Accordingly, al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(had every reason to fear that were he to give evidence on his behalf) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(in an attempt to meet the "more persuasive" standard, the government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(might then choose to transfer him ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(back) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(Given the serious nature of the claims before us and the uncertain-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(ties which existed at the time, and the fact that al-Marri was deprived) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.73 Tw
(of any opportunity to obtain any direct or first-hand evidence from) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(those who had arrested him and later detained him, I cannot be overly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(critical of al-Marri's strategy of not responding to the Rapp Declara-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(tion with rebuttal evidence beyond his general denial, and I cannot) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(sanction dismissal of al-Marri's habeas petition based upon a choice) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
-.38 Tw
(not to participate in the constitutionally and statutorily insufficient pro-) Tj
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(cedure.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(17) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Al-Marri may have squandered ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(an) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( opportunity to contest his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(designation, but he did not squander a "meaningful opportunity" to do) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(so.) Tj
122.5492 -25.4 Td
(IV.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(Conclusion) Tj
-110.5492 -25.4 Td
.42 Tw
(To conclude, the issues we decide today are significant for the rea-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(sons stated throughout all of the opinions. But, in my judgment, there) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(are additional concerns implicated by our decision that may have) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(gone without sufficient notice. The case before us deals on the surface) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(with a foreign national who has entered the United States. But the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(rights al-Marri asserts are those available under our Constitution to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(anyone within our borders, including, obviously, American citizens.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.35 Tw
(Under the current state of our precedents, it is likely that the constitu-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(tional rights our court determines exist, or do not exist, for al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.68 Tw
(will apply equally to our own citizens under like circumstances. This) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.65 Tw
(means simply that protections we declare to be unavailable under the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.68 Tw
(Constitution to al-Marri might likewise be unavailable to American) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.54 Tw
(citizens, and those rights which protect him will protect us as well.) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
.41 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court gave the government the opportunity to use hear-) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.51 Tw
(say testimony when practical considerations required it, and the court) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.31 Tw
(suggested that this evidence might also be accompanied by a pre-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.59 Tw
(sumption of validity. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. Because the detainee must prove) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.76 Tw
(a negative that he is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( an enemy combatant to obtain release) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.32 Tw
(and he or someone on his behalf must do it with more persuasive evi-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.23 Tw
(17) Tj
0 Ts
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.21 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.21 Tw
(2246 \("On application for a writ of habeas corpus,) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.11 Tw
(evidence may be taken orally or by deposition, or, in the discretion of the) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.83 Tw
(judge, by affidavit. If affidavits are admitted any party shall have the) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
.1 Tw
(right) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( to propound written interrogatories to the affiants, or to file answer-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(ing affidavits."\) \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(dence in circumstances where the military may be holding the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.72 Tw
(detainee incommunicado, simple fairness seems to me to require that) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.78 Tw
(first-hand evidence from the government should be the norm and the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.3 Tw
(use of hearsay the exception. Add to the mix that the individual could) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.91 Tw
(be an American citizen and that the government's evidence could be) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.32 Tw
(here in the United States, easily accessible and publicly disclosable,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.33 Tw
(and the need for a check on the government's use of a hearsay affida-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.05 Tw
(vit to justify the long-term military detention of a person becomes) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(obvious. ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
1.44 Tw
(In these uncertain times, we must tread carefully when balancing) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.23 Tw
(our need for national security with our rights as individuals. This case) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
3.08 Tw
(is fraught with danger to individual rights and for that reason, I) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.39 Tw
(expressly limit the reach of my opinion and decide no more than is) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(explicit and necessary to address the issues presented to us. ) Tj
12 -24 Td
2.17 Tw
(If the allegations against al-Marri are true, al-Marri is a foreign) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.61 Tw
(national and member of al Qaeda who entered the United States with) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.54 Tw
(a purpose to commit additional hostile and war-like acts within our) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.94 Tw
(homeland, and he may therefore be detained as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.45 Tw
(under the AUMF. Accordingly, I would affirm the district court's) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(order denying al-Marri's motion for summary judgment on the issue) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.05 Tw
(of whether the President possesses the legal authority to detain al-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -24 Td
1.52 Tw
(However, because al-Marri was present within our borders at the) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
1.14 Tw
(time our intelligence sources identified him as an enemy combatant,) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.87 Tw
(he is entitled to contest his designation under the burden-shifting) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.25 Tw
(scheme outlined in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. Under this scheme, the government may) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.39 Tw
(demonstrate that the balance of the competing interests weighs on the) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.04 Tw
(side of lessened due process protections, which al-Marri and his coun-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1 Tw
(sel may contest. But because the district court applied ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s less-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
5.12 Tw
(ened procedures to al-Marri without any additional inquiry or) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.47 Tw
(balancing of the respective interests, I would hold that the process al-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.65 Tw
(Marri received was constitutionally insufficient, vacate the district) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.88 Tw
(court's order dismissing al-Marri's petition, and remand for further) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(proceedings. ) Tj
0 -24 Td
(GREGORY, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: ) Tj
12 -24 Td
1.11 Tw
(I join the per curiam opinion reversing and remanding the district) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
2.15 Tw
(court's decision because "al-Marri has not been afforded sufficient) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(process to challenge his designation as an enemy combatant." \(Per) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(Curiam Op. at 5\). Further, I join in Judge) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.62 Tw
(Motz's concurrence. While) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.35 Tw
(I respect the opinions and tireless work of my colleagues, I write sep-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.88 Tw
(arately to provide historical context and to express my intransigent) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(belief that the Constitution requires a person detained in the United) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
5.3 Tw
(States under the Authorization for the Use of Military Force) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.63 Tw
(\("AUMF"\) receive a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(determinate) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( level of due process to justify the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.07 Tw
(denial of his liberty. And it is the role of this Court to provide clear) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(guidance as to the contours of that due process. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.34 Tw
(The horrific attack on 9/11 resulted in congressional passage of the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(AUMF, the most far-reaching bestowal of power upon the Executive) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(since the Civil War. The AUMF authorizes the President to "use all) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.09 Tw
(necessary and appropriate force against . . . persons" with a connec-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.07 Tw
(tion however attenuated that connection may be to the 9/11) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.24 Tw
(attacks in order to "prevent any future [terrorist] attacks . . . against) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(the United States." Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 \(2001\). As I dis-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(cuss below, the AUMF punishes ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(conduct) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, not status. Therefore, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.25 Tw
(location and citizenship of a putative enemy should be of no conse-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.44 Tw
(quence in determining the level of due process that an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.1 Tw
(tant detained in America under the AUMF, like al-Marri, should) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(receive. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.94 Tw
(The majority of my colleagues agree that a person of al-Marri's) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.4 Tw
(status is entitled to more due process than that which he received, but) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.11 Tw
(unfortunately, there is no concrete guidance as to what further process) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.03 Tw
(is due. Little doubt exists that this judgment will leave the district) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.17 Tw
(court with more questions than answers. In deciding what this process) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.59 Tw
(should entail, the district court can find wise counsel in Supreme) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.85 Tw
(Court and Fourth Circuit precedent, including our decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(States v. Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 382 F.3d 453 \(4th Cir. 2004\), and in the statu-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.52 Tw
(tory framework Congress created for handling classified material in) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
6.85 Tw
(a judicial setting, the Classified Information Procedures Act) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(\("CIPA"\), 18) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(U.S.C. App. 3, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(1-16 \(West) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(2000 & Supp. 2007\). ) Tj
158.6477 -25.8 Td
(I.) Tj
-146.6477 -25.8 Td
1.27 Tw
(Every American, unless clearly abrogated by congressional act or) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.88 Tw
(deprived by due process of law, has a right to freedoma right pro-) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(100) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(tected by the writ of habeas corpus.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Senator Arlen Specter, in intro-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.07 Tw
(ducing a bill to restore habeas corpus to all aliens detained within) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.19 Tw
(U.S. territory, reminded us that the venerated right to habeas corpus) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.12 Tw
(is "a right which has existed in Anglo Saxon jurisprudence since King) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.62 Tw
(John in 1215 at Runnymede." 152 Cong. Rec. S11196-01 \(December) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.03 Tw
(5, 2006\). Indeed, the writ is so cherished that it has been referred to) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.1 Tw
(by Blackstone as "the most celebrated writ in the English law", 3 Wil-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.21 Tw
(liam Blackstone, Commentaries *129, a reverence echoed by the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.95 Tw
(Supreme Court. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Ex) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.95 Tw
(parte Bollman) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 4 Cranch 75, 95 \(1807\)) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(describing the writ of habeas corpus as the "[G]reat [W]rit."\) ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
4.15 Tw
(Alexander Hamilton lauded "the establishment of the writ of) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.53 Tw
(habeas corpus" along with "the prohibition of ex-post-facto laws, and) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.38 Tw
(of TITLES OF NOBILITY" as the Constitution's "greate[st] securi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.15 Tw
(ties to liberty and republicanism." The Federalist No. 84 \(Alexander) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.85 Tw
(Hamilton\) \(emphasis in original\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene ) Tj
(v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.55 Tw
(U.S. ___, ___, slip op. at 12, No. 06-1195 \(June 12, 2008\) \("That the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.67 Tw
(Framers considered the writ a vital instrument for the protection of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.44 Tw
(individual liberty is evident from the care taken to specify the limited) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
(grounds for its suspension[.]"\). The broad language of the AUMF, lit-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.94 Tw
(erally construed, gives the President carte blanche to take any action) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.4 Tw
(necessary to protect America against any nation, organization, or per-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
(son associated with the attacks on 9/11 who intends to do future harm) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.05 Tw
(to America. Nevertheless, nothing calls for the lifting of the Great) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.61 Tw
(Writ in the AUMF, in its legislative history, or even in congressional) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(or presidential public statements. But, if we approved the "due pro-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(cess" al-Marri received, we would do precisely that. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.01 Tw
(When an American citizen) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( can be designated an enemy combatant,) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.43 Tw
(arrested by the military, and held incommunicado with no knowledge) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.3 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.24 Tw
(The Great Writ originally concerned whether the court had jurisdic-) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.68 Tw
(tion, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ex parte Watkins) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 28 U.S. 193 \(1830\), but it has "evolved) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.47 Tw
(as a remedy available to effect discharge from any confinement contrary) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.83 Tw
(to the Constitution or fundamental law." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Preiser v. Rodriguez) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 411 U.S.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(475, 485 \(1973\). ) Tj
10.5 -14 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.55 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.48 Tw
(As I explain below, while al-Marri is not an American citizen, that) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
2.79 Tw
(distinction is insignificant under the AUMF, and the rights al-Marri) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.21 Tw
(receives will no doubt be the standard by which we measure the due pro-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(cess rights of all enemy combatants detained in the United States. ) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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0 -13.1 Td
2.1 Tw
(government official who has no first-hand knowledge of the situa-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.4 Tw
(tion\), it is not only al-Marri's rights that are at stake, but rather the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.39 Tw
(rights of every man, woman, and child who breathe the fragrant scent) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.28 Tw
(of liberty in this great land. I am cognizant that the Commander-in-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.56 Tw
(Chief must be able to conduct a war without undue interference from) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.18 Tw
(a co-equal branch of government. Accordingly, I recognize the deli-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.92 Tw
(cate constitutional balance that must be struck between military) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.11 Tw
(detention and the possibility of abridged due process proceedings dur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.03 Tw
(ing times of war. However, an independent judiciary is obliged to pre-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.42 Tw
(serve the fundamental building blocks of our free society in this) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.79 Tw
(case, the right to know why one has been deprived of his liberty and) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.48 Tw
(a fair opportunity to answer that charge. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.29 Tw
(at ____, slip op. at 9 \("The Framers viewed freedom from unlawful) Tj
0 -13 Td
.74 Tw
(restraint as a fundamental precept of liberty, and they understood the) Tj
0 -13 Td
.89 Tw
(writ of habeas corpus as a vital instrument to secure that freedom."\).) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.73 Tw
(Our judgment today, while entitling al-Marri to an indeterminate) Tj
-12 -13 Td
.91 Tw
(measure of further due process, leaves much to be desired. Regretta-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.55 Tw
(bly, the unvarnished result is that the AUMF authorizes the President) Tj
0 -13 Td
.11 Tw
(to substitute the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(full) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( protections of the Great Writ for any enemy com-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.54 Tw
(batant detained in the United States with an alternative due process) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(framework tethered to mere suggestions. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.34 Tw
(The uncertain duration of this conflict the seven-year anniver-) Tj
-12 -13 Td
0 Tw
(sary of 9/11 is less than three months away - and the fact that America) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.11 Tw
(is not fighting a traditional nation-state means that the prospect of) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.85 Tw
(future al-Qaeda operatives entering the country for deleterious pur-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.53 Tw
(poses is very real and ongoing with no foreseeable end. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumed-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.42 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 56, 41 \(predicting that the war on) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.75 Tw
(terrorism may "last a generation or more" and noting that it is "al-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.04 Tw
(ready among the longest wars in American history"\). It stretches the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.8 Tw
(bounds of credulity to think that a Treaty of Versailles-esque cere-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.38 Tw
(mony will ever end all terrorist hostilities against the United States.) Tj
12 -26.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(With this troubling thought in mind, I attempt to provide a legal) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.79 Tw
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0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(II.) Tj
-144.733 -25.3 Td
.72 Tw
(The factual circumstances underlying this case "are entirely unlike) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(those of the conflicts that informed the development of the law of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(war," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 521 \(2004\), thus it is incum-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(bent upon us to outline the contours of the due process framework for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(the district court.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In doing so, we must respect the Framers' decision) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(to place the power to conduct a war in the hands of the Executive, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.87 Tw
(U.S. Const. art. II, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.87 Tw
(2, cl. 1, but we must also recall the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
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0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(of Government from one another would preclude the establishment of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(a Nation capable of governing itself effectively." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Buckley v. Valeo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(424 U.S. 1, 121 \(1976\) \(per curiam\). This is particularly true when,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(as here, the situation demands adjudication. It is, without question, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(sole province of the judicial branch to determine what process a per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(son should receive. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 36) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(\(holding that "the writ of habeas corpus is itself an indispensable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(mechanism for monitoring the separation of powers"\). As we pointed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(out in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 382 F.3d 453, 469 \(4th Cir. 2004\):) Tj
22 -25.3 Td
2.57 Tw
(This is not a case involving arrogation of the powers or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(duties of another branch. The district court orders requiring) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(production of the enemy combatant witnesses involved the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
9.22 Tw
(resolution of questions properly-indeed, exclusively-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(reserved to the judiciary. Therefore, if there is a separation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(of powers problem at all, it arises only from the burden the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(actions of the district court place on the Executive's perfor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(mance of its duties. ) Tj
-22 -25.3 Td
.81 Tw
(Accordingly, the separation of powers issue is of no moment here as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.5 Tw
(the remand requires the district court to perform a purely judicial) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.45 Tw
(function: determine which evidence the Government must turn over) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.92 Tw
(to al-Marri. Moreover, as we have seen in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and more) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.3 Tw
(recently in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 528 F.3d 210 \(4th Cir. 2008\), the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.67 Tw
(question of whether that evidence is publicly disclosable is of little) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.99 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.9 Tw
(The din of my good colleagues urging an incremental due process) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.16 Tw
(approach is problematic because "the relevant language in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( did not) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(garner a majority of the Court." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(at 55. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(relevance. Rather, the pertinent question is whether al-Marri will be) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.39 Tw
(able to review such evidence, and if so, in what form that evidence) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(will be presented. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.4 Tw
(While Judge Traxler states that "it is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(likely) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that the constitutional) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.27 Tw
(rights our court determines exist, or do not exist for al-Marri will) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.52 Tw
(apply equally to our own citizens under like circumstances" ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.87 Tw
(98 \(Traxler, J., concurring in judgment\) \(emphasis added\), it is) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.52 Tw
(beyond peradventure that the Constitution will furnish an American) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(citizen, detained under these circumstances, no more rights than those) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
(we provide al-Marri. Indeed, any other result would be inconsistent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(with the very text of the AUMF and the Constitution. After ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(we decided ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hanft v. Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\), where we) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.53 Tw
(explained that the "distinction between an enemy combatant captured) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.59 Tw
(abroad and detained in the United States, such as Hamdi, and an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.72 Tw
(enemy combatant who escaped capture abroad but was ultimately) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(captured domestically and detained in the United States, such as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(Padilla" is insignificant when determining who is an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(tant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 393. Though we did not address the issue of what process,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(if any, the Constitution owed Padilla, his arrest in the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(entitled him to the same level of process that al-Marri should receive.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.14 Tw
(As the district court recognized, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality set out some) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(guideposts for determining the due process rights of an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.92 Tw
(tant. Most importantly, the Supreme Court held that "a citizen-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(detainee seeking to challenge his classification as an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(tant must receive notice . . . and a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(fair opportunity) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to rebut the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
(ernment's factual assertions[.]". ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533 \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(added\). The circumstances underlying al-Marri's detention, when jux-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(taposed with the facts in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(the Executive's decision as to which of them should be designated) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(enemy combatants, inform my view as to what is "fair" in this case.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(The Executive's process for designating an al-Qaeda operative an) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
(enemy combatant has very real legal consequences. Padilla, Mous-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(saoui, and Abu Ali, all al-Qaeda operatives bearing the trademarks of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(an enemy combatant, were charged, like al-Marri, in the civilian crim-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.35 Tw
(inal system. Unlike) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.35 Tw
(al-Marri, however, the Executive allowed the) Tj
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(104) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -11.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(are unknown. ) Tj
12 -24.3 Td
3.14 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Executive's decision to designate Padilla as an) Tj
-12 -11.9 Td
3.06 Tw
(enemy combatant upon his arrest gave credence to that decision.) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.72 Tw
(Foregoing any discussion of due process, we held that "the availabil-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
3.46 Tw
(ity of criminal process cannot be determinative of the power to) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
2.28 Tw
(detain," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 394, because detention prevented the) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.83 Tw
(enemy combatant from "return[ing] to the field of battle." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 395.) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.73 Tw
(Moreover, if Padilla was not detained, "criminal prosecution would) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
2.37 Tw
(impede the Executive in its efforts to gather intelligence from the) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.05 Tw
(detainee and to restrict the detainee's communication with confeder-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.23 Tw
(ates so as to ensure that the detainee does not pose a continuing threat) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.65 Tw
(to national security even as he is confined." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Given these justifica-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
2.45 Tw
(tions, the Executive's subsequent decision to transfer Padilla from) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.44 Tw
(military to civilian custody on the eve of the Supreme Court's review) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.16 Tw
(of our decision came, in this Court's view, at a "substantial cost to the) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
2.9 Tw
(government's credibility before the courts," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 432) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(F.3d 582, 585-86 \(4th Cir. 2005\) because:) Tj
22 -24.3 Td
.41 Tw
(we would regard the intentional mooting by the government) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.43 Tw
(of a case of this import out of concern for Supreme Court) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.24 Tw
(consideration not as legitimate justification but as admission) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.57 Tw
(of attempted avoidance of review. The government cannot) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.65 Tw
(be seen as conducting litigation with the enormous implica-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
3.95 Tw
(tions of this litigation-litigation imbued with significant) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.5 Tw
(public interest-in such a way as to select by which forum as) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
.02 Tw
(between the Supreme Court of the United States and an infe-) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.2 Tw
(rior appellate court it wishes to be bound. ) Tj
-10 -24.3 Td
4.68 Tw
(Though much of the Government's evidence against Padilla,) Tj
-12 -11.9 Td
.84 Tw
(Moussaoui, and Abu Ali remains classified, the sheer volume of that) Tj
0 -11.9 Td
1.42 Tw
(evidence is overwhelming.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Beyond the Rapp Declaration, the Gov-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -24.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.58 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.5 Tw
(For example, the Government ultimately provided Moussaoui "with) Tj
-10.5 -10.9 Td
.64 Tw
(millions of pages of documents, including more than 166,000 FBI inter-) Tj
0 -11 Td
1.64 Tw
(view reports and over 1.7 million pages of documents from the FBI's) Tj
0 -11 Td
.36 Tw
(ongoing criminal investigation of the September 11 attacks \(the PENTT-) Tj
0 -11 Td
.92 Tw
(BOM investigation\). In addition, the Government) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.92 Tw
(provided a number of) Tj
0 -11 Td
.27 Tw
(other evidentiary materials, such as audio and video tapes and grand jury) Tj
0 -11 Td
1.49 Tw
(information." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(United States ) Tj
(v. ) Tj
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 483 F.3d 220, 224 \(4th Cir.) Tj
0 -11 Td
1.05 Tw
(2007\). ) Tj
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(ernment turned nothing over to al-Marri. Therefore, at this stage, it is) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.26 Tw
(impossible to determine if evidentiary concerns played any role in the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Executive's decision to designate al-Marri an enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
1.47 Tw
(Al-Marri was arrested and imprisoned for ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(eighteen months) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in the) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
2.4 Tw
(civilian criminal system, and with less than one month before the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.28 Tw
(commencement of his trial, the Executive authorized al-Marri's trans-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.93 Tw
(fer to military custody. Just as we expressed our skepticism with the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.87 Tw
(Government's attempt to transfer Padilla from the military to the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.72 Tw
(civilian criminal system ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(three and a half years) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( after his initial deten-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.43 Tw
(tion, the Executive's decision to designate al-Marri an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.72 Tw
(tant on the very eve of his civilian criminal trial raises a similar) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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1.2 Tw
0 Tc
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.9 Td
1.16 Tw
(While the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court held that "full protections that accompany) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(challenges to detentions in other settings ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(may) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( prove ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(unworkable) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.65 Tw
(inappropriate) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in the enemy-combatant setting," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.31 Tw
(535 \(emphasis added\), this may not be the case for al-Marri. Deter-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.02 Tw
(mining the "workability" of providing al-Marri with first-hand evi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.45 Tw
(dence to support the Rapp Declaration is critical, especially in light) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.64 Tw
(of the harsh conditions to which enemy combatants are subject. As) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.13 Tw
(my colleagues point out, al-Marri was neither arrested on the battle-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.1 Tw
(field in some far-flung location nor were his alleged criminal activi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.72 Tw
(ties centered abroad. Moreover, from the information available to us,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(al-Marri's crimes relate to defrauding American financial institutions) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.36 Tw
(and lying to American law enforcement. Nothing in the record under-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(mines al-Marri's contention that the majority of evidence relied upon) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.35 Tw
(by the Government is in the possession of U.S. governmental agen-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.85 Tw
(cies. If this proves to be the case, obtaining such evidence should be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.11 Tw
("workable," and "fairness" requires an in-camera, ex-parte review of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.78 Tw
(such evidence. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. at ___, slip op. at 64-65) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.85 Tw
(\("Practical considerations and exigent circumstances inform the defi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(nition and reach of the law's writs, including habeas corpus."\). ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.71 Tw
(During this in-camera, ex-parte proceeding, the Government could) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
4.17 Tw
(present evidence supporting the allegations against al-Marri and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.23 Tw
(would presumably make its case for keeping such evidence from him.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.84 Tw
(The district court would then decide which evidence is "appropriate") Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.18 Tw
(for al-Marri to review, and subsequently, provide a rationale as to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.17 Tw
(why any remaining evidence is "inappropriate." In fashioning the pro-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(cess by which the district court should make its evidentiary determi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
(nation, we need not develop a framework from whole cloth. Supreme) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
(Court and Fourth Circuit precedent, when considered alongside CIPA,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.53 Tw
(provides the Judiciary with a step-by-step guide for balancing the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.03 Tw
(national security interests of the country with individual due process) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(rights. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.8 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.8 Td
.77 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, we presciently set forth the following statement on the) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(treatment of terrorists in our criminal system:) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(109) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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22 -8 Td
1.61 Tw
0 Tc
(Persons of good will may disagree over the precise extent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.18 Tw
(to which the formal criminal justice process must be utilized) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
(when those suspected of participation in terrorist cells and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.35 Tw
(networks are involved. There should be no disagreement,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.1 Tw
(however, that the criminal justice system does retain an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.08 Tw
(important place in the ongoing effort to deter and punish ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.71 Tw
(rorist acts without the sacrifice of American constitutional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(norms and bedrock values. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(As will be apparent herein, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(criminal justice system is not without those attributes of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.17 Tw
(adaptation that will permit it to function in the post-9/11) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(world. These adaptations, however, need not and must not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.75 Tw
(come at the expense of the requirement that an accused) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(receive a fundamentally fair trial.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.3 Td
1.91 Tw
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 528 F.3d at 221 \(emphasis added\). Our judicial system is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(well-equipped to handle classified material efficiently and to balance) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(an accused's right to review evidence against national security inter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(ests. In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews v. Eldridge) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424 U.S. 319 \(1976\), the Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
("dictate[ed] that the process due in any given instance is determined) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(by weighing the private interest that will be affected by the official) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(action against the Government's asserted interest, including the func-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(tion involved and the burdens the Government would face in provid-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.28 Tw
(ing greater process." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 524 U.S. at 529 \(internal quotation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(marks and citation omitted\). Because much of the evidence al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(requests may be readily available, assuming that evidence would not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.68 Tw
(compromise the Executive's ability to wage war, the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(should provide it to the district court. ) Tj
158.964 -25.3 Td
(i.) Tj
-146.964 -25.3 Td
.5 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( calculus, albeit helpful, leaves many questions unan-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
(swered, particularly those concerning how the district court should) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(assess the classified information's relevance. "In the area of national) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(security and the government's privilege to protect classified informa-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(tion from public disclosure, we [have] look[ed] to CIPA for appropri-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(ate procedures." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 528 F.3d at 245. Prior to CIPA's enactment,) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.98 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.89 Tw
(Like Moussaoui, Abu Ali was tried in the civilian judicial system.) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.41 Tw
(Because both Abu Ali and Moussaoui could have been detained under) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(the AUMF, I find that the process provided to them is informative. ) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(110) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
.8 Tw
0 Tc
(the Government was placed in the unenviable position of "abandon[-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.43 Tw
(ing] prosecution rather than risk possible disclosure of classified) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(information." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(internal quotation marks and citation omitted\). By) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.82 Tw
(structuring a framework for evaluating the use and admissibility of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.84 Tw
(classified evidence without public disclosure, CIPA alleviates this) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2 Tw
(dilemma. It provides that any hearing conducted "shall be held in-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(camera" if the Attorney General provides the court with reasons for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(why "that public proceeding may lead to the disclosure of classified) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(information.") Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( 18 U.S.C.App. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(6\(a\).) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.08 Tw
(Section 6 of CIPA sets out a clear procedure for the district court) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.21 Tw
(to utilize in handling classified evidence and determining its "use, rel-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(evance and admissibility." 18 U.S.C.App. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.12 Tw
(6\(a\). If the district court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(finds the classified information relevant and material, CIPA requires) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(that the district court give it to the accused unless an adequate substi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(tute can be provided. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 382 F.3d at 476. In determining) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(the accessibility of such information, the district court should "take[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.52 Tw
(]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(cognizance of both the state's interest in protecting national security) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(and the defendant's interest in receiving a fair trial." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Fernanadez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 913 F.2d 148, 154 \(4th Cir. 1990\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.34 Tw
(When weighing the competing interests of the Government and the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(accused, common law privileges protecting the disclosure of evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(continue to apply. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(United States v. Smith) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 780 F.2d 1102, 1107) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(\(4th Cir. 1985\) \(en banc\). Thus, common law privileges protecting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(classified information from disclosure on account of military or state) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(secrets remain applicable. However, in the context of CIPA, we held) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(that privilege would "give way" if the classified information "is rele-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(vant and helpful to the defense of an accused or is essential to a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(fair) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(determination) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( of a cause." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 1107 \(internal quotation marks and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(citation omitted\) \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
157.3655 -25.2 Td
(ii.) Tj
-145.3655 -25.2 Td
.02 Tw
(CIPA provides the accused with access to classified documents, not) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(witnesses. Nevertheless, in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, we held that, while CIPA was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(not directly applicable, it "provides a useful framework for consider-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.08 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.03 Tw
( Section 6 also allows the district court to seal the records from any) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(in-camera proceedings. 18 U.S.C.App. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(6\(d\). ) Tj
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451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(111) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
2.63 Tw
0 Tc
(ing the questions raised by Moussaoui's request for access to the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.26 Tw
(enemy combatant witnesses." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 382 F.3d at 472 n.20. Simi-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.64 Tw
(larly, CIPA is not directly applicable to al-Marri's case because he is) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.86 Tw
(not entitled to the "equivalent of a full blown" criminal trial. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.89 Tw
(542 U.S. at 524. Yet, CIPA can certainly guide the district court's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(consideration of al-Marri's evidentiary requests especially given that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(al-Marri primarily requests documents. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.55 Tw
(Additionally, we held that Moussaoui should have qualified access) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.85 Tw
(to material enemy combatant witnesses and their prior statements. In) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.1 Tw
(order to establish the witnesses' relevance, he only had to make a) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.02 Tw
("plausible showing" of materiality. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 382 F.3d at 472 \(inter-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(nal quotation marks and citation omitted\). As al-Marri will likely be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.67 Tw
(placed in the same evidentiary quandary) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.67 Tw
(as Moussaoui i.e., no) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
(direct access to enemy combatant witnesses he should likewise be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.09 Tw
(held to the same lower threshold in establishing the materiality of wit-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.24 Tw
(nesses. Further, we also held that substituting actual testimony from) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.8 Tw
(enemy combatants with an alternative procedure should "be an inter-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.79 Tw
(active process among the parties and the district court." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. at 480.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.11 Tw
(Recognizing that "the burdens that would arise from production of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.03 Tw
(enemy combatant witnesses are substantial," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 471, there are) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(times when such evidence, even via an affidavit, will be necessary to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(substantiate the Government's evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.17 Tw
(As a practical matter, this process could take place in an in-camera,) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
5.08 Tw
(ex-parte hearing where the Government responds to al-Marri's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.81 Tw
(requests for information and explains why national security concerns) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.08 Tw
(preclude disclosing evidence. While some of al-Marri's requests, such) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(as to depose high-level members of the Executive, may indeed prove) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.29 Tw
(onerous, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is an excellent template for the district court. It) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.74 Tw
(demonstrates how, in consultation with the relevant parties, a court) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(can craft remedies that satisfy an enemy combatant's unique evidenti-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(ary requests without unduly burdening the Government or compro-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.85 Tw
(mising national security. Ultimately, in giving al-Marri a "fair) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.68 Tw
(opportunity" to dispute his designation as an enemy combatant, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.65 Tw
(district court should "seek a solution that neither disadvantages [al-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.53 Tw
(Marri] nor penalizes the government \(and the public\) for protecting) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.84 Tw
(classified information that may be vital to national security." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(477. ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(112) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(III.) Tj
-142.8182 -25.2 Td
1.06 Tw
(If our remand is to be meaningful, the district court must demand) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(evidence supporting the veracity of the Rapp Declaration. Presum-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(ably, al-Marri's civilian grand jury reviewed material portions of al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.19 Tw
(Marri's file prior to his classification as an enemy combatant. Com-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2 Tw
(mon sense leads to the conclusion that many of the documents al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.64 Tw
(Marri requests are located here in the United States. As we set out in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Abu Ali) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, should the Government object to turning over) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(documents on the basis of national security concerns, the district court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(has a very specific federal statute, CIPA, to guide its determination) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(of what documents can be turned over to al-Marri. In addition, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(Supreme Court's decisions in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( provide the appro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(priate balance that the district court should strike upon reviewing such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.39 Tw
(In this time of angst and fear, we can find solace and wisdom in) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(the words of Thomas Jeffersonwords that have kept our nation's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(focus on noble principles in the worst of times. Speaking at his First) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.78 Tw
(Inaugural, Jefferson included the "protection of habeas corpus") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(among those "principles [which] form the bright constellation which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(has gone before us and guided our steps through an age of revolution) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(and reformation . . . and should we wander from them in moments of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(error or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps and to regain the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(road which alone leads to peace, liberty, and safety." Thomas Jeffer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(son, First Inaugural Address, March) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(4,) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(1801. I urge the district court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(to "retrace our steps" as it considers this case on remand.) Tj
0 -25.3 Td
1.38 Tw
(WILLIAMS, Chief Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.76 Tw
(While I respect the lengthy and thorough writings in this case, I) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(believe that Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri's 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.64 Tw
(2241 \(West) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(2006 & Supp. 2007\) petition presents a relatively straightforward fac-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(tual situation.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( According to the declaration filed in this case \(and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(sworn under pain of perjury\) by Jeffrey N. Rapp, the Director of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.3 Tw
(Joint Intelligence Task Force for Combating Terrorism \(the "Rapp) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.15 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.09 Tw
(In light of ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___, ___ S. Ct. ___ \(June) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(12, 2008\), I agree with the plurality opinion that we have jurisdiction) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.63 Tw
(over al-Marri's 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.63 Tw
(2241 \(West 2006 & Supp. 2007\) petition.) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(Declaration"\), Al-Marri is a member of al-Qaeda who underwent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.31 Tw
(training in Afghanistan between 1996 and 1998 and was sent to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.27 Tw
(United States as a sleeper agent on September 10, 2001.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Accepting) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(these allegations as true, I believe, pursuant to the Authorization for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(Use of Military Force Joint Resolution, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(224 \(September 18, 2001\) \("AUMF"\), the President has the power to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(detain al-Marri. Thus, on this issue I agree with the separate opinions) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.4 Tw
(of Judge Traxler, Judge Wilkinson, and Judge Niemeyer. Unlike) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(Judge Traxler, however, given al-Marri's failure to "participate in a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(meaningful way," \(J.A. at 244\), before the magistrate judge and dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(trict court, I would hold that al-Marri cannot now challenge the fac-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(tual basis for his detention before our court. Accordingly, like Judge) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.57 Tw
(Wilkinson and Judge Niemeyer, I would affirm the dismissal of al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.05 Tw
(2241 petition and therefore dissent from the judgment of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(court. ) Tj
158.6477 -25.2 Td
(I.) Tj
-2.2367 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.42 Tw
(Following the September 11 attacks, Congress, on September 18,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.43 Tw
(2001, enacted the AUMF, which authorized the President, acting as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.45 Tw
(Commander-in-Chief, to "use all necessary and appropriate force) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.71 Tw
(against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(planned, authorized, committed, or aided" the terrorist attacks that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(occurred on September 11, 2001. 115 Stat. at 224. The purpose of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(such authorization, Congress made clear, was to "prevent any future) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.58 Tw
(acts of international terrorism against the United States by such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(nations, organizations, or persons." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.9 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507 \(2004\), the Supreme Court) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(held that the AUMF granted the President the power to detain "enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.66 Tw
(combatants"as the term was defined in that caseincluding a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(United States citizen captured overseas during the conflict in Afghan-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(istan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 521. As the Court explained, detention of an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.26 Tw
(batant fell within the range of "necessary and appropriate force") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(granted by the AUMF because "detention to prevent a combatant's) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.47 Tw
(Because the separate opinions have spelled out the details of the alle-) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(gations in the Rapp Declaration, I do not repeat them here. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(114) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
.35 Tw
0 Tc
(return to the battlefield is a fundamental incident of waging war.") Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
.41 Tw
(at 519; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(In re Territo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 156 F.2d 142, 145 \(9th Cir. 1946\) \(not-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.51 Tw
(ing military detention serves "to prevent the captured individual from) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.6 Tw
(serving the enemy."\) Of equal import, however, is the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.04 Tw
(Court's holding that civilians may not be subject to military detention.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
1.49 Tw
(Ex Parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. 2 \(1866\). Thus, in my view, if al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.53 Tw
(is an "enemy combatant" who falls within the scope of the AUMF,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.94 Tw
(he may be detained; if, however, he is not an enemy combatant, and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(therefore a mere civilian, the Constitution forbids such detention. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.4 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Supreme Court defined the term "enemy combatant") Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
.13 Tw
(for purposes of that case as "an individual who . . . was part of or sup-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.56 Tw
(porting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.27 Tw
(Afghanistan and who engaged in an armed conflict against the United) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(States there." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516 \(plurality\) \(internal quotation) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.98 Tw
(marks omitted\). The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court left it to lower courts to further) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.15 Tw
(refine the definition in future cases, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 522 n.1) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.8 Tw
(\("The permissible bounds of the [enemy combatant] category will be) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.89 Tw
(defined by the lower courts as subsequent cases are presented to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(them."\). ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.35 Tw
(In the context of World War II, the Court defined the term "unlaw-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(ful combatant" to include:) Tj
22 -26 Td
3.37 Tw
(those who during time of war pass surreptitiously from) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.58 Tw
(enemy territory into our own, discarding their uniforms) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.77 Tw
(upon entry, for the commission of hostile acts involving) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.57 Tw
(destruction of life or property, have the status of unlawful) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(combatants punishable as such by military commission.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -26 Td
1.34 Tw
(Ex Parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1, 35 \(1942\). The Court expounded later) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(that "enemy belligerents" "includ[ed] those acting under the direction) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.4 Tw
(of the armed forces of the enemy, for the purpose of destroying prop-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(erty used or useful in prosecuting the war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 37. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Indeed, the practice of detaining enemy combatants militarily predates) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
.21 Tw
(our Constitution. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Ex Parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1, 31 \(1942\) \(noting that) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.48 Tw
("[s]uch was the practice of our own military authorities before the adop-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(tion of the Constitution, and during the Mexican and Civil Wars."\). ) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(A distillation of these precedents, I believe, yields a definition of) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(an enemy combatant subject to detention pursuant to Congressional) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(authorizations as an individual who meets two criteria: \(1\) he attempts) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(or engages in belligerent acts against the United States, either domes-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.84 Tw
(tically or in a foreign combat zone; \(2\) on behalf of an enemy force.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.58 Tw
(Given the specific allegations against al-Marri, I have little diffi-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(culty concluding that he satisfies the first criterion. First, the allega-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
(tions set forth in the Rapp Declaration, if true, clearly show that al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(Marri was on United States soil to commit acts of belligerency against) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 31 \(stating that unlawful) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.13 Tw
(combatants include those who commit "hostile acts involving destruc-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion of life or property" on United States soil\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.65 Tw
(According to the Rapp Declaration, al-Marri also meets what I) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(view as the second requirement of an enemy combatant: that the bel-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.31 Tw
(ligerent acts be carried out on behalf of an enemy force. Unlike the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.72 Tw
(plurality, I cannot accept al-Marri's contention that because he alleg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(edly has ties only to al Qaeda, a terrorist organization that does not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(control any nation, he does not meet this portion of the definition of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.01 Tw
(The plurality opinion may very well be correct that, under the tradi-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.04 Tw
(tional "law of war," persons not affiliated with the military of a) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(nation-state) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( may not be considered enemy combatants. And I recog-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.37 Tw
(nize the respect domestic courts have long afforded the "law of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(nations." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 6 U.S. \(2 Cranch\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(64, 118 \(1804\) \("[A]n act of Congress ought never to be construed to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.72 Tw
(violate the law of nations if any other possible construction) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.5 Tw
(remains."\). Here, however, Congress has, through the AUMF,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(addressed precisely this question by clearly authorizing the President) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(to use force against "organizations," as well as against nation-states.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.69 Tw
(See ) Tj
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d 386, 395-96 \(4th Cir. 2005\) \(noting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.92 Tw
("the AUMF constitutes . . . a clear statement" in favor of detention\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(As a specific and targeted congressional directive, the AUMF controls) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(the question of who may be detained, for purposes of domestic law) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(at least with respect to those individuals that fall within its scope. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
0 Tw
(The AUMF grants the President power to use force against "organi-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(zations" that he determines "planned, authorized, committed, or aided) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(116) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
.04 Tw
0 Tc
(in" the September 11 attacks. Al Qaeda is obviously an "organization") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(that "planned, authorized, committed, or aided in" those attacks. Thus,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(in my view, the AUMF has labeled al Qaeda an enemy force.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(also ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518 \("There can be no doubt that individuals) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(who fought against the United States in Afghanistan as part of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Taliban, an organization known to have supported the al Qaeda terror-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.45 Tw
(ist network responsible for those attacks, are individuals Congress) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.9 Tw
(sought to target in passing the AUMF."\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 389) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.96 Tw
(\(defining "al Qaeda" as "an entity with which the United States is at) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.3 Tw
(war"\). In fact, al Qaeda provided the impetus for the enactment of the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.33 Tw
(AUMF. Indeed, "read in light of its purpose clause . . . and its pream-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.07 Tw
(ble . . ., the AUMF applies even more clearly and unmistakably to [al-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri] than to Hamdi." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d at 396. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.69 Tw
(Certainly, the Constitution does not permit "a military trial . . . for) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.63 Tw
(any offence whatever of a citizen in civil life, in nowise connected) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.69 Tw
(with the military service." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. at 121-22. However, the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.81 Tw
(result in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( followed because the petitioner Milligan was not) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.5 Tw
("part of or associated with the armed forces of the enemy," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.3 Tw
(317 U.S. at 45, and I see nothing in the Constitution that prohibits the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(President, operating with the express consent of the Congress, from) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4 Tw
(declaring an individual associated with an organization that has) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
(undertaken acts of war against the United States to be an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.22 Tw
(batant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. 579,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.88 Tw
(635 \(Jackson, J., concurring\) \(noting Presidential power is "at its) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.38 Tw
(maximum" when the President operates with Congressional authori-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(zation\). ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
1.49 Tw
(I wish to emphasize that by permitting the President to militarily) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(detain al-Marri pursuant to the AUMF I am not being expansive; in) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(al-Marri we are dealing with someone ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(squarely) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( within the purposes) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.33 Tw
(of the AUMF, which was passed to target organizations, like al) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.3 Tw
(Qaeda, responsible for the September 11 attacks and to prevent future) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.07 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.02 Tw
(While I understand al-Marri's concern that, taken to its extreme, the) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.07 Tw
(AUMF's reference to organizations or persons who "aided in" the Sep-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.22 Tw
(tember 11 attacks might produce absurd results, I do not believe we need) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(linger on that concern in this case. According to the Rapp Declaration,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.53 Tw
(al-Marri is a member of al Qaeda, which "planned," "authorized," and) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
("committed" those attacks. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(terrorist attacks. This case does not present what to me are more diffi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
(cult issues regarding enemy combatants and the scope of AUMF,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(such as the status of an individual who joined al Qaeda after Septem-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(ber 11, 2001, or an individual who is part of a designated foreign ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(rorist organization, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( U.S. Dep't of State, Office of the Coordinator) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.21 Tw
(for Counterterrorism, Foreign Terrorist Organizations Fact Sheet) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.87 Tw
(2008 \(Apr. 8, 2008\), http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/08/103392.htm) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(\(last visited May 5, 2008\), that played no role in the September 11) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(attacks. Instead, al-Marri is clearly an "individual[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.82 Tw
(] Congress sought) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(to target in passing the AUMF." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518. In addition,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(while "indefinite detention" of enemy combatants is not permitted,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(see ) Tj
(generally ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519-20, we remain engaged against) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
-.3 Tw
(the forces of al Qaeda in the border regions of Afghanistan to this day.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(Moreover, it is important to note the breadth of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s argu-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(ment. According to al-Marri, were authorities to have detained one of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(the hijackers on September 11, box-cutter in hand, that hijacker could) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(have been militarily detained in the immediacy of the situation, but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(thereafter would have had to be turned over to civilian courts.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( This) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(result would follow despite the fact that the hijacker would have been) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.07 Tw
(poised to commit an act of warin fact an act of unlawful belliger-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.72 Tw
(ency, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 31against the United States. The) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.67 Tw
(result also seems in tension with the Court's reminder in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that:) Tj
22 -25.4 Td
.57 Tw
(By a long course of practical administrative construction by) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.75 Tw
(its military authorities, our Government has likewise recog-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.47 Tw
(nized that those who during time of war pass surreptitiously) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.85 Tw
(from enemy territory into our own, discarding their uni-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.36 Tw
(forms upon entry, for the commission of hostile acts involv-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.48 Tw
(ing destruction of life or property, have the status of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.07 Tw
(unlawful combatants punishable as such by military com-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(mission. ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
-11.5 -25.9 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.65 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.57 Tw
(I therefore need not address whether, if our military remained only) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.49 Tw
(engaged in the conflict in Iraq, al-Marri's ongoing detention would be) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(permitted under the AUMF. ) Tj
10.5 -14 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.52 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.49 Tw
(Indeed, as I understand al-Marri's argument, if Osama bin Laden had) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.07 Tw
(been captured after September 18, 2001, but before actual military opera-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.42 Tw
(tions in Afghanistan took place, he, too, would not be subject to military) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(detention. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 35. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.2 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
.66 Tw
(Notwithstanding the broad congressional authorization provided in) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.85 Tw
(the AUMF, al-Marri argues that Congress later circumscribed the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.21 Tw
(President's power of detention by passing the Patriot Act, Pub. L.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.86 Tw
(107-56, 115 Stat. 272 \(2001\) \(entitled "Mandatory Detention of Sus-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.66 Tw
(pect Terrorists; Habeas Corpus; Judicial Review"\). The Patriot Act,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.47 Tw
(passed shortly after the AUMF, provides, in relevant part, for the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.16 Tw
(short term "[d]etention of [t]errorist [a]liens." Patriot Act ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.16 Tw
(412\(a\).) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.68 Tw
(The power to detain is vested in the Attorney General, but the Act) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(prohibits "indefinite detention." Instead, it requires that "not later than) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(7 days after the commencement of such detention," the Attorney Gen-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(eral must either \(1\) begin "removal proceedings" or \(2\) "charge the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(alien with a criminal offense." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.54 Tw
(412\(a\). The Patriot Act does per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.53 Tw
(mit an extension of "additional periods of up to six months" if) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(removal is "unlikely for the reasonably foreseeable future" and the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
(alien's release "will threaten the national security of the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(or the safety of the community or any person." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(Al-Marri argues that these more-specific provisions governing the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(scope of detentions govern the more-general authorization found in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 127 S.Ct.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(2339, 2348 \(2007\) \("[N]ormally the specific governs the general."\);) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Warren v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 65 F.3d 385, 390 \(4th Cir.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(1995\) \(same\). Of course, this maxim is only true if the two provisions) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.87 Tw
(deal with the same subject matter. Here, I view section 412 of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(Patriot Act to refer to the President's power, under Article II ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.15 Tw
(3, to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
("take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." U.S. Const., art. II,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.07 Tw
(3. The statute refers to the Attorney General, the President's agent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(in implementing the Take Care Clause, and it is found nestled within) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(the immigration code. Fairly read, the Patriot Act does not therefore) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(purport to limit the President's separate Commander-in-Chief power.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Article II, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.31 Tw
(2, cl. 1 \("The President shall be Commander in Chief) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.11 Tw
(several States, when called into the actual Service of the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(States."\). But the authorization granted in the AUMF, with its explicit) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(reference to military force, relates to the Commander-in-Chief power.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(Whatever limitations are present in the Patriot Act, therefore, do not) Tj
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451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(119) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(restrict the separate and distinct grant of power effected by the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(AUMF. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.8 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.8 Td
.21 Tw
(I am left with a simple set of facts: the AUMF grants the President,) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.01 Tw
(who already has some inherent Article II power to wage war, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Chicago & S. Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S. S. Corp.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 333 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.1 Tw
(103, 109 \(1948\) \("The President . . . possesses in his own right certain) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(powers conferred by the Constitution on him as Commander-in-Chief) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.1 Tw
(and as the Nation's organ in foreign affairs."\), the power to use neces-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(sary and appropriate force against organizations and persons with a) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.37 Tw
(role in the September 11 attacks; the Supreme Court has stated that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.48 Tw
(military detention is a "fundamental incident of waging war," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(542 U.S. at 519; and, the Government alleges that al-Marri has been) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(a member of al Qaeda since at least 1996. I think it clear under these) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.4 Tw
(circumstances that al-Marri can be detained as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.62 Tw
(and agree with the separate opinions of Judge Traxler, Judge Wilkin-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.12 Tw
(son, and Judge Niemeyer that so hold. As the Court wrote over half) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(a century ago, ) Tj
22 -25.8 Td
3.71 Tw
([T]he detention and trial of petitionersordered by the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.18 Tw
(President in the declared exercise of his powers as Com-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(mander in Chief of the Army in time of war and of grave) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.59 Tw
(public dangerare not to be set aside by the courts without) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.27 Tw
(the clear conviction that they are in conflict with the Consti-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(tution or laws of Congress constitutionally enacted. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.8 Td
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 25. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.11 Tw
(Finding no such "clear conviction," particularly given that the Pres-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.88 Tw
(ident is acting in concert with Congress, I would hold that the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.71 Tw
(dent, operating pursuant to the AUMF, had the power to detain al-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
156.733 -25.8 Td
(II.) Tj
-144.733 -25.7 Td
2.62 Tw
(I do not agree, however, with Judge Traxler's separate concur-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.68 Tw
(rence, which concludes that a remand is necessary to permit al-Marri) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(120) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(to further challenge his detention. Instead, because al-Marri short-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(circuited the lower court's attempt to craft procedures meant to pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(tect his due process rights, I would not reward his refusal to partici-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(pate with a remand. To the contrary, the magistrate judge and district) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.7 Tw
(court judge are to be commended for the extent to which they) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(responded to al-Marri's concerns, and, indeed accommodated his only) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.41 Tw
(specific request. In order to explain this conclusion, I briefly revisit) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(the proceedings below. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
.5 Tw
(On July 8, 2005, the district court entered an order concluding that) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(al-Marri could be detained as an enemy combatant and referring the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(case to the magistrate judge for development of the appropriate proce-) Tj
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(dures.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( On August 15, the magistrate judge held a telephonic confer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(ence with the Government and al-Marri's attorneys to discuss what) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(procedures might be used in determining whether al-Marri was an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(enemy combatant. During the hearing, the magistrate judge requested) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(that both parties "brief . . . the question of whether the Government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.38 Tw
(affidavit in this case is entitled to the presumption, as outlined in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and if so, what must the petitioner do to rebut the presump-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tion." \(J.A. at 154.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.02 Tw
(Following briefing from the parties, the magistrate judge entered an) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(order on December 19, 2005, setting forth suggested procedures for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(addressing al-Marri's detention. Citing to ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the magistrate judge) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(concluded "it appears that in the context of a classification of an indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(vidual as an enemy combatant by the Chief Executive, due process) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(requires the petitioner receive notice of the factual basis for his classi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.06 Tw
(fication, and a fair opportunity to rebut the government's factual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(assertions by presenting more persuasive evidence before a neutral) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(decisionmaker." \(J.A. at 182.\) To this end, the magistrate judge indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(cated it would "review the government's credible evidence in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(form of affidavits, such as the Mobbs Affidavit in the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( case,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(and then would review "any responsive rebuttal evidence in the form) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(of affidavits and documents" from al-Marri. \(J.A. at 182.\) The magis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.58 Tw
(trate judge also noted "[a]dditional guidance by the court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
3.76 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
3.59 Tw
(Because of this assignment by the district court, my discussion) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(focuses in large part upon the actions of the magistrate judge. ) Tj
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0 Tc
(121) Tj
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(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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q
BT
0 Tr
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
.71 Tw
0 Tc
(indicates that presumption in favor of the government may be appro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1 Tw
(priate and hearsay may need to be accepted." \(J.A. at 179.\) Thereaf-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(ter, however, the magistrate judge made no further use of the word) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
("presumption," and instead explained that "[i]f the petitioner is unable) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(to produce more persuasive evidence than that produced by the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.79 Tw
(ernment, the inquiry will end there." \(J.A. at 183.\) If, however, al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.82 Tw
(Marri put forth ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(more persuasive) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence than that produced by the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(government," something more akin to a "full-blown adversarial hear-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ing" would occur. \(J.A. at 183 \(emphasis added\).\) ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.59 Tw
(In describing the protections that might attend to such a hearing,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.6 Tw
(the magistrate judge noted, for instance, that objections under the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(Federal Rules of Evidence to material "gathered on the field of bat-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(tle," might be inappropriate but "might lie as to domestic evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(obtained by law enforcement in the course of the war on terror." \(J.A.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(at 184.\) After finding that the Government had indeed provided al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(Marri notice of the factual basis of his classification in the form of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(Rapp Declaration, the magistrate judge concluded the order by requir-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
(ing al-Marri to file "any rebuttal evidence within sixty days." \(J.A. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(184.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(After the district court withheld ruling on the magistrate judge's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(order until the procedures before the magistrate judge concluded, al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.99 Tw
(Marri filed a response to the magistrate judge's order, stating that,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(without being permitted to review the Rapp Declaration in full, he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(was unable to respond as required by the December 19, 2005 order.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(The magistrate judge agreed, and on April 5, 2006, the Government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(filed a declassified copy of the Rapp Declaration. On May 4, 2005,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(al-Marri filed his response, contending that "he is unable to disprove) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(the allegations contained in the Rapp declaration because he has been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(denied the opportunity to see the evidence upon which the allegations) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(are based." \(J.A. at 231.\) The response further stated that al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
("has denied" and "continues to deny" the Government's allegations.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(\(J.A. at 230-31.\) Al-Marri's response concluded by noting that "Peti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(tioner respectfully declines at this time the Court's invitation to prove) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(his own innocence, a burden that is unlawful, unconstitutional, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(un-American." \(J.A. at 231.\)) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.26 Tw
(The magistrate judge entered a Report and Recommendation on) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(May 8, recommending dismissal of al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.65 Tw
(2241 claim. It began) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(122) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
1.67 Tw
0 Tc
(by referencing its earlier order and summarizing the Rapp Declara-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.55 Tw
(tion, explaining that the "issue here is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(which is more persuasive) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.77 Tw
(the issue of whether the petitioner falls outside the enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(criteria, the government's credible evidence or the responsive rebuttal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(evidence which the petitioner wishes to present, with special attention) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.53 Tw
(to the `risk of erroneous deprivation.'" \(J.A. at 243 \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(added\).\) The magistrate judge proceeded to note al-Marri's statement) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(that he declined "at this time" to submit evidence and his attendant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.48 Tw
(failure to put forth anymore than a general denial of the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ment's allegations. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.81 Tw
(It summarized: "Al-Marri brought this action and has now refused) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(to participate in a meaningful way. As a result, there is nothing spe-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(cific before the court to dispute even the simplest of assertions which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(al-Marri could easily dispute, were they not accurate." \(J.A. at 244.\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.54 Tw
(For example, "Al-Marri present[ed] no information concerning his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(graduate studies and [did] not dispute or offer easily obtainable evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(dence to counter the assertion that by December 2001 he had rarely) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(attended classes and was in a failing status." \(J.A. at 244.\) The magis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(trate judge expressed frustration with al-Marri's failure to engage) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.86 Tw
("fact-finding procedures that are intended to be both prudent and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(incremental," \(J.A. at 248\), and recommended that al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.91 Tw
(2241) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.61 Tw
(petition "be dismissed," \(J.A. at 249.\) In so doing, the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(judge concluded that "it appears to the court that the Executive Decla-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(ration is more persuasive than Petitioner's general denial . . . and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.44 Tw
(there is no basis for concluding that an erroneous deprivation has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(occurred." \(J.A. at 248.\) ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
(Following a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(de ) Tj
(novo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( review, the district court adopted the magis-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(trate judge's Report "to the extent" it was consistent with the district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(court's order. \(J.A. at 355.\) In analyzing al-Marri's petition, the dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(trict court concluded that the framework created by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( applied,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(that it ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(would) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( entertain a presumption in favor of the Government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(evidence, and that once the Government put forth credible evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(the burden moved to al-Marri to "rebut that showing with more per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(suasive evidence." \(J.A. at 347 \(internal quotation marks omitted\).\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(The district court first discussed the Rapp Declaration and rejected al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(Marri's contention that, at the preliminary fact-finding stage, the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(ernment could not rely on a hearsay declaration; it determined that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.95 Tw
("hearsay may be used to satisfy the Government's burden of provid-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(123) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
.46 Tw
0 Tc
(ing an alleged enemy combatant with notice of the factual allegations) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.69 Tw
(against him." \(J.A. at 349.\) The Rapp Declaration was thus permissi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(ble "at the initial phase," \(J.A. at 349\) and the district court expressly) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(noted "[w]hether the Rapp Declaration would be admissible during) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.3 Tw
(the later phases of such a proceeding is not a question before the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Court today." \(J.A. at 351.\) ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.02 Tw
(The district court found that the Rapp Declaration "met [the Gov-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(ernment's] burden of providing a factual basis in support of [al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.7 Tw
(Marri's] classification and detention as an enemy combatant." \(J.A.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.38 Tw
(at 352.\) The district court, like the magistrate judge, then recounted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.67 Tw
(al-Marri's complete refusal to offer anything more than a general) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(denial. Finding that al-Marri's "stance . . . ignores his responsibility) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2 Tw
(to prosecute this habeas action," the district court then ordered the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(dismissal of al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(2241 petition. \(J.A. at 354.\) ) Tj
156.7272 -25.2 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.2 Td
.76 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court provided three avenues of guidance for lower) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.88 Tw
(courts when considering future enemy combatant cases. First, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(Court noted that due process requires that an "enemy combatant must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(receive notice of the factual basis for his classification, and a fair) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(opportunity to rebut the Government's factual assertions before a neu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(tral decisionmaker." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533. Second, the Court noted) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(that ") Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(2241 and its companion provisions provide at least a skeletal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(outline of the procedures to be afforded a petitioner in federal habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(review." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 525. Thus, "Congress envisioned that habeas petition-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(ers would have some opportunity to present and rebut facts and that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(courts in cases like this retain some ability to vary the ways in which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(they do so as mandated by due process." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 526. Finally, the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(explained that whatever process is to be utilized, it must be carried) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(out with "caution," and be "both prudent and incremental." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 539.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.44 Tw
(In this case, the magistrate judge, and later the district court,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.81 Tw
(attempted to follow those guiding principles. First, both the magis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.81 Tw
(trate judge and district court remained ever-cognizant of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(command that the enemy combatant be provided notice and an oppor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(tunity to be heard, structuring the proposed procedures around that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(command. I see nothing in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that forbids a sworn statement) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(like the Rapp Declarationfrom providing sufficient "notice" of the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(124) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
.45 Tw
0 Tc
(allegations against al-Marri. Moreover, as noted, the magistrate judge) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.32 Tw
(required the Government to provide al-Marri the declaration in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(response to his request. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.75 Tw
(With respect to the Supreme Court's guidance that the process) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.21 Tw
(resemble customary habeas review, the procedures the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.38 Tw
(judge proposed for handling the initial stage of the proceedings) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(which the district court later adopted in substantial partin many) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(ways mirrored traditional habeas practice under 28 U.S.C.A. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.33 Tw
(2254) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(and ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.88 Tw
(2255 by requiring both parties to put forth affidavits and other) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.25 Tw
(materials for an initial determination of which party's presentation) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(was more persuasive. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.93 Tw
(In this regard, the initial procedures adopted by the magistrate) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(judge also hewed to the common precept that "the habeas petitioner) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.62 Tw
(generally bears the burden of proof." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Garlotte v. Fordice) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 515 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.09 Tw
(39, 46 \(1995\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Vega v. U.S.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 493 F.3d 310, 319 \(3d Cir.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.52 Tw
(2007\) \(noting in adopting rule for sentencing credit cases under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.04 Tw
(2241 that "[a]s with any habeas petition, this test puts the initial bur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(den on the prisoner to show his right to relief"\). Again, this approach) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(appears consistent with the guidance provided in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, that ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.9 Tw
(2241) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(and its companion provisions may provide an outline for how to pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ceed in enemy combatant cases. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.64 Tw
(Finally, and most importantly, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( stressed the need for a "pru-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(dent" and "incremental" process. The magistrate judge proposed just) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(that, outlining an iterative process in which al-Marri failed to partici-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.31 Tw
(pate "in any meaningful way." \(J.A. at 244.\) Indeed, as the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(judge noted, al-Marri refused to deny allegations in the Rapp Declara-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(tion that were peculiarly within al-Marri's knowledge. He failed to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(dispute even the assertion that he was performing poorly in school.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.77 Tw
(It is simply beyond the pale for al-Marri to contend that he was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(unable, without further discovery from the Government, to put forth) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(evidence that he did or did not attend class. By failing to participate,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Al-Marri simply short-circuited the entire "incremental" process. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.98 Tw
(I am unwilling to criticize the lower courts for, in essence, failing) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(to be more creative. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Supreme Court case providing) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(any) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( guidance on habeas procedures in enemy combatant cases, so it) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(was only natural for the lower courts to start with ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s frame-) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(work. The magistrate judge was faced with al-Marri's position that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(only a criminal trial was adequatea position that overlooked the fact) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.31 Tw
(that, under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, once the detention question is answered in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(affirmative, it ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(a ) Tj
(fortiori) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( follows that a criminal trial is ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( required.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.04 Tw
(The magistrate judge reiterated its concern with al-Marri receiving a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.52 Tw
(factual basis for his classification and having the opportunity to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(respond before a neutral decisionmaker. The magistrate judge then set) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.25 Tw
(forth a proposed two-stage process similar to the normal procedures) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.66 Tw
(of a habeas action that would have, if fully implemented, given al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(Marri procedures far ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(beyond) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( those adopted in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, including dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(covery. But this process was not implemented fully precisely because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
(al-Marri refused to participate in the proceedings, proceedings that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(contemplated the active participation of al-Marrithe ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(habeas ) Tj
(peti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(tioner) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. Thus, it is because of al-Marri's own actions that we are here) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(today, unsure of how those procedures would have worked. Given) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(that the procedural posture of this case is a result of his own intransi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(gence, I would not reward al-Marri, the petitioner and the party with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the burden of prosecuting his habeas action, with a remand. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.51 Tw
(Judge Traxler, in contrast, believes the real problem is that the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(magistrate judge and district court engaged in a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(presumption) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in favor) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.61 Tw
(of the Government's evidence. Indeed, after recounting the detailed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(allegations of the Rapp Declaration, the district court "[a]fford[ed]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(this evidence a favorable presumption," \(J.A. at 352\), and found that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(the Government had met its initial burden, shifting the burden to al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(Marri to rebut the Government's factual case against him. This "pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(sumption" was nothing more than a finding that the Government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(evidence was sufficient to move to the next step in the "incremental") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(fact-finding processa process common to traditional habeas prac-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(tice and embraced by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as the recipe for future cases. Beyond) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(this initial stage, we simply do not know how the Government's evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(dence would have later been treated by the district court had al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(not declined to participate from the start. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.3 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
2.51 Tw
(In sum, I am certainly sympathetic to the concerns laid out by) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(Judge Traxler that American citizens and resident aliens apprehended) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(and detained on American soil have access to procedures to safeguard) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(their due process rights, and I would likely view this case quite differ-) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(ently if I believed that the magistrate judge had presumed al-Marri to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(be an enemy combatant from the start. I likewise find merit in Judge) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(Wilkinson's position that we not force the Government to release) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(information bearing on national security unnecessarily. I simply find) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(it unnecessary, in al-Marri's case, to try to strike this delicate balance.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(The magistrate judge suggested an "incremental" procedure that mir-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(rored traditional habeas actions and would have, had al-Marri simply) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(supplied "more persuasive" evidence in the form of affidavits and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(documents, ultimately provided al-Marri with process far beyond that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(required by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. In that context, al-Marri's total refusal to assist) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(the magistrate judge is inexcusable. Because al-Marri has "hoist[ed]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.62 Tw
([himself] with his own petar," William Shakespeare, Hamlet Act 2,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(sc. 2, I would not remand the case for further proceedings. ) Tj
154.8182 -25.3 Td
(III.) Tj
-142.8182 -25.3 Td
.89 Tw
(I would thus affirm the district court's denial of al-Marri's ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.89 Tw
(2241) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(petition.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(Judge Duncan has authorized me to indicate that she joins in this) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(opinion. ) Tj
0 -25.3 Td
2.8 Tw
(WILKINSON, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(part: ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.13 Tw
(I respectfully dissent from the reversal of the judgment. I agree that) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(we possess jurisdiction to entertain al-Marri's habeas petition. I also) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(believe the district court to be right in all respects and that its judg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(ment dismissing the petition should be affirmed. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(I wish to express my respect for those who see this matter differ-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(ently. I admire the skill with which my fine colleagues and the princi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(pal and amicus briefs have argued the case for reversal, and I respect) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(the sense of conviction and principle that animates their views. I real-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.32 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.21 Tw
(Although I, like Judges Wilkinson, Niemeyer, and Duncan, would) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(decide this case differently than the plurality \(Judges Michael, Motz,) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.93 Tw
(King, and Gregory\) and Judge Traxler, I want to express my deepest) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.22 Tw
(respect for their views. My colleagues' efforts in this case are to be com-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(mended. ) Tj
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(ize too that the opinions in this case are lengthy, but that reflects noth-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.41 Tw
(ing more than the conscientious attention each member of the court) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(has given this important case. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
1.81 Tw
(I quite disagree with the reversal of the judgment. I believe that) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.73 Tw
(Congress in the AUMF has authorized the military detention of al-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri and that al-Marri has received the process he is due.) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
.98 Tw
(I recognize that the military detention of someone lawfully in this) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.64 Tw
(country is a momentous step, but a refusal to recognize Congress's) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.77 Tw
(ability to authorize such a detention in these circumstances would be) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.03 Tw
(more momentous still. The present case reminds that we live in an age) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.63 Tw
(where thousands of human beings can be slaughtered by a single) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.37 Tw
(action and where large swaths of urban landscape can be leveled in) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.27 Tw
(an instant. If the past was a time of danger for this country, it remains) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.1 Tw
(no more than prologue for the threats the future holds. For courts to) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.9 Tw
(resist this political attempt to meet these rising dangers risks making) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(the judiciary the most dangerous branch. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
.56 Tw
(I say this not as an exhortation to panic or fear, but rather as a call) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
2.05 Tw
(for prudence. The advance and democratization of technology pro-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.15 Tw
(ceeds apace, and our legal system must show some recognition of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(these changing circumstances. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
( In other words, law must reflect the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.89 Tw
(actual nature of modern warfare. By placing so much emphasis on) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.46 Tw
(quaint and outmoded notions of enemy states and demarcated foreign) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.64 Tw
(battlefields, the plurality \(the opinion authored by Judge Motz\) and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.73 Tw
(concurrence \(the opinion authored by Judge Traxler\) misperceive the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.34 Tw
(nature of our present danger, and, in doing so, miss the opportunity) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.46 Tw
(presented by al-Marri's case to develop a framework for dealing with) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.15 Tw
(new dangers in our future. There is a way to respect both our commit-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.38 Tw
(ment to liberty and the need for security without which liberty cannot) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.5 Tw
(flourish. But it is not the way my fine colleagues have chosen, and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(I must respectfully dissent from the reversal of the judgment.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.5 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.15 Tw
(1) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.09 Tw
( Given the nature of the court's judgment in this case, the matter of) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
1.29 Tw
(how to designate my colleagues' views has proven somewhat difficult.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.21 Tw
(This is largely because the so-called ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Screws) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( rule, adopted by Judge Motz) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.02 Tw
(and those who join her opinion, has traditionally been invoked by a smal-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.47 Tw
(ler group of judges \(usually one or two\) joining the judgment of a larger) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(The essence of the plurality's view is that law deprives this country) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.84 Tw
(of those means of adjustment that the political branches deem essen-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.44 Tw
(tial to success in the struggle against those who launched and prepare) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.17 Tw
(again to launch attacks against America. I am happy indeed that the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(plurality did not prevail in its view that the AUMF fails to authorize) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.16 Tw
(the military detention at issue in this case. That the judiciary should) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.83 Tw
(embrace a sense of rigidity and complacency not elsewhere reflected) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
(in our democratic process seems both an expansion of judicial warrant) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
0 Tw
(and a course of error that may lead to tragic results and lasting regrets.) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.36 Tw
(By ignoring the AUMF's plain language and patent meaning, the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.53 Tw
(plurality comes all too close to holding that no person lawfully in the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(United States may be seized as an enemy combatant and subjected to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.56 Tw
(military detention, and certainly not subjected to detention of any) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.57 Tw
(appreciable length. That to me is the plain import of the plurality's) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.19 Tw
(view, and its interpretation of the AUMF not only undermines Con-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(gress's intent but also suggests that the "serious constitutional ques-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.42 Tw
(tions" underlying the case compel a ruling in al-Marri's favor. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 20. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
6 Tw
(Similarly, the concurrence, by forsaking the burden-shifting) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(scheme established in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and imposing more rigorous procedural) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.12 Tw
(protections at the very outset of enemy combatant proceedings,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.73 Tw
(implies that something more akin to a criminal trial is in order. In so) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.23 Tw
(doing, the concurrence accomplishes through constitutional interpre-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.26 Tw
(tation much of what the plurality attempts to accomplish through stat-) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.3 Td
.22 Tw
(number, rather than vice versa. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Screws v. United States) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 325 U.S. 91,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.63 Tw
(113 \(1945\) \(Rutledge, J., concurring in the result\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see also, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.07 Tw
(v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507, 553 \(2004\) \(Souter, J., with Ginsburg, J., con-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(curring in part, dissenting in part, and concurring in the judgment\)) Tj
(; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(US) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
(Airways, Inc. v. Barnett) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 535 U.S. 391, 408 \(2002\) \(O'Connor, J., con-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.66 Tw
(curring\); ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 527 U.S. 581, 607-08 \(1999\)) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.53 Tw
(\(Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment\). Despite) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.49 Tw
(the "reverse-) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Screws) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(" wrinkle of this case, I refer to the opinion authored) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.72 Tw
(by Judge Motz as the plurality because her opinion enjoys the largest) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.87 Tw
(number of judges in support of the ultimate judgment. Likewise, I refer) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(to the opinion authored by Judge Traxler as the concurrence, inasmuch) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.19 Tw
(as he has not joined the plurality. For the sake of clarity, I refer to the) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(other opinions filed in this case by the name of the author. ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(utory construction: an erosion of the elected branches' ability to) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(pursue the current conflict in accordance with the laws of war. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(The plurality and the concurrence thus both overlook the fact that) Tj
-12 -12 Td
.86 Tw
(our Constitution is a feat of architecture as well as a charter of cher-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1 Tw
(ished rights. To overlook the constitutional allocation of authority to) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.3 Tw
(Congress and the President in this case is to replace the Framers') Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(design with our own precarious arrangements. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.62 Tw
(Moreover, with their judgment, the plurality and the concurrence) Tj
-12 -12 Td
.41 Tw
(abandon any recognized understanding of procedural due process and) Tj
0 -12 Td
.56 Tw
(leave this case totally up in the air. The touchstone of procedural due) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.65 Tw
(process has always been accuracy. The plurality and concurrence,) Tj
0 -12 Td
.78 Tw
(however, now mandate the imposition of some uncertain quantum of) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.92 Tw
(procedures despite the fact that al-Marri, although represented by) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.41 Tw
(counsel and given every opportunity by the trial court to do so, did) Tj
0 -12 Td
.27 Tw
(not cast the slightest doubt on any of the government's extensive dec-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.93 Tw
(larations. Additional procedures may of course be required when the) Tj
0 -12 Td
.11 Tw
(accuracy of the government's evidence is called into question, and the) Tj
0 -12 Td
(burden on al-Marri in this regard is not high. Imposing additional pro-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.9 Tw
(cess at the outset, however, completely untethered from any need) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.59 Tw
(to ensure accuracy will lead to more graymail, more fishing expe-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.65 Tw
(ditions, and more thrashing litigiousness, all without any correspond-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.92 Tw
(ing benefit in terms of reliable determinations or practical effect.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.25 Tw
(Moreover, this novel procedural approach provides the district court) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(with precious little direction on remand. I simply have no idea what) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.92 Tw
(constitutes "the most reliable available evidence," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 8, nor do I) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.71 Tw
(know what procedures should be used to determine whether the gov-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.04 Tw
(ernment's evidence meets this standard. The district court will be sim-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(ilarly mystified. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
2.62 Tw
(The problem presented here is greater than al-Marri's case and) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.93 Tw
(even than 9/11. The sources of this nation's vulnerability its long) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.87 Tw
(borders, its multiple ports of entry, its densely-packed cities, the dis-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.25 Tw
(persions of lethal materials, the march of advancing technologies, and) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.67 Tw
(the widening distribution of knowledge as to the means and imple-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.84 Tw
(ments of mass destruction long predated September 11th and will) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(long continue even as the events of that day recede in memory. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.87 Tw
(Some of the scenarios are discounted as farfetched, until suddenly) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.22 Tw
(they are not. Nuclear devices capable of inflicting enormous casual-) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tc
(ties can now fit inside a suitcase or a van. Congress can and has made) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.65 Tw
(clear that the use of such a device by persons or groups associated) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(with the 9/11 attacks would be more akin to an act of war than to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.82 Tw
(ordinary crime. Regrettably, however, the plurality and, to a some-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(what lesser extent, the concurrence regard these acts quite differently) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
( as mere criminal offenses to be tried through the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.52 Tw
(process or something that will become increasingly its equivalent.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.38 Tw
(This reluctance to allow Congress to distinguish between war and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.8 Tw
(crime will hinder the elected branches in their effort to tame the true) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(tragedy of modern times: the indiscriminate slaughter of innocent life.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.05 Tw
(The events of 9/11 have afforded us an opportunity to address these) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(non-chimerical concerns and to build a framework for this most dan-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(gerous future. Congress in the AUMF and the Supreme Court in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( provided us with building blocks for a set of post-9/11 legal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.71 Tw
(principles. By forsaking the evident intent of the AUMF, and depart-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(ing from the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework, however, the plurality and concur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(rence have missed this opportunity. It is for this reason too that I) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dissent in this case. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(This need for some legal framework is not just an opportunity. It) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(is our obligation. The military detention of American citizens or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.47 Tw
(aliens lawfully within this country is a huge step. It is a mistake to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(take this step without asking where the journey leads. A failure to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(locate enemy combatant detentions within a general or principled) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.45 Tw
(framework will serve only to heighten concerns that open-ended) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(detentions of American citizens lie in the offing. A principled frame-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(work, by contrast, addresses the limits of executive authority. While) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(a minimalist method has much to commend it in many circumstances,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.79 Tw
(it has its drawbacks here. This is not an area where ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ad ) Tj
(hoc) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( adjudica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(tion provides either guidance or limits, and it leaves the most basic) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(values of our legal system liberty and security in limbo. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.45 Tw
(I thus have some points of difference with each of my good col-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(leagues. I do not agree with the plurality, as I believe the AUMF does) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(authorize al-Marri's detention. I do not agree with the concurrence or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(Judge Gregory, as I believe that al-Marri received the process he was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(due. I do not agree with the Chief Judge or Judge Niemeyer that we) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(can resolve a question of this order of magnitude namely the mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(tary detention of American citizens or lawful aliens in this country ) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(without addressing the serious constitutional issues that attend such) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.11 Tw
(a move. If I could approach this whole question in such a fashion, I) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.23 Tw
(would surely do so. But the Supreme Court's recent decision in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.8 Td
2.13 Tw
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___ \(2008\), demonstrates that even) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.96 Tw
(coordinated action by the democratic branches is subject to constitu-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(tional limits. Indeed, the scope of the executive's detention authority) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.7 Tw
(turns not only on "whether the AUMF authorizes," but also on) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(whether "the Constitution permits," military detention to take place.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 59. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.59 Tw
(The danger of ignoring this constitutional inquiry is that we would) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(proceed through increments and accretions to a system that features) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.05 Tw
(contradictory court rulings on military detentions throughout our land,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.7 Tw
(gives no notice to Congress or the executive as to what the permissi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.31 Tw
(ble boundaries of enemy combatant detentions might be, and, at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(worst, ends up inflicting grave damage to the constitutional fabric at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.09 Tw
(the end that none of us intended at the start. Far better, it seems to me,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.71 Tw
(to at least start this journey with a map, lest this case of first impres-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(sion become an aimless voyage. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
3.7 Tw
(The plurality derides this attempt to delineate a constitutional) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.83 Tw
(framework as a policy-based exercise in "inventi[on]." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 8; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.9 Tw
(also ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 20-21 n.9, 43-44. But the policymaking in this case) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(comes from those who would aggressively interfere with democratic) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.76 Tw
(prerogatives in the context of armed struggles, not from those who) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.11 Tw
(would interpret our foundational document with a proper respect for) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.64 Tw
(separation of powers and a proper demonstration of judicial restraint.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(The policymaking in this case comes from those who would so torture) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.5 Tw
(the text of the AUMF as to render it inapplicable even to al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.4 Tw
(members situated identically to those who perpetrated the 9/11) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.81 Tw
(attacks. I certainly do not hold the position reflected in the judgment) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(that courts should counteract Congress's plain intention or construct) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.14 Tw
(some set of unspecified procedures according to judicial designs. At) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.77 Tw
(the same time, the judiciary plays a vital role in ensuring that enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.42 Tw
(combatant detentions are consistent with the constitutionally pre-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(scribed war powers and not a subterfuge for circumventing our cher-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.34 Tw
(ished Bill of Rights. I make no apologies for regarding the restraint) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.42 Tw
(of the third branch as the starting point for all my inquiries in matters) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(pertaining to the conduct of war. I make no apologies either for recog-) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(132) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(nizing that there are constitutional limits on the military detention) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(power and for trying to determine what they are. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.89 Tw
(I shall thus attempt to provide some framework as to why al-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.71 Tw
(Marri's detention is lawful and why, at the same time, the military) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(detention authority is anything but open-ended. My own opinion pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(ceeds as follows. In Section I, I discuss why the AUMF applies on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(its own terms to justify al-Marri's detention. In Section II, I address) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.95 Tw
(the basic premise of al-Marri's argument that formal criminal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.98 Tw
(charges are required in order for the government to detain him. In) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.13 Tw
(Section III, I address the serious constitutional questions that arise) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(from, as well as the limits that apply to, the military detention of a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(citizen or lawful alien apprehended on American soil. In Section IV,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.57 Tw
(I address my concurring colleague's argument that the procedures) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(afforded al-Marri were constitutionally deficient.) Tj
( Finally, in Section) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
(V, I discuss, in a larger sense, why the dismissal of al-Marri's petition) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(can be squared with America's cherished legal heritage. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.37 Tw
(To reverse this judgment because al-Marri was not captured on a) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(foreign battlefield or foreign soil is akin to a judicial declaration that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.14 Tw
(Congress and the executive may fight only the last war. This is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(wrong. Access to the courts is important, and I would certainly pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(vide it here. But litigation is not the only friend of liberty. Democracy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(is a guarantor of human life and freedom, too. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.64 Tw
(I thus have no doubt that this detention is lawful. This detention) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(has been authorized by Congress. This detention is, and remains, sub-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.34 Tw
(ject to judicial oversight. This detention is a direct outgrowth and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(response to massive attacks on the U.S. homeland. This detention is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(consistent with Supreme Court precedent. This detention is in accor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dance with the laws of war. And this detention should be sustained.) Tj
/F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
8.0835 -25.2 Td
(I.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(THE AUMF AUTHORIZES THE DETENTION OF AL-) Tj
132.3597 -12.4 Td
(MARRI.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-128.4432 -25.2 Td
.15 Tw
(On September 18, 2001, one week after the most devastating attack) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(on the U.S. homeland in its history, Congress passed the Authoriza-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(tion for Use of Military Force \("AUMF"\). The plurality recognizes ) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(as it must that the AUMF authorizes the President to order the mil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(itary detention of enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23-24 \(Motz, J., con-) Tj
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(133) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(curring in the judgment\). The plurality also notes that the primary) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.19 Tw
(issue before us in this case is whether the petitioner, Ali Saleh Kahlah) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.41 Tw
(al-Marri, is an enemy combatant within the meaning of the AUMF.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 12-13. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.08 Tw
(Despite spending much of its opinion interpreting the AUMF, how-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.53 Tw
(ever, the plurality barely discusses the AUMF's purpose, so plainly) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(reflected in its text: to hold those responsible for the September 11th) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.17 Tw
(attacks accountable, and to prevent similar acts of terrorism from ever) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.39 Tw
(happening again. This omission is telling. By failing to appreciate the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.03 Tw
(entire reason for the AUMF, the plurality is able to produce an incred-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.24 Tw
(ible result: it interprets the AUMF so that even the 9/11 attackers) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(themselves would not be considered enemy combatants under it. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.94 Tw
(The plurality's conclusion is a paradox without parallel. A resolu-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.38 Tw
(tion designed to address a problem is read to leave the problem unad-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.85 Tw
(dressed. The reach of a resolution responding to hijacked domestic) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.23 Tw
(flights aimed at domestic targets and designed to inflict massive) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.23 Tw
(domestic casualties is confined to a foreign battlefield. In holding that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(the 9/11 hijackers would not be enemy combatants within the mean-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.34 Tw
(ing of the foremost congressional response to 9/11, the plurality) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.14 Tw
(denies the legislative branch the ability to mean what it says. It) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(deprives not only this congressional action of effect, but, in essence,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.52 Tw
(grants the judiciary an expanding veto over future congressional) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(efforts to protect this country. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.54 Tw
(To appreciate fully the error of the plurality's ways, one need con-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.37 Tw
(sider nothing more than the AUMF itself, which, in the more than six) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.08 Tw
(years since its passage, has never been amended, much less rescinded:) Tj
22 -25.8 Td
.26 Tw
([T]he President is authorized to use all necessary and appro-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.07 Tw
(priate force against those nations, organizations, or persons) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.02 Tw
(he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.57 Tw
(terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.1 Tw
(harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.9 Tw
(any future acts of international terrorism against the United) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(States by such nations, organizations or persons.) Tj
-22 -25.8 Td
(AUMF, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 \(2001\). ) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(The AUMF grants the President broad power: the power to use ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(all) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12 Td
1.29 Tw
(necessary and appropriate force" to prevent ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(any) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" future acts of ter-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.46 Tw
(rorism by those who perpetrated the September 11th attacks and their) Tj
0 -12 Td
.04 Tw
(affiliates. The President's power is not limited temporally: he may use) Tj
0 -12 Td
.75 Tw
(force against those who "planned" 9/11 as well as those who prepare) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.34 Tw
("future" acts of terrorism. Nor is the President's power limited geo-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.54 Tw
(graphically: the preamble of the AUMF specifically directs the Presi-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.74 Tw
(dent "to protect United States citizens ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(both ) Tj
(at ) Tj
(home ) Tj
(and ) Tj
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12 Td
2.01 Tw
(\(emphasis added\). Finally, recognizing the new security risks pres-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.22 Tw
(ented by global terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, and global) Tj
0 -12 Td
.71 Tw
(terrorists, such as Osama bin Laden, the AUMF authorizes the Presi-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.77 Tw
(dent to use force against not only the "nations," but also the "organi-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.85 Tw
(zations" and "persons," that were responsible for the September 11th) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(attacks. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(Al-Marri does not so much as dispute the allegations against him,) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.3 Tw
(which we are obliged therefore to credit for purposes of this case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.15 Tw
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 6, 12. According to the Rapp Declaration, in which the gov-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.32 Tw
(ernment details the evidence supporting the detention of al-Marri as) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.96 Tw
(an enemy combatant, al-Marri was closely associated with al Qaeda,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.68 Tw
(the terrorist organization that perpetrated the September 11th attacks.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.75 Tw
(Al-Marri attended an al Qaeda terrorist training camp in Afghanistan) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.48 Tw
(for fifteen to nineteen months, and subsequently cultivated relation-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.79 Tw
(ships with the most senior members of the al Qaeda organization: he) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.2 Tw
(met personally with Osama bin Laden and volunteered to martyr him-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.86 Tw
(self for the al Qaeda cause; he entered the United States as a sleeper) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.07 Tw
(agent under the direction of Khalid Shaykh Muhammed, the master-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.02 Tw
(mind of the 9/11 attacks; and he received substantial funding for his) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.61 Tw
(mission from Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, the financial facilitator of) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(9/11. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 11. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.5 Tw
(And that is not all. Al-Marri was actively planning terrorist attacks) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.63 Tw
(at the time of his arrest in the United States. Before he was appre-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.61 Tw
(hended, al-Marri had been gathering technical information about poi-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.48 Tw
(sonous chemicals on his laptop, and was in communication with both) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.21 Tw
(Muhammed and al-Hawsawi. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Moreover, he had undertaken efforts) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.65 Tw
(to obtain false identification, credit cards, and banking information,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(including stolen credit card numbers. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -24.7 Td
.01 Tw
(It should be clear that al-Marri is the paradigm of an enemy comba-) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.85 Tw
(tant under any reasonable interpretation of the AUMF. When Con-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(135) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(gress directed the President to "use all necessary" force including) Tj
0 -12 Td
.8 Tw
(the power of military detention "to prevent any future" attacks by) Tj
0 -12 Td
.74 Tw
(those "organizations" responsible for 9/11, it must certainly have tar-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.28 Tw
(geted al Qaeda "sleeper agents" planning similar attacks in the United) Tj
0 -12 Td
.56 Tw
(States. To say that Congress did not have persons such as al-Marri in) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(mind is to say that Congress had very little in mind at all. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.9 Tw
(In what I suppose is intended as a criticism, the plurality says I) Tj
-12 -12 Td
.8 Tw
(would give full effect to the "broad language" of the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(48. But of course. Judges take and treat with respect what Congress) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.38 Tw
(gives them. I do not pretend that there are not hard cases under the) Tj
0 -12 Td
.35 Tw
(AUMF: for example, if the President were to detain an alleged terror-) Tj
0 -12 Td
.32 Tw
(ist with more tenuous links to al Qaeda or more ambiguous intentions) Tj
0 -12 Td
.59 Tw
(than al-Marri has. There are indeed difficult questions as to the reach) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.45 Tw
(of the authority Congress has conferred upon the President. But the) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.66 Tw
(possibility of hard cases does not hide the fact that this case fits) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.71 Tw
(squarely within the bounds of the AUMF. Al-Marri was indisputably) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.34 Tw
(a member of al Qaeda, and he was indisputably planning terrorist) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.11 Tw
(attacks to kill American citizens and destroy American property. If al-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(Marri is not an "enemy combatant" under the AUMF, then who is?) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.68 Tw
(The plurality's view also rests on four faulty premises. First, the) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
2.41 Tw
(plurality erroneously asserts that al-Marri cannot be considered an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.8 Tw
(enemy combatant because the government has "never alleged that he) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.66 Tw
(is a member of any ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(nation's) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( military [or] has fought alongside any) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(nation's) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( armed forces." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 6 \(emphasis added\). The plurality) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.98 Tw
(bases this "nation" affiliation requirement on a misguided reading of) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.18 Tw
(the Supreme Court's opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.6 Tw
(\(2004\) \(plurality op.\), and our circuit's opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
4.03 Tw
(423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\), which relied heavily on ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.03 Tw
(According to the plurality, a relationship with the Taliban, "the de) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.53 Tw
(facto government of Afghanistan at the time," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23, was critical) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.52 Tw
(to each court's ultimate holding that the petitioner could be classified) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.93 Tw
(as an enemy combatant. Thus, the plurality contends, absent such an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(affiliation with an enemy nation, an individual cannot qualify as an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.61 Tw
(enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 25-26, 27 \(asserting that enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.77 Tw
(status rests on an individual's "affiliation with the military arm of an) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy nation"\). ) Tj
12 -24.7 Td
.15 Tw
(The plurality's "nation" affiliation requirement finds no basis in the) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.96 Tw
(text of the AUMF, misreads the opinions in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(136) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(fails to recognize the backdrop against which the AUMF was passed.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.66 Tw
(As noted earlier, the AUMF states quite explicitly that "the President) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.91 Tw
(is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.93 Tw
(nations, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(organizations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(or ) Tj
(persons) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" responsible for the September 11) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(attacks. AUMF, 115 Stat. 224 \(emphasis added\). Thus, the plurality's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.24 Tw
(notion that enemy combatants under the AUMF must be affiliated) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(with a "nation" at war with the United States flatly contradicts the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(AUMF's text. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.44 Tw
(Furthermore, the plurality erroneously limits the scope of the hold-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.05 Tw
(ings in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and therefore ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. According to the plurality,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.74 Tw
(under these two cases, "affiliation with the military arm of an enemy) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(nation) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(" is a necessary condition for being labeled an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(tant under the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 26 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.3 Tw
(Of course, the petitioners in both ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were at one) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(time affiliated with Taliban units in Afghanistan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23, 24.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(However, neither the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court nor the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( court made this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(fact the lynchpin of its decision. For instance, in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.97 Tw
(Court made very clear that its decision only answered "the narrow) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(question" of whether the detainee, based on the facts alleged, could) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(be classified as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516. The) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(Court never indicated that those facts circumscribed the outer bounds) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(of the enemy combatant category. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 517. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.63 Tw
(In fact, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( specifically noted that the "permissible bounds of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(the [enemy combatant] category will be defined by the lower courts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(as subsequent cases are presented to them." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 522 n.1. If the facts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(alleged in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were, as the plurality suggests, binding require-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(ments for enemy combatant status, then the Court's observation and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(directive to lower courts would have been unnecessary. Thus, any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(claim that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( sets forth the exclusive requirements of the enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(combatant category has a problem: it cannot be reconciled with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Court's own statements. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.15 Tw
(Finally, the plurality's "nation" affiliation requirement ignores the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(context in which Congress passed the AUMF. When interpreting leg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(islation that authorizes the use of force against both "nations" and "or-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(ganizations," I struggle to find any meaningful distinction between) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(affiliating with a so-called "de facto government," like the Taliban,) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(137) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(and affiliating with a terrorist organization like al Qaeda. This is par-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(ticularly true given the fact that, in many ways, it is impossible to dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(tinguish al Qaeda from a "de facto government":) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
1.43 Tw
([It] has a standing army; it has a treasury and a consistent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.45 Tw
(source of revenue; it has a permanent civil service; it has an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.9 Tw
(intelligence collection and analysis cadre; it even runs a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(rudimentary welfare program for its fighters, and their rela-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.8 Tw
(tives and associates. It has a recognizable hierarchy of offi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.57 Tw
(cials; it makes alliances with other states; it promulgates) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(laws, which it enforces ruthlessly; it declares wars.) Tj
-22 -25.2 Td
(Philip Bobbit, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Shield of Achilles) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 820 \(2002\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.49 Tw
(The second faulty premise of the plurality is the erroneous claim) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(that al-Marri does not qualify as an enemy combatant because he was) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.19 Tw
(not allegedly "seized on, near, or having escaped from a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(battlefield) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(which the armed forces of the United States or its allies were engaged) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.53 Tw
(in combat." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 11 \(emphasis added\). This purported "battlefield") Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.46 Tw
(requirement is also based on the plurality's mistaken interpretation of) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 23 \(noting that Hamdi was captured) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(on a battlefield\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 24-25 \(noting that Padilla had been on a battle-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(field\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.39 Tw
(Although I will discuss the relevance of the battlefield in more) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(detail later, it suffices for now to say that the plurality's "battlefield") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(requirement also does not comport with the text of the AUMF, rele-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(vant case law) Tj
(, or the context in which the AUMF was enacted. It is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(every bit as much a gloss on the AUMF as the "nation" affiliation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(requirement is and every bit as misplaced. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.03 Tw
(To begin, the text of the AUMF is in no way restricted to those per-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(sons who have fought or seen action on a foreign battlefield. As men-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(tioned earlier, the AUMF contains no such location limitation and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.71 Tw
(specifically states that its animating purpose is to "protect United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.73 Tw
(States citizens both at ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(home) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(abroad) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." AUMF, 115 Stat. 224.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(While the plurality attempts to support its conclusion that the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(was not meant to operate "right here in the United States" with state-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(ments made by members of Congress more than four years after the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.77 Tw
(passage of the AUMF, see ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 40, I would hope the judicial) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(138) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 Tc
(branch would respectfully bypass post-hoc commentary by distin-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(guished members of the legislative branch intended either to expand) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(or restrict or otherwise reinterpret what Congress plainly expressed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(and just as plainly stands by. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.66 Tw
(Next, although Hamdi and Padilla had seen action on a battlefield,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.23 Tw
(such a factor represents a potentially sufficient condition, not a neces-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(sary one, for qualifying as an enemy combatant under those cases. An) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(absolute requirement that someone must have been on a battlefield in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(order to receive enemy combatant status would run headlong into ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1 \(1942\). In that case, the Nazi saboteurs were) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(not captured on or near a battlefield, but rather in the United States,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.48 Tw
(after surreptitiously entering "from enemy territory into our own." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.57 Tw
(at 35. The Court held that even though they had not "entered the the-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.36 Tw
(atre or zone of active military operations," i.e. the battlefield, the sab-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(oteurs were properly detained as enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 38. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.13 Tw
(Finally, the notion that enemy combatants can only be found on the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(battlefield is completely antithetical to Congress's purpose for passing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(the AUMF. The September 11th hijackers targeted civilians on Amer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(ican soil, not a foreign battlefield. The thousands slaughtered in the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(Twin Towers, the Pentagon, and aboard United Flight 93 were not on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(any battlefield. To condition the enemy combatant category on battle-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(field participation is simply wrong. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.93 Tw
(Third, the plurality appears to be influenced by the fact that the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.68 Tw
(length of the current struggle "has no bounds" and thus the current) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(detention may be an "indefinite" one. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 62. I do appreciate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.4 Tw
(the plurality's concern in this regard. No formal armistice with al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(Qaeda or its offshoots is in the offing, and while 9/11 marked the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(beginning of widespread awareness that we were at war, no similarly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(defining event is likely to mark the end. But as much as I respect the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(plurality's concern on this point, I cannot ultimately accept it, because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(it is tantamount to an assertion that Congress should have repealed the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(AUMF or limited its duration, which Congress has not done. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(There is in fact nothing in the text of the AUMF that limits the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(duration of its operational force it applies both retrospectively to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(bring those responsible for 9/11 to justice and prospectively to pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(vent future attacks. And as noted, Congress has not repealed the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(139) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tc
(AUMF or modified its language in any way. I am not prepared to sec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(ond guess its judgment. There is evidence that al Qaeda, which has) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(announced an intent to launch further attacks upon America, is not a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.08 Tw
(degraded force but a reconstituted one, operating, among other places,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.63 Tw
(in the Waziristan regions of northwest Pakistan. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Scott) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.4 Tw
(Shane, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Same People, Same Threat) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, N.Y. Times, July 18, 2007, at A1.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(Whatever the case may be, it is surely within the ambit of constitu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(tional judgment for Congress to conclude that the AUMF should con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(tinue in effect and that an ongoing threat must be met with an ongoing) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(resolution. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.82 Tw
(Until the AUMF undergoes some change from the body that) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(enacted it, the courts must honor its express intent. To approach this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.63 Tw
(war on terror otherwise would allow separation of powers in this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.74 Tw
(long-protracted struggle to fall victim to a short judicial attention) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(span. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(The plurality's fourth faulty assumption is that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2 \(1866\), precludes a determination that al-Marri is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(an enemy combatant under the AUMF. The plurality contends that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.31 Tw
(Milligan's conduct "mirror[s] the Government's allegations against) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.44 Tw
(al-Marri." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 37. But this overlooks the basic difference between) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(the two cases: Congress ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(never) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorized the use of military force) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(against the Sons of Liberty, Milligan's organization, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(U.S. at 6, but Congress ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(has) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorized the use of force against al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(Qaeda, al-Marri's organization, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( AUMF, 115 Stat. 224. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(constitutional force is felt only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has been determined the indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(vidual may not be classified as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(U.S. at 45. Because al-Marri plainly qualifies as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(under the AUMF, the principles of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( do not preclude detention) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(here. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.13 Tw
(Similarly, al-Marri argues that the Patriot Act's detention provi-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.52 Tw
(sions supersede, and therefore abrogate, the President's authority) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(under the AUMF to detain enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Brief of Appellants) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(at 14-15. The plurality wisely rejects this contention, recognizing that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
("the Patriot Act does not eliminate the statutory authority provided) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(the President in the AUMF to detain individuals who fit within the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(legal category of enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 42 \(internal quotation) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(marks omitted\). ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(140) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tc
(Al-Marri's argument properly fails because the AUMF and Patriot) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.86 Tw
(Act have different spheres of operation. While the AUMF represents) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.92 Tw
(a specific response to the 9/11 attacks, authorizing military force) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(against those responsible for the attacks, the Patriot Act has a differ-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.8 Tw
(ent point of emphasis: providing law enforcement with additional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(tools and tactics such as an increased ability to access records, reg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(ulate financial transactions, and perform surveillance designed to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(prevent terrorism generally, regardless of whether the suspect was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(associated with 9/11. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 \(2001\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(Thus, to the extent that there is even a hint of potential conflict, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(AUMF undoubtedly controls in the present situation as it alone spe-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(cifically addresses military detention in response to the 9/11 attacks.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(Therefore, like ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the provisions of the Patriot Act are relevant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has been determined an individual does not constitute an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant not before. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(The particular errors in applying the AUMF lead to one transcen-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(dent flaw. By failing to give proper effect to the AUMF, the plurality) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(has simply assumed the authority belonging to the legislative branch.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.78 Tw
(The plurality states that Congress has not issued the "particularly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.69 Tw
(clear statement . . . necessary to authorize" al-Marri's detention, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(at 39, but Congress has expressed its intentions quite plainly and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(emphatically, and to require more is to simply move the goal posts on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.12 Tw
(the legislature. Courts cannot, under the guise of interpretation,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(require Congress to do what Congress has already done. To do other-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(wise vitiates the long accepted approach of Justice Jackson in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngs-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(town Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. 579 \(1952\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Samuel) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(Issacharoff & Richard H. Pildes, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Between Civil Libertarianism and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(Executive Unilateralism: An Institutional Process Approach to Rights) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(During Wartime) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 5 Theoretical Inquiries L. 1, 5-6 \(2004\) \(explaining) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(that the Court has long followed the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( approach when) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(faced with questions concerning the scope of the executive's wartime) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(authority\); Cass R. Sunstein, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Minimalism at War) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 2004 Sup. Ct. Rev.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(47, 83 \(same\). Under that rubric, the legality of executive action is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(fortified by congressional approval: "[w]hen the President acts pursu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(ant to an express or implied authorization of Congress, his authority) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(is at its maximum," while, conversely, the President's power is at its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.43 Tw
("lowest ebb" when he "takes measures incompatible with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(expressed or implied will of Congress." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 343 U.S. at 635-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(37 \(Jackson, J., concurring\). ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(141) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 Tc
(With its decision in this case, the plurality, in the guise of interpret-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.75 Tw
(ing the AUMF, has stood the Jackson approach on its head. In doing) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(so, it has ushered in a novel constitutional arrangement: now, rather) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(than the judiciary respecting the lead of the elected branches in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.73 Tw
(most consequential of all democratic decisions those of life and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.05 Tw
(death during periods of war the elected branches are told they must) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(once more take steps they have already taken to protect the nation. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(One searches ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( for the slightest hint of imprimatur for) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.63 Tw
(this new arrangement but it is nowhere to be found. In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngs-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.43 Tw
(town) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court declared President Truman's seizure of the nation's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(steel mills unconstitutional, despite the President's contention that the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(seizure was a necessary wartime measure. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 583 \(Opinion of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(Court\). While this demonstrates that the judiciary has a role, even) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(during wartime, in making sure that the executive does not exceed its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(authority, one must not forget the force behind the Supreme Court's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.83 Tw
(decision: the fact that, as even President Truman "conceded," his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(actions were not taken pursuant to a "congressional authorization.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.17 Tw
(at 638 \(Jackson, J., concurring\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 585 \(Opinion of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.25 Tw
(Court\) \("Indeed, we do not understand the Government to rely on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.31 Tw
(statutory authorization for [the] seizure."\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( has thus) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(always stood for the proposition that the judiciary serves as an impor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(tant check on the executive's power when it acts without legislative) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(approval. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.98 Tw
(What was absent when President Truman seized the nation's steel) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.37 Tw
(mills) Tj
( is present here: clear and explicit legislative approval of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(executive's actions. By ignoring the plain text of the AUMF, the plu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(rality ignores the teachings of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and negates the synchro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(nized action of the President and Congress. It does this despite the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(fact that "it is difficult to conceive of an area of governmental activity) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(in which the courts have less competence" than military affairs. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Gilli-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(gan v. Morgan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 413 U.S. 1, 10 \(1973\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Benjamin Wittes, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Law) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(and the Long War) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 103-04 \(2008\) \(noting that "the judiciary's capacity) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(to design the kind of creative policies America needs in this conflict) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.91 Tw
(is exceptionally limited"\); Mark Tushnet, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Controlling Executive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(Power in the War on Terrorism) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2673, 2679 \(2005\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(\(arguing that federal courts lack the capabilities necessary to deter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(mine "whether some particular response to a threat to national secur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(ity imposes unjustifiable restrictions on individual liberty or is an) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(142) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(detained by military authorities without a criminal charge, al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(claims that he is entitled to processes that are part and parcel of a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(criminal prosecution, such as the right to discovery and "the right to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.45 Tw
(confront and cross-examine witnesses in an evidentiary hearing.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.53 Tw
(Brief of Appellants) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 11; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.53 Tw
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(also ) Tj
(Reply Brief of Appellants) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 31-32;) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.26 Tw
(Brief for Professors of Evidence and Procedure as Amici Curiae Sup-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.09 Tw
(porting Appellants) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 12-26 \(asserting that the Federal Rules of Evi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.74 Tw
(dence and the Due Process Clause render the Rapp Declaration) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(inadmissible\). These processes far exceed those suggested by the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.26 Tw
(Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533-34 \(noting that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.05 Tw
(in "enemy-combatant proceedings," hearsay "may need to be accepted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(as the most reliable available evidence from the Government" and a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
("burden-shifting scheme" that includes a rebuttable "presumption in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(favor of the Government's evidence" may be warranted\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(Based on these various assertions, the only reasonable inference I) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.64 Tw
(can draw is that the plurality, as well as petitioner and his amici sup-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.43 Tw
(porters, endorse a ringing preference for the criminal justice system) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.3 Tw
(to the exclusion of any other option for dealing with suspected al) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(Qaeda associates apprehended on American soil. By defining the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(scope of the AUMF and the enemy combatant category so narrowly,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(it is hard to find anything other than a desire by the plurality to estab-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(lish a requirement of criminal prosecution in almost every case.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.65 Tw
(While I would be the first to agree that the criminal justice system) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(retains an important place in our constitutional system when handling) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(the terrorist threat, the notion that it is the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( manner of dealing with) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.7 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.85 Tw
(2) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.81 Tw
(In his concurrence, Judge Gregory expresses a similar preference for) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
1.88 Tw
(criminal prosecution. He suggests that because the executive ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(chose) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( to) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.15 Tw
(criminally prosecute several individuals who might potentially have been) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(detained under the AUMF e.g., Moussaoui, Padilla, and Abu Ali ) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.24 Tw
(it ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(must) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( provide al-Marri with procedures that at least resemble a criminal) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.98 Tw
(trial. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 104-106, 110 n.5. This argument, of course, overlooks the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.87 Tw
(executive's discretion to choose between criminal prosecution and mili-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(tary detention in those instances where Congress has deemed the latter) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.62 Tw
(appropriate. The fact that the executive has judiciously chosen to forego) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(using its detention power under the AUMF in some cases where it is) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.97 Tw
(available does not deprive it of the power in other instances where it is) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
3.38 Tw
(necessary. The question before the courts in either circumstance is) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(whether the executive action is a lawful one. ) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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0 -8 Td
1.98 Tw
0 Tc
(such threats, or is constitutionally compelled in all cases involving) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.32 Tw
(apprehensions on American soil, is simply wrong. The democratic) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.32 Tw
(branches cannot be compelled to wage a struggle with so many of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.26 Tw
(attributes of war through the exclusive medium of the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.5 Tw
(system. Nothing in our constitution requires the elected branches to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.43 Tw
(treat terrorism invariably as a criminal offense rather than as an act) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.72 Tw
(of belligerency. Indeed, such a constitutional approach would burden) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.59 Tw
(the Congress and the Executive to a greater extent than the war pow-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
(ers will allow. As discussed below, the prosecution of terrorists asso-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.11 Tw
(ciated with organizations such as al Qaeda often presents intractable) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.61 Tw
(evidentiary and logistical difficulties. These difficulties underscore) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.44 Tw
(the fact that the judiciary has no right in the name of constitutional) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.65 Tw
(law to compel criminal prosecution of terrorist suspects in all) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.38 Tw
(instances. By forcing a particular approach over the wishes of Con-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(gress as expressed in the AUMF, the plurality undercuts the role of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.92 Tw
(the legislative branch in allocating to the executive options to deal) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(with the most dangerous al Qaeda members in our midst. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.7 Tw
(One wishes in vain for the plurality to evince some glint of recog-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.6 Tw
(nition that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(two) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( models exist to manage the threat presented by sus-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
(pected terrorists: prosecuting them through the criminal justice system) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.86 Tw
(or detaining them as enemy combatants. Neither approach alone will) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
5.08 Tw
(achieve the appropriate balance between individual liberty and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(national security. As such, judicial directives that the AUMF or the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(Constitution itself mandate reliance on the single model of criminal) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.24 Tw
(prosecution in all cases involving terrorism suspects is neither satis-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.04 Tw
(factory nor tenable. Indeed, by formally routing all terrorist suspects) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(apprehended in this country through the criminal justice system, the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(plurality has succeeded in impairing the warmaking powers of Article) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.3 Tw
(I and Article II. The warmaking powers conferred upon Congress and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(the Executive must likewise confer latitude in prosecuting or detain-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(ing those who wage war; else they are empty grants, bestowing the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(power without its necessary incidents. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518.) Tj
156.411 -25.9 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.9 Td
1.05 Tw
(I respect the aspiration that criminal prosecutions be the preferred) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.47 Tw
(way of addressing every threat that awaits the nation. But, as the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.55 Tw
(Court and constitutional tradition have long recognized, this is not an) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(145) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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.47 Tw
0 Tc
(ideal world, and not every threat to community safety can be handled) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(by the criminal justice system. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.42 Tw
(The Framers attached profound importance to just criminal trials,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(and the Bill of Rights reflects their commitment. The Fourth, Fifth,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(Sixth, and Eighth Amendments grant all persons a number of protec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(tions against the coercive power of the government in the context of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.76 Tw
(a criminal investigation and prosecution. The importance of these) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(constitutional guarantees is consistent with a preference for using the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(criminal justice system to try and punish suspects. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(This preference, however, is by no means absolute: the Constitu-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.99 Tw
(tion has never laid down a "categorical imperative" that the criminal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(justice system be the sole mode of apprehending suspected wrongdo-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(ers. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(United States v. Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 481 U.S. 739, 748 \(1987\)) Tj
(. For instance,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(pragmatic concerns of "community safety" may, in some circum-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(stances, allow the executive to deprive an individual of liberty with-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(out a traditional criminal proceeding. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( As the plurality properly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(recognizes, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 15-16, this is true in contexts as diverse as the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(detention of dangerous suspects before a criminal trial, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(481 U.S. at 755 \(adults\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Schall v. Martin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 467 U.S. 253 \(1984\) \(juve-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.69 Tw
(niles\); the civil commitment of the mentally ill, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Addington v.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(Texas) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 441 U.S. 418 \(1979\); and the confinement of recidivist sex) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(offenders unable to control their behavior, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Kansas v. Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(521 U.S. 346 \(1997\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.7 Tw
(As the plurality acknowledges, each of the cases noted above con-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.43 Tw
(stitutionally allows "detention based on process less than that atten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.67 Tw
(dant to a criminal conviction." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 15. Although the plurality) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(mentions these examples, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, it fails to recognize their import. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(all of these cases, the Supreme Court acknowledged two key facts:) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(first, a failure to act may leave unaddressed a serious threat to com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(munity safety and, second, special circumstances present significant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(barriers to criminal prosecution. As a result, the Court has consis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(tently held that, in certain limited situations, the executive may use) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.8 Tw
(alternatives such as military detention to formal criminal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(charges so long as it does so pursuant to a proper legislative authori-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(zation. The plurality acknowledges this point, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 16 & n.6 \(citing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(cases\), but, at the same time, refuses to recognize that the AUMF is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(just such an authorization. By denying Congress's clear intent in this) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(146) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(manner, the plurality essentially mandates that the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.2 Tw
(system is the only tool for pursuing a struggle that, in Congress's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(view, bears many of the salient characteristics of a modern war. This) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(simply cannot be the case. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.55 Tw
(Indeed, the Court's recognition of alternatives to criminal prosecu-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.31 Tw
(tion is not thought to compromise our constitutional values, and the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(plurality is wrong for suggesting that the present detention does just) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(that. Though I recognize the detention at issue here is military rather) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(than civil in nature, the relevant analysis is no different. This, at least,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.98 Tw
(was the Supreme Court's view in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, when it said that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(enemy combatant "proceedings need not resemble a criminal trial.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 54. In fact, if anything, enemy combatants,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(such as al-Marri, present an even greater need for an alternative to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(criminal justice system than do the categories of persons at issue in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Salerno) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hendricks) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.47 Tw
(It is unquestionable that a failure to incapacitate individuals such) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(as al-Marri may have dramatic consequences. As the plurality rightly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(notes, the law of war permits enemy combatants to be detained until) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(the end of hostilities, in order to prevent their return to battle. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(at 23 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 519\). The same concern is present) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(with those responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Indeed, there is evidence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(that suspected combatants released by the United States have subse-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(quently been found fighting against American troops in Afghanistan.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( John Mintz, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Released Detainees Rejoining the Fight) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Wash. Post,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(Oct. 22, 2004, at A1. Moreover, the risks of failing to restrain an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(enemy combatant are even more pronounced when the combatant is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(a suspected terrorist like al-Marri. Rather than return to a foreign bat-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(tlefield, al-Marri, upon his release, may well resume his efforts to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(launch a catastrophic attack against American interests either on U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(soil or abroad. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Cass R. Sunstein, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(National Security, Liberty, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(the D.C. Circuit) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 73 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 693, 702 \(2005\) \(noting that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(the costs of error when dealing with terrorism "may turn out to be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(disastrous rather than merely harmful"\).) Tj
156.7272 -25.2 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
.72 Tw
(There exists not only the obvious need to immobilize enemy com-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(batants, particularly suspected terrorists; there are also often serious) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(147) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
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0 Tc
(barriers to their criminal prosecution. To begin, the arrest of terror) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(suspects will sometimes necessarily be based on evidence that does) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(not meet the constitutional and statutory requirements of a traditional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.08 Tw
(criminal proceeding. The "fog of war" creates confusion, and, in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(active combat zones such as Afghanistan and Iraq, it is often difficult) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(to respect the evidentiary standards, such as an unbroken chain of cus-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(tody, that are the hallmarks of criminal trials. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Ruth Wedgwood,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Commissions) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 96 Am. J. Int'l L.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(328, 330-31 \(2002\). In addition, it will often be implausible to allow) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(a terror suspect to confront the witnesses against him because of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(difficulties in having American combat personnel leave the front lines) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(to testify. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 531-32. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(While the plurality implicitly recognizes, as it must under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(that such evidentiary problems support the detention of enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(batants who have fought on a battlefield, it inexplicably limits that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.34 Tw
(detention to those who have battlefield experience.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( In reaching this) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.64 Tw
(conclusion, the plurality fails to realize that some of the significant) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.88 Tw
(difficulties associated with criminal prosecution are equally present) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.22 Tw
(when a suspected terrorist has never been on a foreign battlefield.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Indeed, these obstacles are present both before and during trial. ) Tj
12 -25.4 Td
3.98 Tw
(For instance, pretrial protections afforded criminal defendants,) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
(such as a right to a speedy trial and the immediate assistance of coun-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.77 Tw
(sel, may hinder the government's need to gather information that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.34 Tw
(could save hundreds, if not thousands, of lives. While all agree that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.81 Tw
("indefinite detention for the purpose of interrogation" is not allowed,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
.9 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 521, and torture must not be tolerated under any) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.28 Tw
(circumstance, this does not negate the fact that terror suspects are) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.1 Tw
(likely the "best source of information" on how to prevent future ter-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.71 Tw
(rorist attacks. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( William J. Stuntz, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Local Policing After the Terror) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.2 Tw
(111 Yale L.J. 2137, 2162 \(2002\). Obviously, this information will) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.32 Tw
(often be accessible only after interrogation. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 2161-62. And) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.65 Tw
(interrogation, particularly effective non-torturesome interrogation,) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.27 Tw
(3) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.25 Tw
(The plurality notes that in ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( I made the suggestion that domestic) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.83 Tw
(detentions and detentions of enemy combatants on foreign battlefields) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.38 Tw
(present different sets of problems. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 29 n.15 . I agree with this,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.7 Tw
(and I have approached the issue in this case with these differences in) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(mind. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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0 -8 Td
.52 Tw
0 Tc
(typically takes time and may necessitate "[h]olding a terrorist suspect) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.25 Tw
(incommunicado." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Richard A. Posner, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Not a Suicide Pact: The) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(Constitution in a Time of National Emergency) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 63 \(2006\). Thus, even) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(if the government has no plans to interrogate a terror suspect indefi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.7 Tw
(nitely, the criminal justice system may impede the ability to gather) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(critical information, even in the short term, because of a criminal sus-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(pect's pretrial rights. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.02 Tw
(The problems presented by the criminal prosecution of terrorists) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.02 Tw
(are even more pronounced at trial. Of course, there is a strong argu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(ment for bringing all suspected terrorists to trial: a trial conducted) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.29 Tw
(pursuant to the open and public requirements of the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.04 Tw
(system provides a showcase of American values and demonstrates our) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.66 Tw
(commitment to fairness for even the most pernicious members of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(society. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Michael German, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Trying Enemy Combatants in Civilian) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(Courts) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 75 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1421, 1426 \(2007\). But while the ben-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(efits of a criminal trial may carry the day in most instances, I do not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(believe that the argument is so one-sided as to rule out the ability of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(Congress to adopt other approaches. This is because the public prose-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(cution of a suspected terrorist entails several serious problems. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.88 Tw
(First, while a showcase of American values, an open and public) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.96 Tw
(criminal trial may also serve as a platform for suspected terrorists.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.55 Tw
(Terror suspects may use the bully pulpit of a criminal trial in an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(attempt to recruit others to their cause. Likewise, terror suspects may) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(take advantage of the opportunity to interact with others during trial) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.44 Tw
(to pass critical intelligence to their allies. For instance, before his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(appointment as Attorney General, former federal Judge Michael B.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(Mukasey recounted the story of how, "in the course of prosecuting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(Omar Abdel Rahman \(the so-called `blind sheik'\) and others for their) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and other crimes, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(government was compelled . . . to turn over a list of unindicted co-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(conspirators to the defendants." Michael B. Mukasey, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Jose Padilla) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(Makes Bad Law) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Wall St. J., Aug. 22, 2007, at A15. One of those co-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(conspirators, it turns out, was Osama bin Laden. Within ten days, a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(copy of the list was in bin Laden's hands, "letting him know that his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(connection to that case had been discovered." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.06 Tw
(Second, and relatedly, the prosecution of some terrorists could) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(present security concerns of a different sort: witnesses and jurors may) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(149) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
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0 Tc
(be subjected to threats of violence or become the targets of attack.) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.21 Tw
(The willingness of terrorist organizations to retaliate against civilian) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.02 Tw
(participants in a terrorist trial cannot be overlooked. Al Qaeda has) Tj
0 -12 Td
.82 Tw
(already "carried out a mass killing abroad and left a written message) Tj
0 -12 Td
.8 Tw
(stating that the killing was in retaliation for the actions of [a] federal) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.11 Tw
(trial judge." Wedgwood, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 331. It is not unreasonable to) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.41 Tw
(believe that such a ruthless organization could easily target the trial) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.14 Tw
(participants themselves in the future. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.14 Tw
(1512 \(2000\)) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(prohibiting tampering with a witness, victim, or informant\). ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.12 Tw
(To place jurors and witnesses in this sort of danger goes far beyond) Tj
-12 -12 Td
.59 Tw
(the price that we fairly ask citizens to pay as responsible members of) Tj
0 -12 Td
.35 Tw
(a free society. For while it may of course be possible to protect jurors) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.4 Tw
(and witnesses during trial, it likely will prove very difficult to fully) Tj
0 -12 Td
.75 Tw
(protect them after a trial has been concluded. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Wedgwood, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.54 Tw
(at 331. The plurality, by insisting on criminal prosecution in nearly) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.77 Tw
(all instances, fails to consider that a highly publicized international) Tj
0 -12 Td
.64 Tw
(terror trial may perfectly suit the interests of an organization, such as) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(al Qaeda, that thrives on propaganda and intimidation. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
2.46 Tw
(Third, and finally, the plurality also neglects to discuss another) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
2.61 Tw
(serious concern: traditional criminal proceedings, especially public) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.06 Tw
(trials, may not be responsive to the executive's legitimate need to pro-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.14 Tw
(tect sensitive information. Neither the plurality nor anyone else sug-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.83 Tw
(gests that suspected terrorists, such as al-Marri, are arrested pursuant) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(to anything other than intelligence of the most sensitive sort. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
1.86 Tw
(If such highly classified intelligence were disclosed to suspected) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.68 Tw
(terrorists, the consequences would be devastating. Any further use of) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.97 Tw
(that intelligence to either prevent future attacks or capture other sus-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.68 Tw
(pected terrorists would be jeopardized, if not lost. Moreover, the loss) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.52 Tw
(of secrecy would place the sources of sensitive information in danger) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.31 Tw
(of reprisal. It is for these reasons that the Court has recognized that) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.42 Tw
(the "[g]overnment has a compelling interest in protecting . . . the) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.57 Tw
(secrecy of information important to our national security." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(CIA v.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.72 Tw
(Sims) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 471 U.S. 159, 175 \(1985\) \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Snepp v. United States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 444) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.95 Tw
(U.S. 507, 509 n.3 \(1980\) \(per curiam\)\) \(internal quotation marks) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(omitted\). ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.78 Tw
(However, the government's desire to protect such sensitive intelli-) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
.88 Tw
(gence may conflict with a defendant's confrontation and compulsory) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(150) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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2.18 Tw
0 Tc
(process rights. By employing those rights, a terror suspect like al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.69 Tw
(Marri may, in a tactic commonly referred to as "graymail," request) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.04 Tw
(highly sensitive materials. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( William H. Simon, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Ethics of Crim-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.89 Tw
(inal Defense) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 1703, 1705 \(1993\). Such a request) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(leaves the government facing a Hobson's Choice. The government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(can withdraw all or part of its case to protect its information, or pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(ceed and surrender its sensitive intelligence and possibly its source.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.46 Tw
(And even if the government is able to suppress the defendant's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(request, defense counsel will be able to insinuate that the government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(is hiding information that is favorable to the defendant. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.36 Tw
(I do not suggest these concerns should carry the day. But Congress) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.09 Tw
(may certainly take them into account in deciding that the criminal jus-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(tice system is not the sole permissible means of dealing with sus-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(pected terrorists. In light of these concerns, it seems apparent that the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(criminal justice system may be ill-suited to deal with the unique prob-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(lems presented by the prosecution of terrorists such as al-Marri. This,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(at least, was the calculus of Congress in passing the AUMF. By ignor-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(ing these concerns and the clear text of the AUMF, however, the plu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(rality sends the unmistakable message that the criminal justice system) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.16 Tw
(is the unquestioned template for dealing with domestic terrorists,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(regardless of the consequences. ) Tj
156.7272 -25.3 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.3 Td
.57 Tw
(To be sure, corrective measures have been adopted by Congress to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(alleviate many of the problems presented by the criminal prosecution) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(of suspected terrorists. For instance, the Classified Information Proce-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(dures Act was specifically designed to handle classified information) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(in the course of a criminal proceeding in a manner that balances the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(legitimate need of national security against the legitimate need for the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(assertion of basic rights. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Classified Information Procedures Act) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(\("CIPA"\), 18 U.S.C. app. III ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.38 Tw
(1-16 \(2000\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(v. Fernandez) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 913 F.2d 148 \(4th Cir. 1990\). Courts and parties have) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(become familiar with the customary tools employed in these cases,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(such as in camera hearings, redactions, and placing information under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(seal. In addition to such statutory measures, there is also case law) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(designed to balance a variety of pressing governmental interests with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(a defendant's criminal process rights. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Maryland v. Craig) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(497 U.S. 836, 853 \(1990\) \(balancing the state's "interest in the physi-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(151) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(cal and psychological well-being of child abuse victims" against a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(defendant's desire for face-to-face confrontation\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Roviaro v. United) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.69 Tw
(States) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 353 U.S. 53, 62 \(1957\) \(holding that the determination of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(whether an informant's identity must be disclosed requires "balancing) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.73 Tw
(the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(individual's right to prepare his defense"\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.21 Tw
(But if the plurality's insistence on using the criminal justice system) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.59 Tw
(to prosecute all domestic terrorists rests on the presence of corrective) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.38 Tw
(measures such as CIPA, it must also recognize that these corrective) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(measures are not always available and, even when available, are not) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(able to address every difficulty. Despite CIPA's purpose, it is not a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.17 Tw
(panacea for the problems presented by the criminal prosecution of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(some suspected terrorists. This is because CIPA does not pretend to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(overcome all limitations on the judicial perspective. Because courts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(understandably tend to be focused on the specific cases before them) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(\(that is, after all, the nature of the judicial process\), there is a risk that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(they, understandably, will fail to appreciate the broader dangers asso-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(ciated with a potentially sensitive piece of information. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See Sims) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 471) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(U.S. at 176 \(explaining that judges have "little or no background in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(the delicate business of intelligence gathering" and that "[t]here is no) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(reason . . . to have great confidence in the ability of judges to make") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(intelligence-related judgments correctly\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
4.6 Tw
(And there is no guarantee that even the most conscientious) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(attempts to protect classified information will always be effective. For) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(instance, during the criminal trial of Ramzi Yousef, "an apparently) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(innocuous bit of testimony in a public courtroom about delivery of a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(cell phone battery was enough to tip off terrorists still at large that one) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.67 Tw
(of their communication links had been compromised." Mukasey,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at A15. Given al Qaeda's ambitions, such mistakes have rami-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(fications that last far beyond a specific trial mistakes Congress) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.43 Tw
(sought to prevent in granting the President the authority to detain) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(enemy combatants under the AUMF, and mistakes the plurality fails) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(to acknowledge when suggesting that the criminal justice system is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(the only model for dealing with al-Marri and those similarly situated.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(In the long run, the plurality's preference for making the criminal) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(justice process the exclusive vehicle for dealing with domestic terror-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.62 Tw
(ism may disserve nothing so much as the criminal justice system) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(152) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
1.19 Tw
0 Tc
(itself. In adopting corrective measures to deal with the unique prob-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(lems presented by terrorism prosecutions, courts may dilute the core) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(protections of the criminal justice system in other cases. In the past,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(the "urgency involved in terrorism cases" has "led courts to accept) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(conduct by the government that might well have been disapproved in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.99 Tw
(other contexts." ) Tj
(John Farmer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(A Terror Threat in the Courts) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, N.Y.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(Times, Jan. 13, 2008, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.97 Tw
(4, at 14. Furthermore, in order to effectively) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.04 Tw
(prosecute terrorists, courts have been much more willing to extend the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
("reach" of material witness and conspiracy statutes "to conduct that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(has never before been punishable as a crime." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.16 Tw
(It is naive to think that this sort of dilution of our procedural and) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.24 Tw
(substantive criminal law will have no effect on the prosecution of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(criminal suspects who are not terrorists. The government will seek to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(take advantage of "terrorist precedents" in other cases. Thus, despite) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(the plurality's protestations to the contrary, the best way to maximize) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(liberty for all may in fact be to minimize the instances when such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dilutions of criminal process are needed in the first place. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(The unintended consequences of the plurality's insistence on the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.2 Tw
(criminal justice model do not end with the dangers of dilution. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(pushing for the full panoply of criminal process for all suspected ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(rorists arrested in this country, the plurality risks pushing the execu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(tive, understandably intent on protecting the nation, in a more extreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(direction. The difference between the elaborate procedural protections) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(required by the plurality in the United States and those required else-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(where will give the executive branch the incentive to pursue more) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(extraterritorial detentions and more acts of rendition not because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(these actions are necessarily dictated by the struggle against terror but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(because of the disparities between refined procedural regimes at home) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(and more rudimentary ones abroad. It is far better for true liberty to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(seek some balance between criminal prosecution and military deten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(tion for suspected terrorists in this country than to pursue the plurali-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ty's one-sided path. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(To sum up, while corrective measures such as CIPA are possible) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
7.62 Tw
(and adaptations in criminal procedures have certainly been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(undertaken, the fact remains that prosecutions of terrorist suspects) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(have frequently proven to be difficult, both as a practical and logisti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(cal matter and as a broader gauge of what the judiciary's proper role) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(153) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(should be on matters touching quite intimately on the conduct of war.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.59 Tw
(It is often argued that these difficulties are nothing more than a func-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.45 Tw
(tion of the fact that these post-9/11 cases are ones of first impression.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.02 Tw
(This is only partly true. These difficulties are inherent, and no accu-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(mulation of experience is going to make the underlying evidentiary) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(dilemmas and problems go away. ) Tj
12 -24 Td
1.4 Tw
(Moreover, it cannot be forgotten that CIPA was enacted by Con-) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
2.37 Tw
(gress to apply to criminal prosecutions, not to military detentions.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -11.7 Td
.89 Tw
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 18 U.S.C. app. III ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.89 Tw
(8 \(stating that the protections of CIPA) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.22 Tw
(are designed to "prevent unnecessary disclosure of classified informa-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.37 Tw
(tion involved in any ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(criminal) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( proceeding" \(emphasis added\)\). There) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.9 Tw
(has been no indication from Congress that CIPA should be extended) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.13 Tw
(wholesale beyond its original scope, and we therefore should not do) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.24 Tw
(so here. Likewise, it cannot be forgotten that Congress passed the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.32 Tw
(AUMF fully cognizant of CIPA and other available corrective mea-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.11 Tw
(sures. When Congress authorized the use of necessary force, includ-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.64 Tw
(ing the military detention of enemy combatants such as al-Marri, it) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.55 Tw
(did so knowing full well that other alternatives were possible. Never-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
3.18 Tw
(theless, it authorized the President, when "appropriate," to detain) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.57 Tw
(enemy combatants, a power long recognized as a fundamental inci-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.54 Tw
(dent of waging war. This authorization must not be undermined, as) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.84 Tw
(the plurality attempts, through judicial subversion in the name of) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.44 Tw
(criminal process. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( William H. Rehnquist, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(All the Laws But One:) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.2 Tw
(Civil Liberties in Wartime) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 205 \(1998\) \(stating that "[j]udicial inquiry") Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(is "ill-suited" to address issues of "military necessity"\). ) Tj
12 -24 Td
4.06 Tw
(Thus, while many terrorist threats can and should be treated) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
2.84 Tw
(through the criminal justice system, that preference should by no) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.11 Tw
(means be absolute. Indeed, it has ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(never) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( been the case that the criminal) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.4 Tw
(justice system is used to the exclusion of all other forms of detention.) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
4.71 Tw
(By effectively reducing the legislature's allocation of detention) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.09 Tw
(options to the executive and all but directing that our government deal) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.54 Tw
(with such threats in a single, invariable manner, the plurality is not) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.58 Tw
(just wrong, but dangerously so. For the reasons discussed above, it is) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.4 Tw
(neither practical nor possible to prosecute all terrorism suspects using) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(the criminal justice system. And it is not constitutionally required.) Tj
156.411 -24 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -24 Td
.77 Tw
(I do not wish to be misunderstood. If the prosecution of suspected) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
.23 Tw
(terrorists is simply not possible in all circumstances, neither is the use) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(154) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
1.25 Tw
0 Tc
(of military detention. While the ability to detain eliminates many of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(the problems associated with criminal prosecution, open-ended deten-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.38 Tw
(tion is not an acceptable way to conform our historic commitments to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(liberty to the exigencies of this different kind of conflict. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.81 Tw
(Under the military detention model, the President may detain) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.35 Tw
(enemy combatants without trying them in the criminal justice system.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.52 Tw
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516-23. This is an awesome power and, as) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.75 Tw
(such, must be properly circumscribed. Detainees are not afforded the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.59 Tw
(full protections of the Bill of Rights or the Federal Rules of Criminal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.62 Tw
(Procedure, and the executive's actions are not subject to the account-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.35 Tw
(ability that is inherent in the criminal justice system. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Harold) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.19 Tw
(Hongju Koh, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Case Against Military Commissions) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 96 Am. J. Int'l) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(L. 337, 338-42 \(2002\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.06 Tw
(To turn every crime that might be tenuously linked to terrorism) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(into a military matter would breach this country's most fundamental) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(values. Our acceptance of jurisdiction in al-Marri's case bespeaks the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(recognition that indefinite detention with no prospect of review is not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(an option. Such a broad extension of the executive's detention powers) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(would suspend not only the Constitution, but the very essence of lib-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(erty itself. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.21 Tw
(The hard question is thus not between a full-blown prosecution and) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(an unsupervised detention. The hard question involves the identifica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(tion of those who must be formally charged and prosecuted in the tra-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.31 Tw
(ditional manner and those who may be detained pursuant to more) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.8 Tw
(limited procedures set forth by congressional proclamation or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.58 Tw
(Supreme Court precedent. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 524-39) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.62 Tw
(\(detailing procedures that must be afforded American citizens) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(detained as enemy combatants\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(The dilemma thus is clear: while we have a constitutional prefer-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(ence for traditional criminal proceedings, the prosecution of many ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(ror suspects presents unprecedented challenges. Conversely, while the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(ability to detain avoids many of the problems inherent in the criminal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(justice system, the threat to liberty presented by executive detention) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.14 Tw
(commands that it be carefully circumscribed. The choice of which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(path to take is anything but easy, and the plurality and al-Marri are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(absolutely wrong to suggest otherwise. ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(155) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(Instead, there must be a set of criteria that enable us to identify) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.83 Tw
(when military detention is a constitutionally permissible option. This) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.18 Tw
(is what I shall try to do in Section III. These criteria must endeavor) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(to respect the preference for the criminal justice system to the extent) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
0 Tw
(possible, while not compromising the unquestioned constitutional pre-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.49 Tw
(rogative of Congress and the executive to wage war and ensure the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(security of this nation and its people.) Tj
/F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
10.7592 -25.2 Td
(III.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(THE DETENTION OF AL-MARRI IS CONSISTENT) Tj
30.498 -12.3 Td
(WITH THE LIMITS ESTABLISHED BY OUR) Tj
-27.462 -12.3 Td
(CONSTITUTION ON THE MILITARY DETENTION OF) Tj
30.9543 -12.3 Td
(THOSE LAWFULLY ON AMERICAN SOIL.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-32.7495 -25.3 Td
.58 Tw
(The text of the AUMF clearly authorizes al-Marri's detention. Our) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.25 Tw
(inquiry cannot end here, however. There are constitutional limits on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(what Congress can authorize the executive to do. Those limits must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(respect both the legitimate operation of the war powers and simulta-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(neously protect against their abuse for military detentions that bear) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(no relationship to the conduct of war serve only to erode the basic) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(charter of our rights. Those of us who believe the AUMF applies sim-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.71 Tw
(ply cannot avoid the serious constitutional issues that result. Because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(Congress plainly cannot authorize the President to sweep people off) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(the street without a constitutional basis for doing so, we must also) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(address whether "the Constitution permits" Congress to authorize the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(military detention of someone, such as al-Marri, who was lawfully) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(residing in this country when seized on American soil. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553 U.S. ___, slip. op. at 59 \(2008\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.09 Tw
(At some point the obligation arises not just to ask whether, but why) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
( as in why the military detention of those lawfully in this country) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(is a constitutionally permissible exercise. And not just why, but when) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
( as in when the detention of lawful residents is permissible, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(when it is not. If the basic "wh" questions do not arise in this case,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(then I doubt they ever will. The American constitutional tradition is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(not consonant with the prospect of martial law in other than necessi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.08 Tw
(tous circumstances. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( U.S. Const. art. I, 9, cl. 2; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2 \(1866\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( The Posse Comitatus Act, 18) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.77 Tw
(1385 \(2000\). But the American constitutional tradition like-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(wise does not countenance judicial interference in democratic efforts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(to ward off war's gravest dangers. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( U.S. Const. art. I, 8, cl. 11-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(156) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.05 Tw
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(16; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at art. II, 2, cl. 1; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1 Tw
(343 U.S. 579, 635-37 \(1952\) \(granting presidential action taken pur-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.94 Tw
(suant to a congressional authorization "the widest latitude of judicial) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(interpretation"\) \(Jackson, J., concurring\). So our obligation becomes) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(one of treading carefully, lest we cross lines without reflection. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.63 Tw
(It is here I believe the plurality falls short. By interpreting the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.4 Tw
(AUMF in a manner so plainly contrary to its text, the plurality all but) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(states that Congress is devoid of any constitutional authority to autho-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(rize detention of al-Marri. Indeed, it proclaims that the application of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.37 Tw
(the AUMF to allow the military detention of an individual appre-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.46 Tw
(hended on American soil and with no foreign battlefield experience) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.8 Tw
("would have disastrous consequences for the Constitution and the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(country." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 62-63. In holding the AUMF not to authorize al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(Marri's detention in the face of a plain textual instruction otherwise,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(the plurality lays bare its constitutional misgivings about this deten-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(tion. In fact, the plurality suggests as much by noting the "constitu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
(tional concerns" and "serious constitutional questions" that would) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(attend an interpretation of the AUMF that permits the detention of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(persons such as al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 20. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.89 Tw
(So the plurality proposes to avoid all these issues. The plurality is) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(surely right that, "whenever possible," a statute such as the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(should be construed to avoid "serious constitutional problems." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.68 Tw
(at 48 \(internal quotation marks omitted\). But there is a limit to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.95 Tw
(extent to which courts may disregard statutory text in the name of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(ducking difficult constitutional questions. As ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( puts it:) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
("The canon of constitutional avoidance does not supplant traditional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(modes of statutory interpretation. . . . We cannot ignore the text and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
(purpose of a statute in order to save it." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 58.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(Several members of this court have made clear that the AUMF simply) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(cannot be read in the manner the plurality proposes. Our basic task) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(remains that of giving a text some semblance of the meaning that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(Congress intended for it, and the doctrine of constitutional avoidance) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(does not absolve us of that duty. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.46 Tw
(Thus, in the name of constitutional avoidance, the plurality has) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.03 Tw
(denied the AUMF its plain effect. At the same time, however, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(government has failed to develop principled limitations on its posi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(tion, thus causing concern that the executive is seeking an authority) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(157) Tj
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/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(that is uncomfortably open-ended. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516 \(not-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.06 Tw
(ing that "the Government has never provided any court with the full) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.9 Tw
(criteria that it uses in classifying individuals as" enemy combatants\).) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.71 Tw
(Because no absolute approach is tenable, there must be appropriate) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.42 Tw
(criteria for determining when the government may constitutionally) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.49 Tw
(detain a suspected terrorist as an enemy combatant. This is consistent) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
0 Tw
(with the Supreme Court's plurality opinion in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(U.S. 507 \(2004\).) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
.2 Tw
(The "threshold question" in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( was "whether the Executive has) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
1.12 Tw
(the authority to detain citizens who qualify as `enemy combatants.'") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
1.23 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516. The Court found that the AUMF did authorize the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.69 Tw
(dent to engage in the "fundamental incident[s] of waging war." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.29 Tw
(519. This, the Court explained, included the military detention of per-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.82 Tw
(sons properly classified as enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 518-19 \(quoting) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(Ex parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1, 28, 30 \(1942\)\).) Tj
( ) Tj
12 -25.6 Td
1.8 Tw
(The Court then addressed who was an enemy combatant. Rather) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.1 Tw
(than delineate the term's full scope, the Court answered only the "nar-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.24 Tw
(row question" of whether Hamdi, based on the facts alleged, qualified) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.5 Tw
(as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S.) Tj
( at 516. The Court held that) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.89 Tw
(someone who was "part of or supporting forces hostile to the United) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.12 Tw
(States or coalition partners in Afghanistan and who engaged in an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.4 Tw
(armed conflict against the United States there," could be treated as an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(internal quotation marks omitted\). ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
2.01 Tw
(The plurality has consistently overread ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, to the effect that) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.5 Td
.67 Tw
(only) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( those engaged in armed conflict on a foreign battlefield fall into) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.33 Tw
(the enemy combatant category. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 22-25. But that is not at) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.61 Tw
(all what ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( said. Recognizing "[t]here is some debate as to the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.68 Tw
(proper scope of this term," 542 U.S. at 516, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( observed that the) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.58 Tw
(4) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.55 Tw
(Of course, to say that military detention is available is not to say that) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(it is required. Rather, if military detention is a permissible option, then) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.97 Tw
(the specific decision of whether to detain or prosecute should be left to) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.17 Tw
(the sound discretion of the executive branch. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 423) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.14 Tw
(F.3d 386, 394-95 \(4th Cir. 2005\) \(noting "that the availability of criminal) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.28 Tw
(process cannot be determinative of the power to detain, if for no other) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.4 Tw
(reason than that criminal prosecution may well not achieve the very pur-) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(pose for which detention is authorized in the first place"\). ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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0 -8 Td
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0 Tc
("legal category of enemy combatant has not been elaborated upon in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.83 Tw
(great detail," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 522 n.1. Instead, "[t]he permissible bounds of the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(category will be defined by the lower courts as subsequent cases are) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(presented to them." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.44 Tw
(This is such a case. Because al-Marri's case raises such fundamen-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.66 Tw
(tal questions about the executive's power to militarily detain sus-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.34 Tw
(pected terrorists lawfully residing in this country, it imposes the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.67 Tw
(obligation to examine the precise contours of the enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.78 Tw
(category and to develop a framework for determining who under our) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Constitution may be lawfully detained.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.98 Tw
(My analysis thus begins with an examination of traditional law of) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.45 Tw
(war principles that must underlie any understanding of the enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.67 Tw
(combatant category \(subsection A\). Next, I shall explain how these) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.41 Tw
(principles have consistently accommodated changes in the conduct of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(war and in international relations \(subsection B\). I shall then discuss) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.26 Tw
(the recent changes associated with the war on terrorism, namely the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.38 Tw
(threat of stateless actors who primarily target innocent civilians and) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
2.13 Tw
(may come to possess weapons of mass destruction \(subsection C\).) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.76 Tw
(Based on the principles underlying the law of war and in light of the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.38 Tw
(new circumstances in this particular conflict, I will elucidate what I) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.3 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.46 Tw
(5) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.43 Tw
(The plurality asserts that any constitutional limits placed on the exec-) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
.87 Tw
(utive's ability to abrogate the Bill of Rights amount to what is in effect) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.95 Tw
(a limiting construction on the AUMF itself. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 20-21 n.9. This) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.52 Tw
(is quite mistaken: there is a difference between statutory and constitu-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.61 Tw
(tional interpretation, and the plurality is wrong to conflate the two. Rec-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
(ognizing that there are constitutional limits as to who the executive may) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.58 Tw
(militarily detain is thus a far cry from placing a limiting construction on) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(the AUMF. ) Tj
10.5 -16.6 Td
1.03 Tw
(Moreover, the limiting construction that the plurality places upon the) Tj
-10.5 -11.6 Td
.08 Tw
(plain language of the AUMF namely that it does not apply to the mili-) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.56 Tw
(tary detention of any enemy combatant within this country is a far) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
4.3 Tw
(more dramatic restriction of congressional language and executive) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.63 Tw
(authority than the Constitution requires. Quite apart from the different) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.14 Tw
(result we reach in al-Marri's case, the plurality's willingness to intrude) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
2.2 Tw
(upon the exercise of the warmaking powers in the guise of statutory) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
.36 Tw
(interpretation bears no resemblance to any constitutional structure I have) Tj
0 -11.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(known. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(believe to be the proper criteria for determining who may qualify con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.21 Tw
(stitutionally as an enemy combatant \(subsection D\) and demonstrate) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.52 Tw
(that these criteria are consistent with existing Supreme Court and cir-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(cuit precedent on the matter \(subsection E\). Finally, I will apply these) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(criteria to the facts of al-Marri's detention \(subsection F\). I can dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(cern no shortcut to this inquiry. Indeed, I think this is the only way) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(to approach and resolve al-Marri's case.) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.01 Tw
(At first glance, any discussion of traditional law of war principles) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.15 Tw
(may seem quite antique. These principles are rooted in times long) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.72 Tw
(past, when war was synonymous with classic battlefield combat) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(engaged in by the uniformed armies of rival nation-states. Our current) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(enemy has, of course, shown only contempt for long-established rules) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.67 Tw
(of armed conflict. Nevertheless, the law of war remains of primary) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.04 Tw
(importance in determining the proper contours of the enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.07 Tw
(tant category. This is true for two reasons. First, as the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.81 Tw
(explained in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, "longstanding law-of-war principles" should) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.29 Tw
(inform our understanding of the AUMF and, therefore, the scope of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(the President's power to detain enemy combatants in the current con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.8 Tw
(flict. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 521; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 22 \(stating that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
("American courts have repeatedly looked to . . . the law of war in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(identifying which individuals" are enemy combatants\). Second, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(more fundamentally, traditional law of war principles are consistent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(with the belief that indiscriminate detention is antithetical to constitu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tional norms and cannot be tolerated under our system of justice. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.85 Tw
(Thus, while I do not claim any special expertise in the law of war) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(and its history, I begin my analysis by looking to "longstanding law-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(of-war principles." Although there are those far more knowledgeable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(about these matters than am I, certain rudimentary principles do sug-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(gest themselves and, as the Supreme Court has indicated, these princi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ples provide context and assistance for the inquiry at issue here. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.9 Tw
(The law of war is not binding of its own force, but rather informs) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(our understanding of the war powers in Articles I and II and of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.11 Tw
(enemy combatant category. The law of war likewise serves as a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(source of guidance during times of armed conflict, and courts look to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(the law of war when interpreting the content and scope of a congres-) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(160) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(sional authorization to use military force, such as the AUMF. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518-19; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1, 30-31) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.68 Tw
(& n.7 \(1942\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d 386, 391 \(4th Cir. 2005\).) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.23 Tw
(Indeed, the "generally accepted view" is that "a broad and unqualified) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(authorization to use force empowers the President to do to the enemy) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.09 Tw
(what the laws of war permit." Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(Congressional Authorization and the War on Terrorism) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 118 Harv. L.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Rev. 2047, 2093 \(2005\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.11 Tw
(The law of war represents a "distinct canon of the Law of Nations.") Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(William Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Military Law and Precedents) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 773 \(2d. ed., Beard) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.18 Tw
(Books 2000\) \(1896\). In the United States, it "encompasses all interna-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(tional law for the conduct of hostilities binding on the United States) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.96 Tw
(or its individual citizens, including treaties and international agree-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.35 Tw
(ments to which the United States is a party, and applicable customary) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.75 Tw
(international law." Dep't of Defense, DoD Law of War Program,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.52 Tw
(DoD Directive 2311.01E, sec. 3.1 \(May 9, 2006\), available at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d2311_01e.pdf; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Jack M.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.52 Tw
(Beard, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Geneva Boomerang: The Military Commissions Act of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(2006 and U.S. Counterterror Operations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 101 Am. J. Int'l L. 56, 56) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(n.5 \(2007\) \(quoting the DoD Directive\).) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
1.3 Tw
(Several principles animate the law of war. Foremost among them) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(is the cardinal principle of discrimination, which seeks to minimize) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(the unnecessary destruction of life and property that results from) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
("purposeless or wanton violence." Michael Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Just and Unjust) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(Wars) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 129 \(3d ed. 2000\). The principle of discrimination requires war-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(ring nations to limit their military targets to those persons who actu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(ally pose a military threat. At the same time, it allows warring nations) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(to detain those who do represent a military threat, ensuring that such) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(persons, but only those persons, are removed from the field of con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(flict. While mistakes are inevitable in the often confused environment) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(that is warfare, the principle of discrimination recognizes the indispu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(table value, even in wartime, of sparing innocent life. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.42 Tw
(This principle of discrimination is effectuated through the category) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
5.05 Tw
(of "enemy combatant." Only "enemy combatants" may be the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(intended targets of military force or militarily detained. Two major) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(161) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
ET
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1 0 0 1 144 631.5 Tm
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
.96 Tw
0 Tc
(distinctions define the enemy combatant category: \(1\) the distinction) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.32 Tw
(between enemies and non-enemies and \(2\) the distinction between) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.01 Tw
(combatants and non-combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 135-37;) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2107-16. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.61 Tw
(The first level of classification determines who qualifies as the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.1 Tw
("enemy." Traditionally, the definition of "enemy" has been state-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.41 Tw
(based: after the United States declares war on another nation, all resi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.23 Tw
(dents of that country are deemed enemies of the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Lamar) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1 Tw
(v. Browne) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 92 U.S. 187, 194 \(1875\) \("In war, all residents of enemy) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.25 Tw
(country are enemies."\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(In re Territo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 156 F.2d 142, 145 \(9th Cir.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(1946\) \(same\). A country's enemies include "not merely the opposed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.38 Tw
(military forces but all the inhabitants of the belligerent nations or dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(tricts." Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 776. Consequently, those who reside in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(neutral countries, even if politically, but not militarily, sympathetic to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(the enemy nation, are immune from detention and targeting by mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tary forces. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.73 Tw
(After determining that a person is an "enemy," the second level of) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
3.92 Tw
(classification distinguishes combatants from non-combatants. ) Tj
("By) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(universal agreement and practice, the law of war draws a distinction) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(between the armed forces and the peaceful populations of belligerent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.4 Tw
(nations." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 30-31. Indeed, the "distinction) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(between combatants and civilians is a cardinal principle of the law of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(war." Beard, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 60. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.78 Tw
(Combatants have traditionally included "most members of the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(armed forces," Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2114, and those "who) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.95 Tw
(associate themselves with the military arm of the enemy govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
(ment," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 37. The paradigmatic example of a comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(tant is a soldier who actively serves in his nation's military. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(flicts art. 43\(2\), June 8, 1977, 16 I.L.M. 1391 \(hereinafter "Protocol) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(I"\) \(stating that "[m]embers of the armed forces of a Party to a con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(flict" are "combatants"\). However, "surgeons, assistants and employ-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.6 Tw
(ees charged with the care and transport of the wounded on the field,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(even if they are formally part of the country's military organization,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(generally have not been considered combatants. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(779; Richard J. Regan, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Just War: Principles and Cases) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 89 \(1996\)) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(162) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
.3 Tw
0 Tc
(\(noting that "the law of nations and international conventions prohibit) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.73 Tw
(attacks on medical military personnel"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Military Commis-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.67 Tw
(sions Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.67 Tw
(950v\(a\)\(2\)\(C\), 120 Stat.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.51 Tw
(2600, 2625 \(classifying "military medical or religious personnel" as) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
("protected person[s]"\). ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
1.71 Tw
(Several factors have traditionally been considered relevant to the) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.22 Tw
(determination of whether someone is a combatant. These include an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.42 Tw
(individual's "self-identification through the wearing of a uniform or) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.27 Tw
(some other distinguishing characteristic" and "participation within the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.88 Tw
(command structure of a party to the conflict." Bradley & Goldsmith,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
1.07 Tw
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2114; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Military Commissions Act of 2006, Pub. L.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.01 Tw
(No. 109-366, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
4.01 Tw
(948a\(2\)\(B\), 120 Stat. 2600, 2601 \(including the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.16 Tw
("wear[ing] [of] a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance" and) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.63 Tw
(being "under responsible command" as part of the determination of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
4.18 Tw
("lawful enemy combatant"\); Geneva Convention Relative to the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.99 Tw
(Treatment of Prisoners of War art. 4, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.47 Tw
(75 U.N.T.S. 135 \(hereinafter "Third Geneva Convention"\). A per-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.32 Tw
(son's presence on a battlefield has also been considered particularly) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.14 Tw
(relevant to the combatant determination. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 391-92 \(citing ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 522 n.1\). ) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(163) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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(165) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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12 -8 Td
.19 Tw
0 Tc
(No single factor must exist in order to qualify a person as a comba-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.51 Tw
(tant, however. For instance, the Supreme Court has made clear that) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.64 Tw
(an individual may be a combatant even if he is not acting on the bat-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.47 Tw
(tlefield. In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the Court held that the petitioners, who had buried) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.35 Tw
(their military uniforms after secretly arriving in the United States,) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.24 Tw
(were no "less belligerents [i.e. combatants]" even if they had "not) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.71 Tw
(actually committed or attempted to commit any act of depredation or) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.62 Tw
(entered the theatre or zone of active military operations." 317 U.S. at) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.32 Tw
(38. The failure of the plurality to appreciate this aspect of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.1 Td
.8 Tw
(results in a faulty premise. The plurality mistakenly presumes that in) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.88 Tw
(order to be an enemy combatant, an individual must have been pres-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.73 Tw
(ent, at one time or another, on an active battlefield. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 28) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.43 Tw
(\(finding that al-Marri was not an enemy combatant because, among) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.28 Tw
(other reasons, he was "not alleged to have been on the battlefield dur-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.01 Tw
(ing the war in Afghanistan"\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( makes plain the concept of a) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(combatant is much broader. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.36 Tw
(Likewise, a person's citizenship status is not determinative of his) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
2.08 Tw
(combatant status. The plurality discusses at length the fact that al-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.8 Tw
(Marri, as an alien who lawfully entered the United States, receives) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.06 Tw
("certain [legal] protections including those rights guaranteed by) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.5 Tw
(the Due Process Clause" while within the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.21 Tw
(14. The plurality emphasizes this point to demonstrate that allowing) Tj
0 -13 Td
.44 Tw
(the detention of al-Marri, a lawful alien, would also permit the deten-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.61 Tw
(tion of American citizens. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 6 \(arguing that the deten-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.01 Tw
(tion of al-Marri would also allow the "military detention of a similarly) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.66 Tw
(situated American citizen"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 14 \(noting that "the Due Process) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.6 Tw
(Clause protects not only citizens but also aliens"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 33 \(noting) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(that "even ordinary American citizens" could be detained\). ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
.66 Tw
(Once again, the plurality has indefensibly narrowed the concept of) Tj
-12 -13 Td
1.72 Tw
(a combatant. Any implication that an individual's citizenship status) Tj
0 -13 Td
.39 Tw
(prevents his detention as an enemy combatant also runs directly afoul) Tj
0 -13 Td
.18 Tw
(of the Supreme Court's holding in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( makes clear that the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.58 Tw
(law of war trumps any claim based on American citizenship: "Citi-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.84 Tw
(zenship in the United States of an enemy belligerent [i.e. combatant]) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.1 Tw
(does not relieve him from the consequences of a belligerency which) Tj
0 -13 Td
.11 Tw
(is unlawful because in violation of the law of war." 317 U.S. at 37-38.) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(167) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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157.6875 -8 Td
1.2 Tw
0 Tc
(2.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(Depending on one's status as a combatant or non-combatant, dif-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(ferent rights and obligations attach.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( For instance, combatants are the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(only ones who may legitimately carry out "the operations of war,") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(namely the use of force. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 778. Consequently, only) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(they may lawfully kill the opposing forces. However, in exercising) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(this awesome power, combatants may only target fellow combatants.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(And, of course, "once war has begun," combatants may be "attack[ed]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(at any time \(unless they are wounded or captured\)." Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 138. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.27 Tw
(Combatants are also required to follow the laws of war. Offenses) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(against the law of war may be defined by Congress, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( U.S. Const.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(art I., ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.55 Tw
(8, cl. 10, or based on "the common law of war," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(Hamdan) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.91 Tw
(Ct. 2749, 2780 \(2006\). Offenses include "engag-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(ing in illegal warfare as a guerilla," "acting as a spy," "abuse or viola-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(tion of a flag of truce," disguising oneself in the uniforms of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.02 Tw
(opposing forces, and the "unlawful, unreasonably harsh, or cruel,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.25 Tw
(treatment of prisoners." Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 785, 791, 839-40; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(also ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(reptitiously from enemy territory into our own, discarding their uni-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(forms upon entry, for the commission of hostile acts involving) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(destruction of life or property, have the status of unlawful combatants) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(punishable as such by military commission"\); Military Commissions) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.17 Tw
(950v\(b\), 120 Stat. 2600, 2626-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.74 Tw
(30 \(defining twenty-eight offenses that are triable by military com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(mission as law of war offenses\); Third Geneva Convention art. 3. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.54 Tw
(If a combatant acts in accordance with the law of war, he is a law-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.44 Tw
(ful combatant and entitled to the rights thereof. This includes being) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(treated as a prisoner of war if captured. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Third Geneva Conven-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.81 Tw
(tion; Regan, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 88. Because lawful combatants are simply fol-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.22 Tw
(lowing the orders of their belligerent nation, the law of war dictates) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.14 Tw
(that they not be punished for their role in the hostilities. Third Geneva) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.61 Tw
(6) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.58 Tw
(Non-combatants, also known and referred to by the plurality as civil-) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.53 Tw
(ians, are by definition anyone who is not deemed a combatant. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.68 Tw
(Beard, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, at 60; Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, at 2107, 2113-14; ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(also) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, at 138-59; Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, at 778-79. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(prohibited."\); Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -13.4 Td
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(oners of war, treated humanely, and released or returned to their home) Tj
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(country when the conflict is over. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Third Geneva Convention art.) Tj
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3.64 Tw
(13 \("Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated."\);) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
0 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 520; Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 790 \(noting that captured) Tj
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.52 Tw
(lawful combatants must be "treated with humanity" and "on the same) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.61 Tw
(footing as regards food and clothing as the troops of the Government) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(who made them prisoners"\). ) Tj
12 -27.4 Td
1.73 Tw
(If a combatant violates the law of war, however, he becomes an) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
2.26 Tw
(unlawful combatant. Unlawful combatants "are subject to trial and) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.82 Tw
(punishment by military tribunals for acts which render their belliger-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(ency unlawful." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 31; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(Johnson v. Eisen-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.67 Tw
(trager) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 339 U.S. 763, 786 \(1950\) \(noting that the "jurisdiction of) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.16 Tw
(military authorities, during or following hostilities, to punish those) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
3.82 Tw
(guilty of offenses against the laws of war is long-established"\).) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(Unlawful combatants are to be tried by military commissions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -13.4 Td
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(Military Commissions Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.3 Tw
(948c, 120) Tj
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1.03 Tw
(Stat. 2600, 2602 \(establishing military commissions for alien unlaw-) Tj
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(ful enemy combatants\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 126 S.) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.3 Tw
(Ct. at 2775-78. After trial by) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
2.76 Tw
(military authorities, unlawful combatants may be punished in any) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(number of ways, including imprisonment or death. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 842-43. ) Tj
12 -27.3 Td
.9 Tw
(Non-combatants also have unique rights and obligations under the) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
.46 Tw
(law of war. First and foremost, civilians should not "be the objects or) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.99 Tw
(the targets of military activity," Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 151, and "[e]xcept) Tj
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.18 Tw
(where unavoidable," they "are not to be involved in injury to life, per-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.85 Tw
(son, or property," Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 778; Protocol I, art. 51. Those) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
.17 Tw
(who violate this "rule of immunity of non-combatants . . . become lia-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(ble to the severest penalties as violators of the laws of war." Win-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(throp, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 779. ) Tj
12 -27.3 Td
.24 Tw
(In light of this immunity from the brunt of armed conflict, civilians) Tj
-12 -13.4 Td
.58 Tw
(have a related obligation to not "take a direct part in hostilities." Pro-) Tj
0 -13.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(tocol I, art. 51\(3\). If a non-combatant does take a direct part in the) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(169) Tj
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(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(conflict, he forfeits his status as a civilian and may be treated as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(unlawful combatant.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2115.) Tj
157.6875 -25.4 Td
(3.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(The above is no more than a concise presentation of the classical) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(model of the laws of war. No one is so naive as to believe that the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(classical model governs the behavior of all warring parties. The clas-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(sical model often cracks under the strain of actual warfare, as the dev-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.25 Tw
(astation to civilians in World War II, among other things, bears full) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.7 Tw
(testament. And, as was plain from 9/11, al Qaeda and other terrorists) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.23 Tw
(hold the laws of war in open contempt. Thus, the classical model is) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.09 Tw
(not introduced to suggest guidelines to which warring parties in fact) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.47 Tw
(adhere or standards that would subject the conduct of war in this) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(country to pervasive litigation. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.25 Tw
(Instead, I discuss the classical model for a discrete and narrow pur-) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.5 Tw
(pose. The attacks of 9/11 left this country on the horns of a dilemma:) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.46 Tw
(between having our hands tied with Marquess of Queensberry rules) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.07 Tw
(and being so indifferent to the law of war that we ourselves became) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.32 Tw
(a rogue and lawless nation. The Supreme Court, in attempting to alle-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.9 Tw
(viate this tension, suggested that the law of war serves as a useful) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.34 Tw
(guide as to whom the President may constitutionally detain. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.43 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518, 521. In other words, an understanding of the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.5 Tw
(traditional law of war is the first step in defining the concept of an) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.24 Tw
(In sum, the law of war has historically classified individuals during) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.53 Tw
(times of armed conflict into one of several categories. The process of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.56 Tw
(classification involves two major steps. The first inquiry is whether) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.47 Tw
(a person is an enemy. If so, the second inquiry is whether that person) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.06 Tw
(is a combatant or a civilian. Different rights attach depending on these) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.78 Tw
(7) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.74 Tw
(The exact line between direct and indirect participation is not a clear) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
.95 Tw
(one. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Beard, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, at 60 \(noting that "[d]etermining precisely when) Tj
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.1 Tw
(noncombatants lose their protected status . . . has not always been easy"\);) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.38 Tw
(Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, at 2115 \(noting that "there is uncertainty) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.33 Tw
(about where the line should be drawn"\). However, there is universal) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.44 Tw
(agreement that a civilian who engages in military-like actions, such as) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(discharging a weapon against the enemy, directly participates. ) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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1.99 Tw
(batants, both lawful and unlawful, \(and civilians who take a direct) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.38 Tw
(part in hostilities\) may be detained by the military in accordance with) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(the laws of war.) Tj
156.7272 -25.9 Td
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.8 Td
.22 Tw
(The classical model is just that: a classical model. War changes. So) Tj
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1.23 Tw
(too the law of war has not remained static. Rather, it has responded) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.44 Tw
(to the ever-evolving nature of combat and the dynamic quality of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(international relations. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.83 Tw
(To that end, the recent past has witnessed dramatic changes in the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.65 Tw
(manner in which wars are conducted. War is less a state-based enter-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.35 Tw
(prise: the greatest threats to our nation's security now include those) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.38 Tw
(from stateless actors intent on unleashing weapons of mass destruc-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.25 Tw
(tion against civilian populations. Thus, while the principle of discrim-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.93 Tw
(ination and the category of enemy combatant surely remain a vital) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.63 Tw
(part of the law of war, they most definitely must accommodate the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.84 Tw
(new threats to the security of nations. The plurality's perspective, by) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.49 Tw
(contrast, is mired in the models of the past, and completely fails to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(accommodate the changing nature of warfare. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
2.54 Tw
(Changes in military strategy, technology, and international rela-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
2.84 Tw
(tions are synonymous with war itself. As the following historical) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.22 Tw
(examples demonstrate, the law of war has always accommodated new) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.01 Tw
(circumstances in order to effectuate its core principles and purposes.) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.98 Tw
(An early example of such accommodation is the adaptation of the) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.03 Tw
(combatant category to the emergence of "guerilla" fighters. Before the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.65 Tw
(Civil War, guerilla fighters, defined as "[i]rregular armed bodies or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.93 Tw
(persons not forming part of the organized forces of a belligerent . . .) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.32 Tw
(who engaged in the killing, disabling and robbing of peaceable citi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
3.44 Tw
(zens or soldiers . . . from motives mostly of personal profit or) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(revenge," were relatively unknown. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 783-84. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
.45 Tw
(Because this type of warrior was new, Union military commanders) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.18 Tw
(were unsure whether these guerilla fighters should be treated as "ordi-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.46 Tw
(nary belligerents and be given the same rights as prisoners of war" or) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(171) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(as unlawful belligerents, subject to trial and punishment by the mili-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(tary. Louis Fisher, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Military Tribunals & Presidential Power: Ameri-) Tj
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3.1 Tw
(can Revolution to the War on Terrorism) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 73 \(2005\). The leading) Tj
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1 Tw
(military scholar of the day, Dr. Francis Lieber, opined that the treat-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.03 Tw
(ment of such guerillas depended on whether they were fighting law-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.47 Tw
(fully or unlawfully and that an absence of uniform should not be) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.91 Tw
(considered decisive. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 73-74. If captured during a "fair fight and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(open warfare," then guerillas should be treated as prisoners of war.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(However, if fighting in stealth, such as by disguise or concealment,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.31 Tw
(then guerillas could be punished as unlawful belligerents. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( This) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(opinion would later appear in Dr. Lieber's landmark military code,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(which "heavily influenced" the future Hague and Geneva Conven-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tions. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 71-75. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(Likewise, the category of unlawful weapons, though consistent in) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(principle, has "increased in modern times" with the development of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(new and more devastating weaponry. Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 784. Given) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.05 Tw
(the frequency of technological changes and advancements in war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(weaponry, the list of legitimate and illegitimate weapons has neces-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(sarily changed "with the progress of inventive science." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(Protocol I, art. 36 \(requiring Parties to determine whether any "new) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(weapon, means or method of warfare" is permissible\). Thus, in just) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.06 Tw
(the last century, various types of chemical and biological weapons) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(have been deemed to be unlawful means of warfare, probably because) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
("in disabling or causing death, [they] inflicted a needless, unusual and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(unreasonable amount of torture or injury." Winthrop, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 784.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(In addition to changes in who participates in wars and how wars) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(are fought, the law of war has also accommodated transformations in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(international relations. Historically, the law of war only applied when) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
(nation-states declared war against each other. However, the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.93 Tw
(Nations Charter now regulates "armed conflict," in the form of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
("`armed attack,' `use of force,' and `threat[s] to the peace.'" Bradley) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(& Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2061 \(quoting U.N. Charter art. 2, 42, 51\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(Given this, "the international law role for declarations of war has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(largely disappeared" and "armed conflict" is now the "relevant juris-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.49 Tw
(dictional concept" for the law of war. Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.27 Tw
(at 2061. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 recognized this change) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(when it stated that the law of war applies not only when there is a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(declared war but also when there is "any other armed conflict which) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(172) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -8 Td
.6 Tw
0 Tc
(may arise." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Third Geneva Convention art. 2; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Brad-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(ley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2061. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.75 Tw
(My purpose is not to applaud or condemn this or that particular in) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(the changing law of war. I list but a few examples of how the law of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.57 Tw
(war has accommodated altered circumstances, but they serve to dem-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.99 Tw
(onstrate a larger point: in order to effectuate its purposes, the law of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.47 Tw
(war has never remained static. If other principles of the law of war) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(have changed, there should be nothing changeless or immutable about) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(the definition of enemy combatant.) Tj
156.7272 -25.8 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.8 Td
2.54 Tw
(The current struggle against global terrorism bears some of the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.24 Tw
(hallmarks of traditional war: it consists of armed enemies fighting) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.34 Tw
(over political and ideological goals. However, other characteristics) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(are clearly new. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.23 Tw
(First, and most importantly, is the change in who fights war. The) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.88 Tw
(law of war was initially designed to regulate encounters between) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.08 Tw
(nation-states. However, the greatest threats to our nation's security) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.64 Tw
(now include stateless actors. No longer are our enemies tethered to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.38 Tw
(individual nations; instead, they are diffuse organizations comprised) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(of citizens from many different countries around the globe. Put sim-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.5 Tw
(ply, while terrorism may find support and sponsorship from nation-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(states, it does not need to be a state-based enterprise. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.31 Tw
(Congress specifically recognized the emergence of the threat pre-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.77 Tw
(sented by stateless actors when it authorized the President "to use all) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.05 Tw
(necessary and appropriate force against those nations, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(organizations) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.07 Tw
(or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.47 Tw
(terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001." AUMF, 115) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(Stat. 224 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.45 Tw
(Second, the means employed by terrorists "represent[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.45 Tw
(] [a] break-) Tj
-12 -12.6 Td
.39 Tw
(down" in the "political code first worked out in the second half of the) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.84 Tw
(nineteenth century and roughly analogous to the laws of war worked) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(out at the same time." Walzer, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 198. Although terrorist-like) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.47 Tw
(acts have always occurred in war, modern terrorism that is, "the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(173) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
.4 Tw
0 Tc
(random murder of innocent people" "emerged as a strategy of rev-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.07 Tw
(olutionary struggle only in the period after World War II." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Modern) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(terrorists typically blend into the surrounding community and deliber-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(ately strike at soft targets, such as office buildings and other venues) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.07 Tw
(in the public square. This makes the "battlefield" in the current con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(flict essentially unbounded, and renders the traditional indicia used to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(determine enemy combatant status, such as appearance on a battle-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(field and the wearing of a uniform, woefully unreflective of the risks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(posed by terrorist organizations. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(Finally, the changes in warfare discussed previously the pres-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(ence of stateless terrorists intent on targeting innocent civilians are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.06 Tw
(magnified by the fact that weapons of mass destruction, whether) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(chemical, biological, or nuclear in nature, are more readily available.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.23 Tw
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Richard A. Posner, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(Time of National Emergency) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 2 \(2006\) \(discussing the potential effects) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(of a terrorist strike with weapons of mass destruction\). Put simply, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.88 Tw
(consequences of not addressing these risks are vastly greater today) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(than they were a generation ago. Today, a single terrorist can kill) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(thousands upon thousands of civilians in an instant. It simply cannot) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(be the case that the law of war must be so bound in obsolescence that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(it hinders a nation's ability to recognize new threats. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(The plurality surprisingly resists the idea that the law of war has) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(evolved as it applies to these changed circumstances. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 49. This) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(would seem to ignore the fact that the events of 9/11 even happened;) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(all who witnessed or remember them have no doubt that warfare has) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(reached a new and more dangerous phase. Still, the plurality insists) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(that I offer ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(no) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( legal authority" for the assertion that the law of war) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(has in fact been evolving. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( But the legal authority is there. In fact,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(the legal authority is right before the plurality's eyes. In the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(Congress certainly accepted what the plurality does not: that the tradi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(tional principles of the law of war can be adapted to changed circum-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.78 Tw
(stances. The text of the AUMF recognizes that traditional concepts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(such as "battlefield" and "nationality" do not capture the risks pre-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(sented by terrorists bent on replicating the events of 9/11. The plural-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(ity contends, however, that Congress's view of law of war principles) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(should make not the slightest constitutional difference. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 49) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(n.24. In not permitting the democratic branches to take into account) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(changes in modern warfare the plurality plainly traps this nation in a) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(174) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 Tc
(time warp. And in denying Congress's expression under the AUMF) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(any and all constitutional effect, the plurality continues its course of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(reading the Article I ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(8 war power right out of the document. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.37 Tw
(In passing the AUMF, Congress sought to recognize that the world) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.72 Tw
(around us changes; in contrast, the plurality's view of that world) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.1 Tw
(remains quite dangerously static. In fact, while the plurality pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(pounds its view in the guise of interpreting the AUMF, its interpreta-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.13 Tw
(tion and its commitment to quaint notions of battlefields and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.76 Tw
(nationality is so textually incorrect, that it is hardly speculative to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(suppose that the plurality's interpretation is propounded as a constitu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.67 Tw
(tional limitation on the executive as well. Whatever the case may be,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(it binds the nation to law of war concepts that even the most casual) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
(observer of modern terrorist tactics would never accept. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
2.07 Tw
(It is undisputed that enemy combatants, if properly classified as) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.15 Tw
(such, may be detained by the military. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.42 Tw
(19, 533-35. Who then may be classified by Congress, acting pursuant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.77 Tw
(to our Constitution, as an enemy combatant? The Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.47 Tw
(insists we consult the law of war. Having examined the law of war) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.4 Tw
(and considered the recent changes in warfare and international rela-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(tions, I believe that three criteria best identify who qualifies as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant in the current conflict. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.56 Tw
(I do not suggest that these are the only criteria that might be set) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(forth. Nor would I be so presumptuous as to suggest that these criteria) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(will eliminate the prospect of difficult cases. I do, however, think it) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(is critical to develop some general rules so that cases such as al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(Marri's may be resolved on a principled rather than an ad hoc basis.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(In fact, until some general guidance is set forth, the executive will) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(have no idea which military detentions are permissible and which are) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(plainly beyond constitutional bounds. And without general guidance,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.48 Tw
(the fear and specter of an open-ended executive detention power of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(persons lawfully in this country will remain. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.9 Tw
(Thus, while I do not for a moment contend that any set of criteria) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(will be free from difficulty, I do emphatically contend that these three) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
(criteria conform to the evolving principles of the law of war; that they) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(175) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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(apply the limiting principle on enemy combatant detentions that the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.44 Tw
(government has failed to suggest; and that they should avoid the seri-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
3.22 Tw
(ous "constitutional concerns" that the plurality and various amici) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.57 Tw
(raise, if the AUMF were held, as I believe it must be, to allow the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.57 Tw
(detention of an enemy combatant apprehended on American soil. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 20. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.25 Tw
(The first two criteria determine who constitutes an "enemy." His-) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
.23 Tw
(torically, the conception of "enemy" has been nation-based. However,) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.94 Tw
(as discussed in the prior section, nations are no longer the only enti-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.1 Tw
(ties that engage in armed conflict. Rather, stateless actors, most prom-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.77 Tw
(inently terrorist organizations, are now a pressing military threat to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(the security of America. ) Tj
12 -26 Td
1.95 Tw
(Given these realities, an "enemy" is any individual who is \(1\) a) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.84 Tw
(member of \(2\) an organization or nation against whom Congress has) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.97 Tw
(declared war or authorized the use of military force. Taken together,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.8 Tw
(these two criteria closely track traditional law of war concepts that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
(distinguish enemies from non-enemies. At the same time, they recog-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.31 Tw
(nize that modern military threats include those posed by non-state) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(actors. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
1.94 Tw
(I first address the criterion of membership. While the traditional) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.17 Tw
(requirement of residency or other affiliation with an enemy nation) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.07 Tw
(still applies, the advent of enemy organizations requires a functional) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.19 Tw
(equivalent to residency for this new stateless actor. This is achieved) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.92 Tw
(by the requirement of membership in the enemy organization.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.28 Tw
(Because membership may be considered more amorphous than resi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.12 Tw
(dency or citizenship, it is important that there be identifiable facts that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.64 Tw
(indicate such affiliation with the enemy organization. Such indicia of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.2 Tw
(membership may include: self-identification with the organization) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.18 Tw
(through verbal or written statements; participation in the group's hier-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.41 Tw
(archy or command structure; or knowingly taking overt steps to aid) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.56 Tw
(or participate in the organization's activities. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, Bradley &) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.22 Tw
(Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2114-15.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Thus, for example, someone who) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26.4 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
1.54 Tw
(8) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
1.47 Tw
(The plurality chides me for referencing the works of "distinguished) Tj
-10.5 -11.7 Td
1.26 Tw
(legal academics. " ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( at 40 n.20 . I of course make no apologies for) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.23 Tw
(drawing upon the work of distinguished scholars when attempting to dis-) Tj
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(A) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(sends money to "a nonprofit charity that feeds Afghan orphans" that) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.55 Tw
(unknowingly makes "its way to al Qaeda" would not be a member of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.3 Tw
(the al Qaeda organization, and it is beyond hyperbole for the plurality) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
4.36 Tw
(to suggest otherwise. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 19. Furthermore, the membership) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.17 Tw
(requirement is important because it aids in distinguishing those who) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(are the enemy from those who merely sympathize with the enemy. ) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
.98 Tw
(The second criterion congressional authorization recognizes) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.99 Tw
(that Congress may authorize the use of military force against non-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.85 Tw
(state actors, such as terrorist organizations, as it has already with the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.32 Tw
(AUMF. By contemplating such authorization, this second criterion) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.21 Tw
(appropriately excludes from the category of "enemy" those persons or) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.58 Tw
(groups against whom Congress has ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( authorized the use of military) Tj
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(force. Thus, the notion that any individual affiliated with an organiza-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.75 Tw
(tion engaged in purported terrorist activities such as the "environ-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.07 Tw
(mental group" mentioned by the plurality could be considered an) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.81 Tw
(enemy combatant is completely unfounded. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 37 n.18. For cer-) Tj
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.72 Tw
(tain, there are many individuals and organizations engaged in unlaw-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.99 Tw
(ful conduct, and even terrorism. But most of these individuals and) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.31 Tw
(organizations have nothing to do with al Qaeda, its affiliates, or the) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.2 Tw
(September 11 attacks. Under this criterion, such persons would not be) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.06 Tw
(eligible for military detention under the AUMF. This is both consis-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.79 Tw
(tent with our traditional conception of who should and should not be) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.45 Tw
(eligible for detention and appropriate in light of the constitutional) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
1.38 Tw
(imperative that military detention be the exception and not the rule.) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.61 Tw
(Indeed, not to require congressional authorization for such detentions) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.56 Tw
(in this country splits the ground beneath the war powers right in two.) Tj
12 -26.1 Td
3.19 Tw
(If the first two criteria address who in modern warfare is the) Tj
-12 -12.8 Td
1.95 Tw
(enemy, the third criterion addresses who is the combatant. Histori-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
2.63 Tw
(cally, this distinction has separated those with military aims from) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.76 Tw
(those who do not present a threat to opposing forces. Though yester-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.49 Tw
(day's soldier has been replaced, at least in part, by those who eschew) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -26.6 Td
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(cern the constitutional framework within which this question of first) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
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(impression must be located. Indeed, to rule out any reliance upon those) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.17 Tw
(who have studied and reflected on these questions seems to me a form) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.96 Tw
(of "know-nothingism" in which my distinguished colleagues in the plu-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(rality have also wisely declined to indulge. ) Tj
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(the conventions of lawful warfare, the purpose underlying this distinc-) Tj
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(tion remains unchanged. In light of today's realities, a "combatant" is) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.49 Tw
(a person who knowingly plans or engages in conduct that harms or) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(aims to harm persons or property for the purpose of furthering the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.99 Tw
(military goals of an enemy nation or organization. Like the first two) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.64 Tw
(criteria, this requirement closely tracks the relevant traditional law of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(war rules. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
3.57 Tw
(Under this criterion, those who use military-like force against) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.36 Tw
(American soldiers or civilians obviously qualify as combatants. Simi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.85 Tw
(larly, members of an enemy sleeper terrorist cell that have taken) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(steps, even if preliminary in nature, toward an act of destruction are) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(also considered combatants. Conversely, persons traditionally consid-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(ered civilians, such as members of the enemy organization who do ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(possess hostile or military designs, are non-combatants and may not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(be detained by the military. This includes persons who would clearly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(be non-combatants, such as a "physician who treated a member of al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(Qaeda," because they intend no harm to persons or property. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(20. Such persons would not be subject to military detention. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(Two further examples may help illustrate the scope of this frame-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(work. First is a person who joins a terrorist organization after Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(gress has authorized the use of military force against the respective) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(group. In the present conflict, this would include new recruits to al) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.14 Tw
(Qaeda or its affiliates after 9/11. Under the above criteria, such per-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.95 Tw
(sons are clearly part of the "enemy," even if they were not members) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(of the targeted organization at the time Congress initially acted. This) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(is because it was the organization and its affiliates, and not just the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(then-members of such groups, against whom Congress authorized the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(use of force. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( AUMF, 115 Stat. 224 \(authorizing the use of "all) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(necessary and appropriate force against those . . . organizations [that]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(. . . committed" the 9/11 attacks, "in order to prevent any future acts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.58 Tw
(of international terrorism"\). Thus, in the current conflict, any "indi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(vidual can become part of a covered `organization' by joining it after) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(the September 11 attacks." Bradley & Goldsmith, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 2110. As) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(a result, such a person, if also a combatant, would be eligible for mili-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(tary detention. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.17 Tw
(Second is a person who commits, or plans to commit, a terrorist act) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(by a congressional proclamation. Timothy McVeigh is one example) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(that comes to mind. Because such a person is not a member of an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1 Tw
(enemy organization, he may not be detained as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.32 Tw
(under the above criteria. Indeed, Congress has never declared war) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(against a single individual or even a discrete conspiracy \(unless the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.57 Tw
(Barbary pirates qualify\), and it is difficult to envision a scenario in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(which it would. This is unsurprising, in part because prosecutions of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(individual terrorists do not ordinarily present the same sort of logisti-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.01 Tw
(cal, informational, and evidentiary problems as large scale terrorist) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(networks or nations. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Section II. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.27 Tw
(However, this in no way suggests that the executive is prohibited) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.6 Tw
(from acting preventively in such instances. Rather, it simply means) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(that the threat posed by such an individual must be addressed pursu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(ant to more traditional statutory procedures, such as a material wit-) Tj
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.91 Tw
(ness warrant, ) Tj
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(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.91 Tw
(3144, or indictment under any number) Tj
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(of potentially relevant criminal statutes, ) Tj
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(see, e.g.) Tj
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(, 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
1.15 Tw
(2332a) Tj
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(\(prohibiting the threatened, attempted, or actual use of a weapon of) Tj
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(mass destruction\); 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.93 Tw
(2332b \(prohibiting acts of terrorism) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(transcending national boundaries\); 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.51 Tw
(2332f \(prohibiting the) Tj
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(bombing of places of public use or government facilities\); 18 U.S.C.) Tj
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() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.67 Tw
(1751 \(prohibiting assassinating or conspiring to assassinate the) Tj
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(President or Vice President of the United States\); 49 U.S.C.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.02 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.02 Tw
(46502\(a\)\(2\) \(prohibiting committing or conspiring to commit air-) Tj
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(craft piracy\); 18 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.12 Tw
(844\(f\) \(prohibiting the damage or destruc-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(tion of any personal or real property of the United States\). In short,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(such a person can surely be detained and neutralized, but not through) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the means of military detention. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.52 Tw
(In sum, the following three criteria must be met in order for some-) Tj
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1.34 Tw
(one to be classified as an enemy combatant: the person must \(1\) be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(a member of \(2\) an organization or nation against whom Congress has) Tj
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1.51 Tw
(declared war or authorized the use of military force, and \(3\) know-) Tj
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.43 Tw
(ingly plans or engages in conduct that harms or aims to harm persons) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.36 Tw
(or property for the purpose of furthering the military goals of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy nation or organization. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.33 Tw
(These three criteria reach beyond those of the plurality because) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(they may constitutionally include, if Congress so authorizes, persons) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(limited, however, and should not be construed as granting the execu-) Tj
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.27 Tw
(tive a blank check to brand certain domestic groups as subversive and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.45 Tw
(militarily detain whomever it pleases. Indeed, under these criteria,) Tj
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.07 Tw
(there are at least three significant limitations on the executive's ability) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(to militarily detain persons lawfully residing in the United States. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.23 Tw
(First, there is the significant political check of congressional autho-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(rization. Specifically, absent some limited inherent authority needed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(during times of emergency, the executive may only detain those per-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(sons against whom Congress has authorized the use of force. If his-) Tj
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.96 Tw
(tory is any indicator, Congress does not take such a decision lightly.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.69 Tw
(Indeed, it was the dire events of September 11th that gave rise to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(use of military force in the present instance, and it is likely that only) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(emergencies of similar magnitude will trigger a similar response. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.55 Tw
(Second, even if Congress were to authorize the use of military) Tj
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.47 Tw
(force against a particular group, it would not be authorizing the exec-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.48 Tw
(utive to make a sweep on the basis of mere membership. This is) Tj
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1.92 Tw
(because membership, without more, is not enough to qualify as an) Tj
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1.53 Tw
(enemy combatant under my proposed criteria. Rather, the person in) Tj
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2.06 Tw
(question must have taken steps to further the military goals of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(organization. Thus, McCarthy-like accusations of mere group mem-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(bership would not suffice as a basis for detention. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.45 Tw
(Third, persons subject to military detention are afforded the oppor-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.06 Tw
(tunity to challenge the accuracy of their detention before a neutral) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.81 Tw
(decisionmaker in accordance with the framework articulated in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.52 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. This ensures that the government possesses sufficient evi-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(dence to justify a measure as serious as military detention. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.12 Tw
(Given these checks on executive power, any fear of massive round-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ups or reckless disregard for human liberty would be misplaced. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.71 Tw
(Furthermore, these criteria accommodate recent changes in a man-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(ner that is consistent with the law of war's principles and purposes.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.58 Tw
(For instance, one of the purposes of the enemy combatant category) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(is to limit the number of people subject to military force, including) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(military detention, to those who threaten military harm. Each of the) Tj
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(who do not try to do harm. Another purpose of the category is to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(determine which persons may be properly detained in order to elimi-) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(nate the threat they pose. The above criteria are also consistent with) Tj
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.37 Tw
(that purpose, as they allow the military to detain, without fear of hav-) Tj
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.76 Tw
(ing to release because of an inability to prosecute, those who present) Tj
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(real and serious threats to our security and safety.) Tj
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(E.) Tj
-145.0492 -25.3 Td
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(In addition to comporting with traditional law of war principles and) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(purposes, these three criteria are also in line with all Supreme Court) Tj
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.96 Tw
(and circuit precedent on the matter. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Ex parte Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. 1) Tj
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(\(1942\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507 \(2004\) \(plurality op.\);) Tj
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(Padilla v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 423 F.3d 386 \(4th Cir. 2005\). Although each of) Tj
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(those cases declined to delineate the full scope of the category, ) Tj
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(see) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 45-46; ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 516; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
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(at 391-92, the criteria articulated here are plainly consistent with their) Tj
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(pronouncements about who, at a minimum, qualifies as an enemy) Tj
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(combatant. ) Tj
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(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S. at 37-38 \(finding that people who) Tj
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("associate themselves with the military arm of the enemy govern-) Tj
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(ment, and with its aid, guidance and direction enter this country bent) Tj
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.97 Tw
(on hostile acts" qualified as enemy combatants\); ) Tj
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(Hamdi) Tj
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(, 542 U.S. at) Tj
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(516 \(finding that someone who was "part of or supporting forces hos-) Tj
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(tile to the United States or coalition partners in Afghanistan and who) Tj
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1.33 Tw
(engaged in an armed conflict against the United States there" quali-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(fied as an enemy combatant\) \(internal quotations omitted\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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(423 F.3d at 389 \(finding that someone "who is closely associated with) Tj
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(al Qaeda, an entity with which the United States is at war; who took) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(up arms on behalf of that enemy and against our country in a foreign) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(combat zone of that war; and who thereafter traveled to the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.76 Tw
(States for the avowed purpose of further prosecuting that war on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(American soil, against American citizens and targets" qualified as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatant\) \(emphasis omitted\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.95 Tw
(Moreover, these criteria clearly do not run afoul of three potential) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(constitutional concerns. First is the scope of the executive's power) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(under Article II. It is widely accepted that the President has some) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(inherent constitutional powers, particularly to act in times of emer-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(gency when large numbers of American lives may be at stake. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(181) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(The Federalist No. 70) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 392 \(Alexander Hamilton\) \(Clinton Rossiter) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.36 Tw
(ed., 1999\) \(noting that the executive branch possesses many qualities,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.63 Tw
(such as "[d]ecision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch," that are essential) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.16 Tw
(to the prosecution of a war\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Federalist No. 74) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, at 415 \(Hamilton\)) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.08 Tw
(\("Of all the cares or concerns of government, the direction of war) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.52 Tw
(most peculiarly demands those qualities which distinguish the exer-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.79 Tw
(cise of power by a single hand."\). Though the scope of those powers) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.1 Tw
(is much debated, we need not address the specific contours of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(powers here. This is because the Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( a case much like) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.1 Tw
(this one where no immediate exigency was present implicitly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(found no Article II problem when defining the scope of the enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(combatant category, as I do here, in accordance with the law of war.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
3.55 Tw
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 518-521. In addition, no other relevant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(authority indicates that these criteria would impinge on the Presi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.61 Tw
(dent's inherent operational authority as commander-in-chief or his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ability to act in times of true emergency. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.5 Tw
(Second is the Court's decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, which required under the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(due process clause that American citizens detained as enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(tants "be given a meaningful opportunity to contest the factual basis) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(for that detention before a neutral decisionmaker." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(at 509. Whereas ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( established the procedures to which at least) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.06 Tw
(one type of enemy combatant was entitled, the criteria discussed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(above address the antecedent question of who qualifies as an enemy) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(combatant. Put another way, this approach articulates a substantive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(legal definition of enemy combatant, whereas ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enables one) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(class of alleged combatants to procedurally challenge the factual basis) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(of their detention. In short, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not present any constitutional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.69 Tw
(problem to the category of enemy combatant as defined by these) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(criteria. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.26 Tw
(Finally, these criteria do not contravene the principles established) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.94 Tw
(in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ex parte Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 71 U.S. \(4 Wall.\) 2 \(1866\). In that case, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.47 Tw
(Court established the bright-line rule that civilians may not be tried) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(by military authorities if the civilian courts are open and functioning.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 121. However, as the Court made clear in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, this principle) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(only applies to persons who are ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(not) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.12 Tw
(317 U.S. at 45 \(emphasizing that Milligan "was a non-belligerent") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.71 Tw
(and thus "not subject to the law of war"\). Put simply, the Court in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( was not addressing the definition of enemy combatant but) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(182) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(rather the circumstances under which martial law \(which permits the) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.29 Tw
(military trial of civilians\) may be declared. Thus, the principles laid) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.18 Tw
(down in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( apply only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(after) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it has been determined that the) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.16 Tw
(individual in question is a civilian, not a combatant. The framework) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.03 Tw
(delineated above addresses the earlier question of who qualifies as a) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.2 Tw
(combatant and thus any reliance on ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Milligan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( would be misplaced. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
3.81 Tw
(Thus, the plurality's suggestion that the detention of al-Marri) Tj
-12 -12 Td
1.05 Tw
(would "so alter the constitutional foundations of our Republic" as to) Tj
0 -12 Td
.92 Tw
("render [them] lifeless" is patently incorrect. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 63. For the rea-) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.32 Tw
(sons discussed, al-Marri's detention perfectly accords with the Con-) Tj
0 -12 Td
2.82 Tw
(stitution. In fact, it is difficult to square the plurality's expressed) Tj
0 -12 Td
3.12 Tw
(concern over the constitutionality of al-Marri's detention with its) Tj
0 -12 Td
.46 Tw
(express questioning of our effort to establish constitutional limits that) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.61 Tw
(bind "both the executive and legislative branches." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 49. It is) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.22 Tw
(further curious that the plurality should take exception to an inquiry) Tj
0 -12 Td
1.21 Tw
(that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( instructs us to undertake. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op.) Tj
0 -12 Td
.55 Tw
(at 59 \(stating that the executive's authority depends not only on what) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.34 Tw
(the AUMF authorizes, but also on what "the Constitution permits"\).) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.32 Tw
(Regardless, to the extent that the plurality's erroneous interpretation) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.87 Tw
(of the AUMF in this case was influenced by constitutional concerns,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(these concerns were unfounded. ) Tj
157.3655 -24.6 Td
(F.) Tj
-145.3655 -24.6 Td
4.97 Tw
(The description of the general framework makes possible a) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
3.12 Tw
(straightforward resolution of the specific question of whether the) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.3 Tw
(executive has the authority to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant.) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.93 Tw
(The framework also permits the decision to be made in a principled,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.26 Tw
(rather than ad hoc, fashion, and consistent with the constitutional lim-) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(itations on who may be militarily detained. ) Tj
12 -24.6 Td
.05 Tw
(As discussed earlier, the Supreme Court held that the AUMF grants) Tj
-12 -12.1 Td
1.38 Tw
(the President the authority to detain enemy combatants. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
0 Tw
(542 U.S. at 518. Since Congress did not articulate a specific definition) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
.51 Tw
(of "enemy combatant" in the AUMF, I have looked to the law of war) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
2.31 Tw
(for guidance in determining the scope of the President's detention) Tj
0 -12.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(authority under the statute. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 518-21.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.5 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
1.2 Tw
( ) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.1 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
.32 Tw
(9) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
.3 Tw
(In the Military Commissions Act of 2006 \("MCA"\), Congress defines) Tj
-10.5 -11.1 Td
1.05 Tw
("lawful enemy combatant" as a person who is: ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Based on the criteria identified and the facts alleged, al-Marri eas-) Tj
-12 -12.9 Td
1.66 Tw
(ily qualifies as an enemy combatant. To begin, he satisfies the two) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.9 Tw
(criteria used to define an "enemy." The AUMF authorizes the use of) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.24 Tw
(force against al Qaeda, and al-Marri has clearly taken the steps neces-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.88 Tw
(sary to be considered a member of the organization. Not only did he) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
1.17 Tw
(attend an al Qaeda terrorist camp in Afghanistan, but he also subse-) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.96 Tw
(quently cultivated relationships with the most senior members of the) Tj
0 -12.9 Td
.84 Tw
(al Qaeda organization: he met personally with Osama bin Laden and) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
18 -26.7 Td
1.13 Tw
(\(A\) a member of the regular forces of a State party engaged in) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(hostilities against the United States; ) Tj
0 -16.9 Td
1.41 Tw
(\(B\) a member of a militia, volunteer corps, or organized resis-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.42 Tw
(tance movement belonging to a State party engaged in such hos-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
3 Tw
(tilities, which are under responsible command, wear a fixed) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
3.55 Tw
(distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, carry their arms) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(openly, and abide by the law of war; or ) Tj
0 -16.9 Td
.48 Tw
(\(C\) a member of a regular armed force who professes allegiance) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(to a government engaged in such hostilities, but not recognized) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
(by the United States. ) Tj
-18 -16.9 Td
.39 Tw
(Military Commissions Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.39 Tw
(948a\(2\), 120) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(Stat. 2600, 2601. ) Tj
10.5 -16.9 Td
.12 Tw
(Furthermore, the MCA defines "unlawful enemy combatant" as "a per-) Tj
-10.5 -11.8 Td
.93 Tw
(son who has engaged in hostilities or who has purposefully and materi-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.14 Tw
(ally supported hostilities against the United States) Tj
( or its co-belligerents) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.56 Tw
(who is not a lawful enemy combatant \(including a person who is part of) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.07 Tw
(the Taliban, al Qaeda, or associated forces\)," or "who, before, on, or after) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.21 Tw
(the date of the enactment of the [MCA], has been determined to be an) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.39 Tw
(unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.05 Tw
(another competent tribunal." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.05 Tw
(948a\(1\). ) Tj
10.5 -16.9 Td
1.03 Tw
(Though informative in some respects, these definitions are of limited) Tj
-10.5 -11.8 Td
.76 Tw
(assistance and relevance in this case. This is because they apply only to) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
2.13 Tw
(the detainees tried by military commissions established by the MCA,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.99 Tw
(namely aliens who are unlawful enemy combatants as defined by the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.69 Tw
(MCA. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.69 Tw
(948b-c. Thus, these provisions do not specifically address) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.46 Tw
(the scope of the President's detention power under the AUMF nor the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
2.26 Tw
(definition of "enemy combatant" for purposes other than the military) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.96 Tw
(commissions under the MCA. ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( Richard H. Fallon, Jr. & Daniel J.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.57 Tw
(Meltzer, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Habeas Corpus Jurisdiction, Substantive Rights, and the War) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.05 Tw
(on Terror) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 120 Harv. L. Rev. 2029, 2109 \(2007\). ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(volunteered to martyr himself for the al Qaeda cause; he entered the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.44 Tw
(United States as a sleeper agent under the direction of Khalid Shaykh) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.3 Tw
(Muhammed, the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks; and he received sub-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.07 Tw
(stantial funding for his mission from Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(financial facilitator of the 9/11 attacks. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
.08 Tw
(Furthermore, al-Marri's behavior was that of a "combatant." He did) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.47 Tw
(not arrive here with peaceful purposes in mind. At the time he was) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.35 Tw
(detained, al-Marri was in the process of preparing cyanide attacks) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.43 Tw
(against American civilians and technological attacks on the U.S.) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.29 Tw
(financial system. Therefore, it is clear that he knowingly planned to) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.51 Tw
(engage in conduct that aimed to harm both life and property. In addi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.63 Tw
(tion, the direction he received from the hierarchy of al Qaeda indi-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.84 Tw
(cates that his terrorist actions were undertaken to further the military) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.2 Tw
(goals of that enemy organization. ) Tj
12 -26.6 Td
1.18 Tw
(Although al-Marri fits easily within the definition of enemy com-) Tj
-12 -13.1 Td
1.56 Tw
(batant and may therefore be militarily detained, there will undoubt-) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
3.16 Tw
(edly be harder questions concerning the scope of the President's) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.22 Tw
(detention authority in the future. Novel legal problems concerning the) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
1.1 Tw
(proper balance between liberty and security will continue to arise as) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
2.21 Tw
(the struggle against terrorism proceeds. While I respect those who) Tj
0 -13.1 Td
.72 Tw
(feel differently, I believe the constitutional authority of the executive) Tj
0 -13 Td
.43 Tw
(to detain al-Marri pursuant to clear congressional directive is evident.) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.67 Tw
(It matters not that al-Marri was not in uniform, that he was not on) Tj
0 -13 Td
.15 Tw
(some foreign battlefield, or that he was not in the service of a nation's) Tj
0 -13 Td
.76 Tw
(armed forces. It matters not that his status was that of a lawful alien,) Tj
0 -13 Td
.15 Tw
(that he was arrested on American soil where the threat of belligerency) Tj
0 -13 Td
.93 Tw
(may be greatest, or that he was detained militarily rather than prose-) Tj
0 -13 Td
.72 Tw
(cuted by civil authority. To hold that these things mandate a grant of) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.61 Tw
(the writ requires this country to face contemporary threats of grave) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.1 Tw
(dimension shackled by outmoded notions of the law of war. To rule) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.71 Tw
(for al-Marri is to set judicial authority in matters of armed conflict) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.12 Tw
(above the combined will and expression of both Congress and the) Tj
0 -13 Td
2.27 Tw
(executive. To hold in petitioner's favor would hobble the political) Tj
0 -13 Td
.52 Tw
(branches in performing the most basic function that the Framers allo-) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.5 Tw
(cated to them that of providing for the safety and protecting the) Tj
0 -13 Td
1.2 Tw
(lives of those they represent, the people of America.) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(AL-MARRI RECEIVED THE PROCESS HE WAS DUE.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
9.816 -25.2 Td
.34 Tw
(The concurring opinion in this case \(the opinion authored by Judge) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.03 Tw
(Traxler\) finds that al-Marri may be detained as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(under the AUMF. As expressed earlier in this opinion, I share fully) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(my good colleague's views on this matter. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.71 Tw
(My agreement ends there, however. The concurrence asserts that) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.17 Tw
("the process afforded al-Marri" to challenge his detention "did not) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
(meet the minimal requirements of due process guaranteed by the Fifth) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.53 Tw
(Amendment." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 64-65. I think this view is in error, and its con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(sequences are serious. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.84 Tw
(The district court offered al-Marri each of the procedures required) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.1 Tw
(by the Supreme Court's ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( decision, but al-Marri believed he was) Tj
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.8 Tw
(entitled to something akin to a full criminal trial and refused to avail) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.3 Tw
(himself of any of these protections. As a result, it is quite wrong to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(suggest that al-Marri did not receive the full benefits of due process) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(as articulated by what all concede is the most relevant Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(decision. In addition, al-Marri also received protections that satisfied) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
5.27 Tw
(any requirements that the Supreme Court's recent decision in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( could reasonably be read to impose. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.51 Tw
(Al-Marri asserts that due process requires additional procedures be) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.12 Tw
(afforded him because he was not a "person initially detained . . . on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(a battlefield in Afghanistan." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 85-88. But these additional pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(cedural safeguards are not required by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and there is no neces-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(sary connection between the lack of a foreign battlefield presence and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.11 Tw
(the need for enhanced procedural protections. In fact, as discussed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(earlier in this opinion, a sleeper agent hiding in the United States may) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(present a more serious security threat and raise more pronounced evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(dentiary problems than an enemy soldier located on a battlefield. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.66 Tw
(Moreover, nothing could be more contrary to the Supreme Court's) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(due process jurisprudence than the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ab ) Tj
(initio) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( imposition of inflexible) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.34 Tw
(procedural requirements based on artificial and categorical distinc-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(tions. Procedures should be ordained not at the outset but as necessary) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.72 Tw
(to ensure accurate determinations. To impose such requirements ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ab) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(initio) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( disregards the "prudent and incremental" approach required by) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and neglects the fact that accuracy must be the touchstone of) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(any procedural due process inquiry. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 539; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 52. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.06 Tw
(The approach of my concurring colleague will thus have significant) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.3 Tw
(consequences. By forsaking ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and categorically insisting on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(more rigorous procedural safeguards at the outset of al-Marri's habeas) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.26 Tw
(hearing, the concurrence would accomplish through constitutional) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.11 Tw
(means much of what the plurality would accomplish through statutory) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.01 Tw
(interpretation, namely a future disablement of legitimate legislative) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.32 Tw
(efforts to authorize ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(-style proceedings for even the most dan-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(gerous terrorist suspects within this country. ) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(A.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.56 Tw
(A brief review of the proceeding below will illustrate the sound-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
0 Tw
(ness of the district court's approach. In July 2004, counsel filed a peti-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.47 Tw
(tion for a writ of habeas corpus on al-Marri's behalf in the District of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.62 Tw
(South Carolina. The petition claimed that al-Marri could not be) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.6 Tw
(detained as an enemy combatant, and that the government had to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.03 Tw
(either criminally charge or release him. In the alternative, al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(sought a hearing at which he would be able to challenge, with the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.84 Tw
(assistance of counsel, the factual basis for his detention. It should be) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(noted that al-Marri has had the assistance of counsel in every pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ceeding since the filing of this habeas petition. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.86 Tw
(One year later, after further pleadings from each party, the district) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(court determined that, based on the facts alleged, al-Marri could be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(detained as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 378 F. Supp.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(2d 673, 680 \(D.S.C. 2005\). The district court further recognized that,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.74 Tw
(under the Supreme Court's ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( decision, al-Marri had the right to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(challenge the factual basis of his detention at a hearing that satisfied) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(the constitutional requirements of procedural due process. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(681-82. The district court referred the case to a magistrate judge to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.34 Tw
(determine what process was constitutionally due al-Marri under) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 682. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.71 Tw
(In proceedings before the magistrate judge, al-Marri sought proce-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.48 Tw
(dural protections similar to those afforded civilian criminal defen-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(dants, such as extensive discovery rights and an opportunity to cross-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(examine the government's sources, including high-level Department) Tj
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451.5 -148.5 Td
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(187) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(of Defense officials. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 83 & n.8. The magistrate judge) Tj
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(refused to provide al-Marri with these extensive protections, however,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.71 Tw
(and instead adopted incremental procedures consistent with the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(burden-shifting approach outlined in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Al-Marri v. Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(443 F. Supp. 2d 774, 778-80 \(D.S.C. 2006\). First, it required the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(ernment to provide notice of the factual basis for al-Marri's detention.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(Next, if the government was able to produce credible evidence that) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.19 Tw
(al-Marri was indeed an enemy combatant, the burden would shift to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.45 Tw
(al-Marri to rebut the government's evidence. Finally, the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.62 Tw
(judge noted that, if al-Marri met his burden by presenting "more per-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(suasive evidence," the government would either have to release al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(Marri or participate in a "full-blown adversary hearing," which would) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.83 Tw
(include "greater procedural and evidentiary safeguards" than the first) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(stage of the burden-shifting process. J.A. 191. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.58 Tw
(Pursuant to these procedures, the magistrate judge found that the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(Rapp Declaration which, as described earlier, presented the gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(ernment's evidence supporting al-Marri's detention, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 135) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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( satisfied the government's initial burdens of providing al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(with notice of the factual basis for his detention and producing credi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.24 Tw
(ble evidence that al-Marri was indeed an enemy combatant. The mag-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.86 Tw
(istrate judge then gave al-Marri sixty days to present rebuttal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(During this sixty day period, al-Marri protested that his ability to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(respond to the Rapp Declaration was impeded by the fact that large) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(portions of the Declaration were classified and, therefore, unavailable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(to him. The magistrate judge agreed with al-Marri and advised the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(parties that, in determining whether an adversary hearing was neces-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.73 Tw
(sary, he would only consider evidence disclosed to al-Marri. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(response to this ruling, the government filed an updated version of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Rapp Declaration, with many portions declassified. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.42 Tw
(Al-Marri subsequently filed a response to the updated Rapp Decla-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
(ration. In his response, al-Marri generally denied the government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(claims, but "decline[d] . . . to assume the burden of proving his own) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(innocence." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 443 F. Supp. 2d at 784. Claiming that the pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.62 Tw
(cedures developed by the magistrate judge were "unconstitutional,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.51 Tw
(unlawful, and un-American," al-Marri refused to offer any sort of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(rebuttal to the government's evidence. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
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(Because al-Marri failed to offer ") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(any) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence on his behalf," the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.01 Tw
(magistrate judge recommended the dismissal of al-Marri's petition.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 785 \(emphasis in original\). The district court subsequently con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.44 Tw
(ducted a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(de ) Tj
(novo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( review of the proceedings before the magistrate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(judge, and over al-Marri's objections, adopted the magistrate judge's) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
2.77 Tw
(recommendations in full. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Because al-Marri failed "beyond) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.27 Tw
(question" to rebut his "classification and detention . . . as an enemy) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.26 Tw
(combatant," the district court dismissed al-Marri's habeas petition. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
156.7272 -25.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(B.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.5 Td
1.72 Tw
(The district and magistrate judges handled this case admirably. I) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.86 Tw
(can find no fault with their conclusion that the habeas proceedings) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(provided al-Marri satisfied ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s due process requirements. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
.74 Tw
(As ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( made clear, a detainee held in the United States has the) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.54 Tw
(right to challenge his classification as an enemy combatant.) Tj
4.7 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Though) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.16 Tw
(not entitled to a full criminal trial, enemy combatants are entitled to) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.43 Tw
(the "core" protections that constitute the "minimum requirements of) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.97 Tw
(due process." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 535, 538. These core procedural) Tj
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1.15 Tw
(rights are threefold: first, a detainee "must receive notice of the fac-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.78 Tw
(tual basis for his classification"; second, a detainee must have "a fair) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.77 Tw
(opportunity to rebut the Government's factual assertions"; and, third,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.21 Tw
(the hearing must occur "before a neutral decisionmaker." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 533.) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.11 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( opinion repeatedly makes clear that it is these three "es-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
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(sential constitutional promises [that] may not be eroded." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
2.35 Tw
(Even a brief examination of al-Marri's proceedings demonstrate) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
.84 Tw
(that he received the benefit of each of these "essential promises." To) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.85 Tw
(begin, the district court was unquestionably a "neutral decision-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.2 Tw
(maker." Similarly, al-Marri certainly received sufficient "notice of the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.51 Tw
(factual basis for his classification." In fact, the magistrate explicitly) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -26 Td
4.3 Ts
/F5 6 Tf 100 Tz
2.8 Tw
(10) Tj
0 Ts
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
2.67 Tw
(Specifically, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
( established a framework for adjudicating the) Tj
-10.5 -11.5 Td
4.29 Tw
(habeas petitions of "citizen-detainee[s]." ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533.) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.36 Tw
(Although both the government and al-Marri address the issue of whether) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
1.72 Tw
(lawful aliens are entitled to the same level of protection as citizens, I) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
.89 Tw
(need not resolve the issue for the purposes of this case. This is because) Tj
0 -11.5 Td
2.51 Tw
(the procedures provided al-Marri are sufficient under any reading of) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
0 -11.5 Td
1.05 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(. ) Tj
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0 Tc
(stated that he would only consider information made available to al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.26 Tw
(Marri when determining whether al-Marri was indeed an enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(batant. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.53 Tw
(To this end, the government put forth the Rapp Declaration, which) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
(contained extensive evidence of al-Marri's affiliation with al Qaeda) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.16 Tw
(and his destructive designs. For instance, it alleged that al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(attended an al Qaeda terrorist training camp in Afghanistan for fifteen) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(to nineteen months; that he subsequently cultivated personal relation-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.12 Tw
(ships with the most senior members of the al Qaeda hierarchy, includ-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.68 Tw
(ing Osama bin Laden, Khalid Shaykh Muhammed, and Mustafa) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.2 Tw
(Ahmed al-Hawsawi; that he wanted to martyr himself for the al) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(Qaeda cause; and that he was planning to commit chemical and tech-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(nological attacks in the United States. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 135. This detailed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(information certainly provided al-Marri with sufficient notice of the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(factual basis for his detention. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.98 Tw
(Likewise, al-Marri was provided a "fair opportunity to rebut the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
(Government's factual assertions." The magistrate judge gave al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.55 Tw
(sixty days to respond to the Rapp Declaration, and stated that a "full-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.27 Tw
(blown adversary hearing" would follow if al-Marri was able to ade-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(quately rebut the government's evidence. Since the government relied) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(almost exclusively on evidence directly imputable to him, al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(had personal knowledge of the government's factual basis, and, there-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(fore, ample ability to offer a meaningful response. Put simply, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.48 Tw
(procedures developed by the magistrate judge provided al-Marri a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
("fair" and "meaningful" opportunity to be heard in his own defense,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(and thus were more than sufficient under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(533. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.46 Tw
(The Supreme Court's recent decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( does not) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.03 Tw
(change this analysis. To begin, the Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( explicitly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(distinguished the question of what procedures are required under the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(Suspension Clause from the question of what procedures are required) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(under the Due Process Clause. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 55-56. In) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(doing so, the Court explicitly stated that it made "no judgment" as to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(the issue addressed in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and presented by al-Marri's case: what) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.61 Tw
(process is constitutionally due to a detainee when "[t]he ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
3.61 Tw
(2241) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(habeas corpus process remained in place." See ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(55, 56. ) Tj
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(190) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Thus, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( is still the controlling opinion for our inquiry, and it) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(is therefore our duty to apply it. Moreover, even if ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( were) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(applicable to the matter before us, the process employed by the dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3 Tw
(trict and magistrate judges would still be constitutional. Al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.84 Tw
(received each of the protections required by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(: \(1\) he was) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.99 Tw
(given a "meaningful opportunity" to challenge the legal basis for his) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.61 Tw
(detention, \(2\) his petition was considered by a court that had the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(remedial power to order his release, and \(3\) he was granted the "abil-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(ity to rebut the factual basis for the Government's assertion that he) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.57 Tw
(is an enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 50-54. Al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.21 Tw
(benefitted from the assistance of counsel and was aware of the allega-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4 Tw
(tions against him from the very outset of his proceedings, and) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.68 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( recognized these protections as necessary to the extent) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(they aid in challenging the factual accuracy of a detention, something) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(al-Marri did not do in this case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 54-55. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.63 Tw
(In fact, there is every indication that al-Marri would have received) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(the procedures that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( could reasonably be read to impose) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(if he had sought to contest the government's allegations in some way.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(It is true that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( recognizes that both the ability to confront) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.18 Tw
(witnesses and some limit on the government's use of hearsay evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(dence may be necessary to ensure that a detainee has the capacity "to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(rebut the factual basis" for his detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 54-55. But the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( never indicated that it was establishing procedures to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(be followed inflexibly in every case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 49-50, 57, 58 \(noting) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(that the "extent of the showing required of the Government in these) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(cases is a matter to be determined"\). Instead, the Court emphasized) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.56 Tw
(that habeas corpus procedures must be "adaptable" so that they can) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(assure the petitioner a "meaningful opportunity" to contest the legal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.1 Tw
(and factual bases for his detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 50-54. If al-Marri had cast) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(any doubt on the accuracy of his detention, there was every indication) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.44 Tw
(that the magistrate and district judges would have done what was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(needed to confirm or to dispel that doubt, including the provision of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.65 Tw
(those procedures that ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( could reasonably be read to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.35 Tw
(require. But severing the need for procedural protections from the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
(need to reach accurate determinations loses sight of the whole pur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(pose of due process. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.71 Tw
(Thus, the problem here was not, as the concurrence alleges, a fail-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
(ure on the part of the lower court to provide al-Marri with constitu-) Tj
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(191) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(tionally adequate procedures, but rather the unwillingness of al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(to participate in the process set forth under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( in any meaningful) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.68 Tw
(way. Neither the magistrate nor the district judge gave al-Marri short) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.53 Tw
(shrift, and both were open to any evidence al-Marri had to offer.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.35 Tw
(Instead, al-Marri offered nothing. In fact, if a general denial were) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(deemed sufficient to bring the accuracy of the Declaration into ques-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(tion, then the whole ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( burden-shifting framework would be ren-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.19 Tw
(dered useless. I thus find it remarkable that al-Marri now complains) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(about procedures he did not even attempt to utilize. Indeed, a civilian) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.67 Tw
(criminal defendant cannot refuse to avail himself of the protections) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(offered him at trial and then claim a procedural due process violation;) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(there should be no reason to treat al-Marri any differently. As the dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.66 Tw
(trict court correctly recognized, "[n]either due process nor the rule of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(law in general grant a party the right to participate only in the court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(procedures he deems best or to present his proof whenever it suits) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(him." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Al-Marri) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 443 F. Supp. 2d at 785.) Tj
156.7272 -25.2 Td
(C.) Tj
-144.7272 -25.2 Td
.38 Tw
(Although al-Marri received the full benefit of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s protections,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
3.01 Tw
(the concurrence argues that because al-Marri is not "a battlefield) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(detainee," he is entitled to more rigorous procedural safeguards than) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.43 Tw
(those afforded him by the district court. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 86-89. In particu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(lar, the concurrence contends that al-Marri has the right to "requir[e]) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(the government to demonstrate through `the most reliable available) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.95 Tw
(evidence' that he is an enemy combatant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 93. Since the dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(trict court did not afford al-Marri this right, the concurrence insists) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(that the proceedings below were unconstitutional. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.75 Tw
(I cannot agree for two reasons. First, the battlefield/non-battlefield) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.13 Tw
(distinction is not to be found in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and is unreflective of the reali-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(ties of the current conflict. Second, the imposition of a "most reliable) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(available evidence" requirement rests on a misreading of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(contradicts the basic tenets of procedural due process. ) Tj
157.6875 -25.2 Td
(1.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.2 Td
.92 Tw
(I begin with the lynchpin of the concurrence's opinion: the notion) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(that al-Marri is entitled to more rigorous procedural protections than) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(those guaranteed by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, because al-Marri was apprehended in the) Tj
1 0 0 1 0 792 Tm
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(192) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(United States, rather than on a foreign battlefield, and thus subject to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.92 Tw
(a higher risk of being erroneously detained. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 86-89 & n.13.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
4.7 Tw
(This categorical imposition of different procedural requirements) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.26 Tw
(based on a neat division between battlefield and homeland is unsound) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(for several reasons. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.06 Tw
(To begin, the battlefield/non-battlefield distinction is nowhere to be) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(found in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the case on which the concurrence relies. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.96 Tw
(at 86-90. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s discussion of the constitutional requirements for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.72 Tw
("enemy combatant proceedings" contains no limitation or qualifica-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(tion based on locus of capture. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see also ) Tj
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(at 524 \(framing the issue as "what process is constitutionally due a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.62 Tw
(citizen who disputes his enemy-combatant status"\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 532 \(apply-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(ing the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework to identify a process that "strikes the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.46 Tw
(proper constitutional balance when a United States citizen is detained) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(in the United States as an enemy combatant"\). Indeed, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( makes) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.55 Tw
(plain that the procedures required in "the enemy-combatant setting") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(apply equally to ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(all) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( enemy combatants, not just those captured on a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(foreign battlefield. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 535. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
0 Tw
(Furthermore, although the concurrence claims that the "risk of erro-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(neously detaining a civilian" is "much greater inside the United States) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(than" on "a conventional battlefield within the borders of a foreign) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.69 Tw
(country," this is often not the case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 90. Indeed, the modern) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.15 Tw
(battlefield is often cluttered with shifting alliances and the lack of dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(tinguishing uniforms. One only need to think of the villages in Viet-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.99 Tw
(nam or the hills of Afghanistan to recognize that discerning friend) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(from foe can be very elusive on a foreign battlefield. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s refusal to categorically distinguish detainees based on) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.34 Tw
(their locus of capture reflects the true nature of the current conflict.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(As Congress recognized in the AUMF and as the nature of the 9/11) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.5 Tw
(attacks made pellucidly clear, the struggle against al-Qaeda is not) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.89 Tw
(bound to foreign lands or distant shores. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 173-75. The) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(need for legislatively sanctioned procedures in accordance with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.41 Tw
(laws of war does not dissipate simply because an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(is apprehended domestically rather than on a foreign battlefield. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 147-54. In fact, the concerns underlying the need for more) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(limited procedures in enemy combatant hearings, such as the presence) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(of highly sensitive information and the risk of such information being) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
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(193) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(transmitted to terrorist networks, confederates, and affiliates, is) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.08 Tw
(equally, if not more, pronounced when dealing with a sleeper al) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Qaeda agent operating within our borders. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.57 Tw
(Despite its contention to the contrary, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 90 n.14, the con-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.52 Tw
(currence thus commits the same error as the plurality: it categorically) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.82 Tw
(rests its decision on an artificial distinction between battlefield and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.17 Tw
(non-battlefield capture. Indeed, it offers no other meaningful rationale) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.82 Tw
(for distinguishing between the procedures approved of in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.73 Tw
(the procedures afforded al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 85, 86-89 & n.13,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.5 Tw
(89-90. The Supreme Court has refused to resolve issues concerning) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.92 Tw
(the process due enemy combatants based on the faux simplicity of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(inflexible categories, and we should not deny the realities of contem-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(porary conflict by contravening its directive.) Tj
157.6875 -25.9 Td
(2.) Tj
-145.6875 -25.8 Td
.5 Tw
(In addition to its distinction between battlefield and non-battlefield) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
2.31 Tw
(detainees, the concurrence develops another procedural innovation:) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.32 Tw
(the "most reliable available evidence" requirement. The requirement) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.2 Tw
(posits that al-Marri has the right to require the government to produce) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.78 Tw
("`the most reliable available evidence' that he is an enemy comba-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.2 Tw
(tant." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 91. This requirement is just as problematic as the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.5 Tw
(attempt to dictate the appropriate level of procedure based on the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(locus of capture. ) Tj
12 -25.8 Td
1.58 Tw
(In deriving this standard, the concurrence relies on the following) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.94 Tw
(observation made in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(: "[E]nemy combatant proceedings may) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
(be tailored to alleviate their uncommon potential to burden the Execu-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.35 Tw
(tive at a time of ongoing military conflict. Hearsay, for example, may) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.02 Tw
(need to be accepted as the most reliable available evidence from the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.33 Tw
(Government in such a proceeding." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533-34; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.71 Tw
(ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 81, 88 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(\). Rather than take this comment for) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.77 Tw
(what it clearly is an example of how the procedures afforded) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.75 Tw
(enemy combatants need to account for the evidentiary burdens that) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.87 Tw
(are frequently present in such cases the concurrence develops a) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.92 Tw
(hardline requirement that the government must always show, in its) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.6 Td
.68 Tw
(initial) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( presentation, that the evidence offered is the most reliable evi-) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(dence available. ) Tj
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(194) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Imposing a "most reliable available evidence" standard at the very) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.74 Tw
(outset would be a fundamental misapplication of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. To begin,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.96 Tw
(this approach abandons the careful incrementalism and the actual) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.35 Tw
("burden-shifting scheme" set forth by the Supreme Court in that deci-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.2 Tw
(sion. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 534. As discussed earlier, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( only) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.51 Tw
(requires the government to initially "put[) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.51 Tw
(] forth credible evidence) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.3 Tw
(that the habeas petitioner meets the enemy-combatant criteria." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(The government need not put on further evidence unless the detainee) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.95 Tw
(responds with at least some evidence that "he falls outside the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.62 Tw
(criteria." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( By forsaking the framework envisioned by ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(concurrence relieves al-Marri of any obligation to contest the factual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(basis of his detention. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.18 Tw
(The concurrence, however, indicates that the Rapp Declaration) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(may be insufficient under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. This is simply not the case. Indeed,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( expressly recognized that the government's initial burden may) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.53 Tw
(be satisfied by "a knowledgeable affiant" who "summarize[s]" the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(evidence on which the detention was based. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 534.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.28 Tw
(Likewise, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( explicitly held that in an enemy combatant proceed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(ing, "a habeas court . . . may accept affidavit evidence like that con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(tained in the Mobbs Declaration, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(so ) Tj
(long ) Tj
(as) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( it also permits the alleged) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(combatant to present his own factual case to rebut the Government's") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.57 Tw
(evidence. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 538 \(emphasis added\). Because the Rapp Declaration) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(is far more extensive and detailed than the Mobbs Declaration, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(former satisfies the government's initial burden and serves the basic) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(purpose of affording notice to al-Marri of why he is detained. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.63 Tw
(Moreover, beyond being a misapplication of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, this "most) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(reliable available evidence" approach is also plainly contrary to the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(fundamental tenets of procedural due process. As the Supreme Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(has repeatedly held, the touchstone of any due process inquiry must) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(be ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(accuracy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. Indeed, the imposition of additional procedural protec-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(tions has traditionally been linked to the ability of those safeguards) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(to prevent erroneous deprivations of protected interests. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Mathews) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(v. Eldridge) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424 U.S. 319, 343 \(1976\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 50-52;) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.49 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 529, 534; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(Teague v. Lane) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 489 U.S. 288,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(313 \(1989\) \(noting that due process requires the retroactive applica-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.95 Tw
(tion of "procedures without which the likelihood of an accurate con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
4.77 Tw
(viction is seriously diminished"\); Laurence H. Tribe, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(American) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.25 Tw
(Constitutional Law) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.25 Tw
(10-13, at 714 \(2d ed. 1988\) \(noting that the) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(195) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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("value [of] procedural safeguards" is primarily determined by their) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.94 Tw
(potential to minimize "factual error in the application of the relevant) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(substantive rules"\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.16 Tw
(In order to allow for adjustments that help ensure accuracy, the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.46 Tw
(Supreme Court has consistently emphasized the need for ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(flexible) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( pro-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(cedures that would permit district courts to employ protections pursu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(ant to the "demands" presented by a "particular" case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Morrissey) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.28 Tw
(v. Brewer) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 408 U.S. 471, 481 \(1972\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see ) Tj
(also ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op.) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(at 50 \(noting that habeas is an "adaptable remedy," requiring more) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.45 Tw
(protections in situations of greater factual uncertainty\); ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.73 Tw
(U.S. at 334-35; Tribe, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.73 Tw
(10-14, at 718 \(noting that the Court's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.06 Tw
("flexible approach" to procedural due process allows courts to apply) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.99 Tw
(protections on a "case to case" basis\). In fact, the Court has made) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.88 Tw
(plain that due process never requires any "fixed" set of procedures) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.97 Tw
(that cannot be adapted to the circumstances of the case at hand.) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(Mathews) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424 U.S. at 334 \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(Union, Local 473, AFL-CIO v. McElroy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 367 U.S. 886, 895 \(1961\)\).) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(Furthermore, as the Court explained in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the procedures for) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.26 Tw
(reviewing enemy combatant detentions should be "both ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(prudent) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( and) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(incremental) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(," with adjustments made only as the need for additional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(protections became apparent in a given case. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 539) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(\(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(By imposing a "most reliable available evidence" requirement on) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(the government at the very outset of a ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( hearing, the concur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.12 Tw
(rence has adopted an approach that neglects these foundational princi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.17 Tw
(ples of procedural due process. Indeed, by categorically applying its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(additional requirement even though al-Marri has never cast the sligh-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(test bit of doubt on the accuracy of his enemy combatant status, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(concurrence fails to recognize that due process is first and foremost) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(about accuracy. And by forcing the government to produce the "most) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(reliable available evidence" at the outset of all cases involving non-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(battlefield detainees, the concurrence diminishes the ability of district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(courts to prudently and incrementally apply procedures based on the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(particular circumstances and need for accuracy in the case at hand. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.22 Tw
(This approach threatens large consequences. As the concurrence) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(recognizes, the breadth of al-Marri's procedural demands are stagger-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.56 Tw
(ing. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 83 & n.8. Not only does al-Marri request the opportunity) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
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.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(to depose various government officials, including "high-level" offi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.99 Tw
(cers in the Executive Branch, but he also seeks discovery of the fol-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(lowing evidence: ) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
1.06 Tw
(all statements made by al-Marri; all documents relied upon) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.33 Tw
(by Rapp or describing the sources of information referenced) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.26 Tw
(in the Rapp Declaration; all documents upon which the gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.88 Tw
(ernment intended to rely; all documents upon which the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.13 Tw
(CIA, Department of Justice, Department of Defense, and the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.17 Tw
(President relied in determining whether al-Marri was an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.34 Tw
(enemy combatant; all documents describing the standard for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.11 Tw
(the designation; [) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.11 Tw
(] any exculpatory evidence; . . . [and] all) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.41 Tw
(documents pertaining to interrogations and interviews con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.9 Tw
(ducted by United States officials or others acting on their) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(behalf. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.2 Td
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.84 Tw
(The "most reliable available evidence" requirement would provide) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(al-Marri with access to this evidence unless the government demon-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.61 Tw
(strated that its production was "impractical, outweighed by national) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.85 Tw
(security interests, or otherwise unduly burdensome." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 94. In) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.39 Tw
(other words, under this approach, the default scenario would grant al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(Marri extensive discovery rights regardless of whether he could raise) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(even the slightest doubt as to the basis of his detention.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.18 Tw
(It is difficult to think of a more dangerous way to handle the highly) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.56 Tw
(sensitive information that is invariably used to apprehend terrorist) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.97 Tw
(sleeper agents such as al-Marri. The fuzzy "most reliable available) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(evidence" standard provides district courts with precious little guid-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(ance. Indeed, district courts are given little direction as to what consti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(tutes the "most reliable available evidence" or as to the procedures) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(that should be used to make such a determination. Instead, district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(courts are merely told to resolve these threshold evidentiary questions) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.14 Tw
(to their "satisfaction." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 94. This lack of clarity provides detainees) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.34 Tw
(with nothing less than an invitation to engage in "graymail" and other) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(harassing tactics. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(supra) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 151. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.42 Tw
(Judge Gregory recognizes that the concurrence's approach "will) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2 Tw
(leave the district court with more questions than answers." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(100. He attempts, however, to resolve this uncertainty by suggesting) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.27 Tw
(procedures of his own. In particular, he suggests that the district court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(employ at the outset of proceedings an "in-camera, ex-parte hearing,") Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(modeled after circuit precedent and CIPA, to determine which evi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.73 Tw
(dence should be turned over to al-Marri. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 109-112. While I) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(respect my good colleague's attempt to provide guidance for the dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(trict court on remand, I find the procedures he proposes to be equally) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(as problematic as those suggested by the concurrence. To begin, rely-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(ing on CIPA at the outset risks transporting wholesale a statute specif-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(ically passed to address criminal prosecutions into the completely) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(different context of military detention. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See, e.g.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 18 U.S.C. app. III ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.1 Tw
(8) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(\(stating that the protections of CIPA are designed to "prevent unnec-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.68 Tw
(essary disclosure of classified information involved in any ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(criminal) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
2.53 Tw
(proceeding" \(emphasis added\)\). As discussed earlier in Section II,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.23 Tw
(Congress passed the AUMF fully aware of the existence of CIPA, but) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(it nevertheless authorized the President to detain enemy combatants) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.54 Tw
(because of the inherent limitations of the criminal justice system in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(dealing with matters of war. Moreover, under this "in-camera hear-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
(ing" approach, al-Marri is once again provided with all sorts of proce-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.75 Tw
(dures before having to cast the slightest doubt on the accuracy of his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.29 Tw
(detention. There is simply no reason to risk, at the very outset of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.25 Tw
(every enemy combatant habeas proceeding and without any benefit in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.65 Tw
(ensuring accurate determinations, the extraordinary costs that may) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(result from the compelled disclosure of sensitive information. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(Of course, the sorts of procedures requested by al-Marri and con-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.82 Tw
(templated by the concurrence's "most reliable available evidence") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(requirement may eventually come into play in some ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( proceed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.45 Tw
(ings. So too may CIPA protections. But these procedures should only) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(be used if they are ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(necessary) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to ensure the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(accuracy) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( of a detention.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.36 Tw
(Applying additional procedures at the outset is, to understate the mat-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ter, ill-advised. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
12 -25.3 Td
1.62 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( recognized that the imposition of additional safeguards in) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
(the enemy combatant setting has the "uncommon potential to burden) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.01 Tw
(the Executive at a time of ongoing military conflict." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(at 533; Ernest A. Young, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(The Constitution Outside the Constitution) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(117 Yale L.J. 408, 440 \(2007\). Granting al-Marri the benefit of addi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.98 Tw
(tional protections, even though he has never used the procedures) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(that these additional protections are needed, imposes procedural bur-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.16 Tw
(dens without any indication that these burdens will produce a corre-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.05 Tw
(sponding reduction in the likelihood of erroneous deprivation. Due) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(process simply does not require such a result.) Tj
156.411 -25.2 Td
(D.) Tj
-144.411 -25.2 Td
1.58 Tw
(Process is of inestimable value to law. It is vital in ensuring fair) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(treatment to individuals, in preventing the arbitrary exercise of power) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.83 Tw
(by the state, and in holding the vast arsenal of executive authority in) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.1 Tw
(check. And yet, as with so much else, there is a balance. Taken to suf-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.77 Tw
(ficient lengths, process can accomplish the dismemberment of mean-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.65 Tw
(ingful democratic prerogatives and the frustration of vital substantive) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.18 Tw
(ends. Taken too far, process can essentially paralyze public officials) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.65 Tw
(in their attempts to promote the public welfare and, in this area, to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(provide even the most basic assurances of public safety. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.53 Tw
(The Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( sought to strike the balance between) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
2.12 Tw
(the beneficial use of process, on the one hand, and its detrimental) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.83 Tw
(overuse on the other. As noted, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( placed the initial burden in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.25 Tw
(enemy combatant proceedings on the government, required the gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(ernment to give notice of the factual basis for detention, and provided) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.03 Tw
(the detainee with an opportunity to controvert the government's evi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(dence before a neutral decisionmaker. At the same time, however,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( was keenly conscious of the need not to deprive the executive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.39 Tw
(and legislative branches of the tools to deal with the new danger in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(our midst. Its seminal requirement is that the detainee place the gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.27 Tw
(ernment's evidence in some doubt before the refinements of the crim-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(inal justice process come into play. By relieving the detainee of that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(threshold burden, we take at least the first initial steps toward making) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( hearings ever more replicative of the criminal justice process) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
( a process whose full and familiar regalia our profession may soon) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(enough adopt.) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
4 Tw
(This would be a mistake. The transgressions that al-Marri is) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(accused of committing are not ordinary crimes, although both the plu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(rality and the concurrence appear to treat them in varying degrees as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(such. Instead, the destructive acts of 9/11 are more akin to warfare) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(than to crime. That was the view that Congress expressed in passing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(the AUMF. That was the view the Supreme Court expressed in its) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( decision. Whether by declining to apply the AUMF or by cast-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.49 Tw
(ing aside the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( framework, we move toward the criminal justice) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.28 Tw
(model, the concurrence accomplishing procedurally much of what the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.24 Tw
(plurality attempts to accomplish substantively a limitation on the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.48 Tw
(elected branches' ability to prosecute the ongoing struggle against) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.85 Tw
(global terror in accordance with the laws of war. I am reluctant to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(supplant the wisdom of others on so grave a matter with my own, and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(I would hold that under the AUMF and in accordance with ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.14 Tw
(al-Marri was accorded the process he was due the process which) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(he never once sought to utilize.) Tj
/F1 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
11.0927 -25.2 Td
(V.) Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(THE DETENTION OF AL-MARRI ACCORDS WITH) Tj
58.8228 -12.3 Td
(AMERICA'S LEGAL TRADITION.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-57.9155 -25.3 Td
.13 Tw
(I wish finally to take a step back. In the aftermath of September 11,) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.85 Tw
(judges have experienced their own distinctive tensions. As guardians) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(of the nation's constitutional tradition, courts have struggled to avoid) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.6 Tw
(placing a judicial imprimatur on anything inimical to the nation's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(priceless heritage of liberty and timeless respect for human rights. At) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(the same time, we dread seeing again the faces of the stricken and the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(fallen, and being left to wonder if some grave constitutional miscalcu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(lation of our own played even some small part in sealing a fellow) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.81 Tw
(countryman's sad fate. These conflicting concerns of sacrificing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(values or jeopardizing lives are not absent in the debate over the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(detention in al-Marri's case. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.16 Tw
(Writing in the heyday of Jacksonian democracy, Alexis de Tocque-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(ville sketched the elements of American life that he thought set us) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.43 Tw
(apart: our devotion to the equality of man, our individualism, our) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.04 Tw
(commitment to enterprise, our practice of religion, our profound patri-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.33 Tw
(otism, our commitment to a free press, and our devotion to the rule) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.02 Tw
(of law. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Alexis de Tocqueville,) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.02 Tw
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Democracy in America) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(J.P. Mayer) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(ed., George Lawrence trans., Perennial Classics 2000\). On this last) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.13 Tw
(point, it is said, the last years of struggle have done their greatest) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(damage with "executive unilateralism" lessening our commitment) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.47 Tw
(to due process, "mock[ing] the very notion of constitutionalism and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.19 Tw
([making] light of any aspiration to live by the rule of law." Neal K.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Katyal & Laurence H. Tribe, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Waging War, Deciding Guilt: Trying the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(Military Tribunals) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 111 Yale L.J. 1259, 1259-60 \(2002\). Likewise, it) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.08 Tw
(is alleged, a rejection of al-Marri's petition in this case "would so) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(alter the constitutional foundations of our Republic," that it "would) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.61 Tw
(have disastrous consequences for the Constitution and the coun-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.28 Tw
(try." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Ante) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 62-63. I do not think these indictments fair, and I believe) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(it essential to explain why al-Marri's detention would leave the bea-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(con of our constitutionalism bright and undimmed. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.97 Tw
(Any sound perspective on al-Marri's detention must start with the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.64 Tw
(magnitude of what brought it on. It bears lasting remembrance that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.13 Tw
(what happened on September 11 was an attack upon the symbols of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.28 Tw
(American freedom and democracy. It was a three-thousand person) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.1 Tw
(slaughter whose victims, going about their daily lives in an effort to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(do something meaningful, were innocent of any wrong against those) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.71 Tw
(who attacked them. The AUMF expressed this nation's sorrow and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.74 Tw
(outrage at what happened. To credit its intended scope respects Con-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(gress's intention and those who died that day. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.41 Tw
(The notion that the military detention of suspected al Qaeda terror-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.07 Tw
(ists such as al-Marri somehow threatens to drag us even incrementally) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(towards the degraded level of our adversaries is simply unfathomable.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.2 Tw
(Al-Marri's detention is one of only two domestic detentions of enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.87 Tw
(combatants conducted in the seven years since the 9/11 attacks. This) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.22 Tw
(country has no equivalent of jihad, no appetite for suicide bombs in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.13 Tw
(public squares and markets, no thought of destroying places of wor-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.1 Tw
(ship, no intent to cause harm that is greater than necessary to defeat) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.8 Tw
(a determined enemy. Military detention, circumscribed carefully by) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(the law of war's cardinal principle of discrimination, is no dispropor-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.31 Tw
(tionate response to those who aim to murder scores of thousands of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.58 Tw
(civilians; there is no moral equivalence, only contrast, and nothing in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.36 Tw
(our constitutional tradition makes the detention of terrorists with) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.48 Tw
(strong al Qaeda ties unlawful simply because they prefer mass kill-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.09 Tw
(ings here rather than on some foreign battlefield. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Quirin) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 317 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 38. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
2 Tw
(The immense controversy over al-Marri's detention obscures the) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.51 Tw
(historical perspective. I do not mean to whitewash wrongs we have) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.96 Tw
(committed in the last seven years Abu Ghraib stained and sullied) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.9 Tw
(all we stand for; the government's roundup and detention of Muslim) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
(immigrants in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 transgressed our com-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.17 Tw
(mitment to due process and individualized consideration; and Guanta-) Tj
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(201) Tj
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(namo Bay has proven controversial, to be sure. We have stumbled on) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(an unknown landscape, and sometimes worse. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2 Tw
(But consider, for example, the Red Scare and roundup of social) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
5.33 Tw
(dissidents after World War I, or the internment of Japanese-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(Americans during World War II, or the surge of McCarthyism during) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.83 Tw
(the Cold War, or the bludgeoning of dissent during the last stages of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(Vietnam. What makes those moments in our history so very sad was) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(that so much of the country approved of them. A fever took hold, and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.98 Tw
(minorities in our country often bore the brunt of it. But al-Marri's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.65 Tw
(detention and the capture of al Qaeda members in our midst ) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.61 Tw
(presages no anti-Muslim rage, no attacks on Muslims' basic rights of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.22 Tw
(free religious exercise and speech, no intent to deny our fellow citi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(zens of Muslim faith inclusion in the American embrace. As the ter-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.98 Tw
(rorist threat has persisted, there has been no demand for dragnet) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.87 Tw
(measures that would sweep in innocent and culpable alike, and there) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(has been no demagogic figure attempting to demonize our friends of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.7 Tw
(Muslim faith at home because they may happen to share a loose) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(national or religious identity with enemies abroad. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.25 Tw
(Our domestic response to 9/11 has been, to judge by the magnitude) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.07 Tw
(of the event and the lessons of history, largely measured. But that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.6 Tw
(alone does not carry the argument. Indeed, the reason for our mea-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(sured response has not chiefly been executive forbearance, but rather) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(a faithfulness to the path laid down by our Founders, with all three) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.11 Tw
(branches of our tripartite form of government playing their constitu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.83 Tw
(tionally assigned role in charting our course. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( David A. Martin,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.53 Tw
(Judicial Review and the Military Commissions Act: On Striking the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(Right Balance) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 101 Am. J. Int'l L. 344, 347-48 \(2007\) \(noting the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
("productive" "interbranch colloquy" that took place after 9/11\). ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.55 Tw
(The Constitution is not merely an assignation of rights; it is also) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(an allocation of authority. And it is the structural features of our Con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.42 Tw
(stitution that allowed a nation bemused in August to yet recover its) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.24 Tw
(residue of fiber in September. Article II embodies the great and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.21 Tw
(immediate assertion of national will. It is the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(constitutional) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( function) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(of the executive to act energetically in time of national peril; no other) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(branch of government is remotely capable of doing so. But executive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(power can promote liberty through the provision of security, or it can) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(threaten liberty through the disregard of rights. So the balance must) Tj
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(202) Tj
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(A) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(be struck. In this regard, Separation of Powers does not mean Hostil-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.1 Tw
(ity of Powers. It is the obligation of each branch to check the excesses) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.94 Tw
(of another, but each branch is equally obliged not to forsake its own) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(limitations in thwarting another's legitimate role. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.09 Tw
(Rejection of al-Marri's petition does not signal some pattern of sur-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.2 Tw
(render by a co-equal Congress and judiciary to a rampaging executive) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.01 Tw
(branch. The legislative branch has not forfeited its constitutional func-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.7 Tw
(tion. In the last seven years, Congress has passed at least seven reso-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.88 Tw
(lutions or statutes delineating the appropriate scope of our nation's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(response to the terrorist threat: the Authorization for Use of Military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.1 Tw
(Force in 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224; the USA PATRIOT) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.88 Tw
(ACT of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272, which was revised) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(and reauthorized in 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-177, 120 Stat. 192; Pub.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.84 Tw
(L. No. 109-178, 120 Stat. 278; the Authorization for Use of Military) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.34 Tw
(Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-243, 116) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(Stat. 1498; the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(116 Stat. 2135; the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(148, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.68 Tw
(1001-06, 119 Stat. 2680, 2739-44; the Military Commissions) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600; and the Protect) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.85 Tw
(America Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-55, 121 Stat. 552, which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978. Those) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.91 Tw
(who think these acts ceded too much power to the executive may be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(right or they may be wrong. But they miss a crucial point: these con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(gressional actions have been fought on "the boisterous ocean of politi-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(cal passions," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Monsieur DuPont) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(de Nemours, March 2, 1809, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(quoted in ) Tj
(The Life and Selected Writings) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.87 Tw
(of Thomas Jefferson) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 545 \(Adrienne Koch & William Peden eds.,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(1993\), and while the results of any fight are never pleasing to every-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(one, it is precisely the way our system is supposed to work. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(Nor would the rejection of al-Marri's petition signal an atrophied) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(judicial role. The courts have been more actively involved in our cur-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(rent struggle than in any other war in our history. The amount of liti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(gation surrounding the struggle against terrorism would have been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.96 Tw
(unthinkable in any prior conflict. By my count, well over two dozen) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(cases on the subject have been heard in federal court, including those) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.12 Tw
(whose names are now familiar: ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Rasul) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdan) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Padilla) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(;) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(Moussaoui) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. The critics who see these decisions as too) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(supine may be right or they may be wrong. But as al-Marri's appeal) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(203) Tj
-202.1066 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
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0 Tc
(shows, they have had their day and more in court, and that too is how) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(our system is supposed to work. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.33 Tw
(Al-Marri's case like so many others in this struggle has been) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.17 Tw
(for the judiciary one of deep silences. We may never know whether) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.48 Tw
(we have struck the proper balance between liberty and security,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.8 Tw
(because we do not know every action the executive is taking and we) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.51 Tw
(do not know every threat global terror networks have in store. So our) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.15 Tw
(belief in ourselves and our institutions has to persevere in this unprec-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.32 Tw
(edented world of imperfect understanding where the definitions of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(victory and progress and proportionate response are forever open to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(debate. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.38 Tw
(I feel firmly, however, based on the facts presented, that al-Marri's) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.06 Tw
(petition should be dismissed. The executive's decision to detain him) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.39 Tw
( or any similarly situated member of al Qaeda, lawfully in this) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.25 Tw
(country or not is a proportionate response targeted precisely at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.26 Tw
(those terrorists who slaughtered thousands of civilians on our soil and) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.52 Tw
(threaten to do the same to tens of thousands more. His detention is) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.42 Tw
(consistent with the law of war, and our constitutional requirements of) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.93 Tw
(due process as well. It is a product of executive action that has been) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.32 Tw
(legislatively sanctioned and it reflects the core understanding of our) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.27 Tw
(constitutional system that at the end of the day, when momentous) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.94 Tw
(questions of life and death are at stake, this nation places its deepest) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.02 Tw
(bets upon democracy, and the people's safety must reside and rest) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(with those who have the people's sanction. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.39 Tw
(I do not mean to minimize the step of detaining militarily someone) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.79 Tw
(of lawful status, seized within this country, and I have tried through-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.3 Tw
(out to suggest the limits that the laws of war, the need for congressio-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(nal sanction, and the requirement of some meaningful form of access) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.05 Tw
(to the courts impose upon this executive practice. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.2 Tw
(U.S. at 524-39. By reviewing the lawfulness of the detention, we con-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.29 Tw
(firm that there is access to the courts and that there are limits on) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.71 Tw
(actions impinging liberty that can be taken in the name of national) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.73 Tw
(security. By rejecting this petition, we would have the chance to rec-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.04 Tw
(ognize that the democratic branches have taken reasonable and consti-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
4.44 Tw
(tutional steps to address unprecedented threats of unforeseeable) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
1.2 Tw
(magnitude against our country. ) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(204) Tj
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(A) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(It is possible to protect American values and American lives.) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.86 Tw
(Indeed, this was the promise of our Founding, when a government) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.1 Tw
(was "instituted among Men, deriving [its] just powers from the con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.37 Tw
(sent of the governed" in order to secure the "unalienable Rights" of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.65 Tw
(both "Liberty" and "Life." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Declaration of Independence para. 2) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.41 Tw
(\(U.S. 1776\). I disagree with the result reached here, but I do so in the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.08 Tw
(belief that my colleagues have helped in some small way to demon-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(strate the good and earnest values that animate this country values) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(that require America prevail. ) Tj
0 -25.2 Td
1.6 Tw
(NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment in part and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(dissenting in part, as indicated herein: ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.25 Tw
(After we received briefs and heard argument in this case, the) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.33 Tw
(Supreme Court handed down its decision in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene v. Bush) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 553) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(U.S. ___, No. 06-1195 \(June 12, 2008\), holding that foreign nationals) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.09 Tw
(detained at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay as enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.38 Tw
(batants under the Authorization for Use of Military Force \("AUMF"\),) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
0 Tw
(Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 \(2001\), have the privilege of habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(corpus. Slip op. at 41. The Court also held that when judicial power) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.31 Tw
(to issue habeas corpus is properly invoked by a detainee having the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(habeas privilege, "the judicial officer must have adequate authority to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(make a determination in light of the relevant law and facts and to for-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.51 Tw
(mulate and issue appropriate orders for relief, including, if necessary,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.16 Tw
(an order directing the prisoner's release." Slip op. at 58. The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumed-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.28 Tw
(iene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court rejected the government's argument that the Detainee) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.91 Tw
(Treatment Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-148, 119 Stat. 2739, pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.52 Tw
(vided an adequate and effective substitute for habeas corpus and held) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.45 Tw
(that the Act's limitation of habeas corpus violated the Suspension) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Clause of the Constitution. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.47 Tw
(Focusing on the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(essential) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( process to which such detainees are enti-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.5 Tw
(tled, whether through habeas corpus or some other procedure that) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(Congress might provide, the Court stated that a detainee must have) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.37 Tw
(a "meaningful opportunity to demonstrate that he is being held pursu-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.78 Tw
(ant to the erroneous application or interpretation of relevant law") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(before a court that has "the power to order the conditional release of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.82 Tw
(an individual unlawfully detained" both of which are provided by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.86 Tw
(the habeas corpus process. Slip op. at 50 \(internal quotation marks) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.84 Tw
(omitted\). Thus, the Court held, the process for designated enemy) Tj
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/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
451.5 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(205) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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0 -8 Td
1.76 Tw
0 Tc
(combatants detained at Guantanamo Bay must provide the detainee) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(with the right to present exculpatory evidence and to supplement the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
0 Tw
(record, and the process must be administered by a court with authority) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.58 Tw
("to assess the sufficiency of the Government's evidence against the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.36 Tw
(detainee," "to admit and consider relevant exculpatory evidence," to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(make determinations "in light of the relevant law and facts," "to cor-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.33 Tw
(rect errors that occurred during the [executive] proceedings," and to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(issue appropriate relief, including release of the detainee. Slip op. at) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.52 Tw
(57-58. In short, enemy combatants detained at Guantanamo Bay) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(under the AUMF must be provided the habeas corpus process or a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(process closely equivalent to it. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( slip op. at 63-64. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.55 Tw
(Because the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court treated Guantanamo Bay as part of) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.42 Tw
(the United States for the limited purpose of its holding, its holding,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.15 Tw
(a fortiori, extends also to persons detained in the United States as) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(enemy combatants under the AUMF. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.87 Tw
(In my judgment, the Supreme Court's holding in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( dis-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(poses of the procedural issues before us. Because the district court in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(this case afforded al-Marri the habeas corpus process and dismissed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(his petition under procedures fully consistent with traditional habeas) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.77 Tw
(corpus process, I would conclude that al-Marri has received all the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(process he was due. And with respect to the district court's legal con-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(clusion that al-Marri was properly detained, I agree generally with the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.2 Tw
(views expressed by Chief Judge Williams, Judge Wilkinson, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.15 Tw
(Judge Traxler, and I specifically join in Part II of Judge Traxler's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(opinion. Accordingly, I would affirm. ) Tj
160.0852 -25.2 Td
(I) Tj
-148.0852 -25.3 Td
1.78 Tw
(Al-Marri was initially arrested by civilian authorities pursuant to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.07 Tw
(charges of credit card fraud. While in civilian custody, however, the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(President of the United States determined, on June 23, 2003, that al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.65 Tw
(Marri was an enemy combatant because he was "closely associated) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.5 Tw
(with al Qaeda"; he "engaged in conduct that constituted hostile and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.35 Tw
(war-like acts, including conduct in preparation for acts of interna-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.8 Tw
(tional terrorism that had the aim to cause injury to or adverse effects) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(on the United States"; he possessed "intelligence about personnel and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.55 Tw
(activities of al Qaeda"; he represented a "continuing, present, and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.48 Tw
(grave danger to the national security of the United States"; and there-) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(206) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
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0 -8 Td
1.8 Tw
0 Tc
(fore it was necessary to detain him "to prevent him from aiding al) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.25 Tw
(Qaeda in its efforts to attack the United States." Acting under the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.5 Tw
(authority of the AUMF, the President ordered the Attorney General) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(to deliver al-Marri to the Secretary of Defense to be detained "as an) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.7 Tw
(enemy combatant." Al-Marri was then detained at the Consolidated) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(Naval Brig in Charleston, South Carolina. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.83 Tw
(On July 8, 2004, al-Marri filed a petition for a writ of habeas cor-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(pus in the district court under 28 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.3 Tw
(2241, alleging \(1\) unlawful) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.38 Tw
(detention, \(2\) the right to counsel, \(3\) the right to be charged, \(4\) a) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(denial of due process, and \(5\) unlawful interrogation. His second and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(fifth claims are no longer a part of his petition in this proceeding but) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.85 Tw
(are now the subject of a separate civil action pending before the dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.33 Tw
(trict court. In response to al-Marri's petition, the district court entered) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.47 Tw
(an order directing service of al-Marri's petition upon the Commander) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(of the Consolidated Naval Brig and setting a date for his answer. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.98 Tw
(In his answer, the Commander asserted that al-Marri's detention) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.78 Tw
(under the AUMF was proper, based on the President's determination) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.19 Tw
(that al-Marri was an enemy combatant. The answer included a copy) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.41 Tw
(of the President's determination and order, as well as an affidavit) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.76 Tw
(from Jeffrey N. Rapp, the Director of the Joint Intelligence Task) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.87 Tw
(Force for Combating Terrorism \(the "Rapp Declaration"\), which) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.17 Tw
(offered the specific factual basis for al-Marri's classification as an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.72 Tw
(enemy combatant. Portions of the Rapp Declaration were redacted to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(protect classified information. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.45 Tw
(Al-Marri filed a reply to the government's answer, generally deny-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.35 Tw
(ing the facts and challenging his detention as a matter of law. He also) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(requested a hearing to determine facts. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.21 Tw
(The district court first addressed the legal issues, and, assuming the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(facts asserted by the government to be true, it concluded as a legal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(matter that al-Marri's detention was "proper pursuant to the AUMF.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(Al-Marri v. Hanft) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 378 F. Supp. 2d 673, 680 \(D.S.C. 2005\). But the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(court left open al-Marri's right to challenge the facts. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.38 Tw
(At a status conference before a magistrate judge, the court outlined) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.58 Tw
(the procedure that would be followed to resolve al-Marri's dispute of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.47 Tw
(the facts. By an order dated December 19, 2005, the magistrate judge) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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0 Tc
(adopted an incremental factfinding approach based on the guidance) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(provided by the Supreme Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi v. Rumsfeld) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. 507) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(\(2004\). It required that al-Marri be given the government's factual) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.5 Tw
(basis for his classification as an enemy combatant and a fair opportu-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.04 Tw
(nity to rebut those facts with "more persuasive evidence." For this) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(purpose, the court indicated that it would accept affidavits from both) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.51 Tw
(the government and al-Marri. The court stated that if al-Marri were) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(to make a showing "more persuasive" than the government's show-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ing, it would then conduct a full-blown hearing to take evidence. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.09 Tw
(Although al-Marri had received a redacted copy of the Rapp Decla-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.45 Tw
(ration, he objected that he had not received notice of the factual basis) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.82 Tw
(for his detention because his attorneys were prohibited from discuss-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(ing with him the classified portions of the Rapp Declaration. The dis-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.36 Tw
(trict court expressed displeasure with the government's provision of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(a redacted copy and gave the government the option of either relying) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.32 Tw
(only on the unclassified portions of the Rapp Declaration or of allow-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(ing al-Marri access to the classified portions. In response, the govern-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.88 Tw
(ment declassified most of the Rapp Declaration and accepted the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(sanction that it could not rely on the remaining classified portions to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(satisfy its burden. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
(In its summary, the declassified Rapp Declaration stated:) Tj
10 -25.3 Td
1.57 Tw
([Al-Marri] is closely associated with al Qaeda, an interna-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(tional terrorist organization with which the United States is) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.29 Tw
(at war. As detailed below, Al-Marri is an al Qaeda "sleeper") Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(agent sent to the United States for the purpose of engaging) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(in and facilitating terrorist activities subsequent to Septem-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.98 Tw
(ber 11, 2001. Al-Marri currently possesses information of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(high intelligence value, including information about person-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(nel and activities of al Qaeda. Prior to arriving in the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(States on September 10, 2001, Al-Marri met personally with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(Usama Bin Laden \(Bin Laden\) and volunteered for a martyr) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.01 Tw
(mission or to do anything else that al Qaeda requested. Al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.53 Tw
(Marri was assisted in his al Qaeda assignment to the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(States by at least two high-level al Qaeda members: Septem-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
5.83 Tw
(ber 11, 2001 mastermind Khalid Shaykh Muhammed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.86 Tw
(\(KSM\); and al Qaeda financier and September 11, 2001) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(moneyman Mustafa Ahmed Al-Hawsawi \(Al-Hawsawi\). Al) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Qaeda sent Al-Marri to the United States to facilitate other) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.06 Tw
(al Qaeda operatives in carrying out post-September 11, 2001) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.26 Tw
(terror attacks. Al Qaeda also asked Al-Marri to explore) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(computer hacking methods to disrupt bank records and the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.06 Tw
(U.S. financial system. In addition, Al-Marri was trained by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.65 Tw
(al Qaeda in the use of poisons and had detailed information) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(concerning poisonous chemicals stored on his laptop com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.41 Tw
(puter. Information about Al-Marri's relationship with and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(activities on behalf of al-Qaeda has been obtained from and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(corroborated by multiple intelligence sources. ) Tj
-22 -25.3 Td
.27 Tw
(The Declaration then proceeded, through 15 pages, to offer the highly) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.52 Tw
(specific details. For example, it stated that: \(1\) "Al-Marri trained at) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.92 Tw
(Bin Laden's Afghanistan terrorist training camps for 15-19 months) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.93 Tw
(between approximately 1996 and 1998"; \(2\) although al-Marri alleg-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.66 Tw
(edly entered the United States to pursue a graduate degree in com-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.62 Tw
(puter science at Bradley University, "he had rarely attended classes) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(and was in failing status"; \(3\) al-Marri traveled to the United Arab) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(Emirates at al Qaeda's request in August 2001, where he met with) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi, al Qaeda's treasurer, at the Dubai air-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.39 Tw
(port and was provided with approximately $10,000 to $13,000 for his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(travels and education in the United States, along with an additional) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
(approximately $3,000 to purchase a laptop computer; \(4\) al-Marri's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.41 Tw
(computer contained evidence that he was conducting research regard-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(ing the use of chemicals as weapons of mass destruction \(providing) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(very detailed descriptions of the evidence found on the computer\); \(5\)) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(al-Marri's computer also contained records of e-mail drafts sent from) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(accounts registered to al-Marri to an account that has been linked to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.35 Tw
(Khalid Shaykh Muhammed, a known al Qaeda terrorist and master-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(mind behind the September 11 attacks \(providing the exact language) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(of the messages\); \(6\) al-Marri's computer contained files of lectures) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.3 Tw
(by bin Laden as well as lists of websites titled "Jihad arena," "Tali-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.4 Tw
(ban," "Arab's new club Jihad club," "Tunes by bullets," and "mar-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.02 Tw
(tyrs," along with photographs of the attacks on the World Trade) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.17 Tw
(Center, various photographs of Arab prisoners of war held by authori-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.78 Tw
(ties in Kabul, an animated cartoon of an airplane flying at the World) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.13 Tw
(Trade Center, and a map of Afghanistan; \(7\) calling cards attributed) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.45 Tw
(to al-Marri were utilized after the terrorist attacks of September 11,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(2001, to contact the United Arab Emirates telephone number of al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(Hawsawi \(providing very specific dates and details regarding where) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(and when the calls were made\); \(8\) al-Marri's computer case con-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.22 Tw
(tained lists of credit card numbers and the details of the relevant card-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.53 Tw
(holders, and his computer files contained over 1,000 other apparent) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.76 Tw
(credit card numbers, along with lists of internet websites related to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.61 Tw
(computer hacking, fake driver's licenses and other fake identification) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.25 Tw
(cards, buying and selling credit card numbers, and processing credit) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(card transactions; and \(9\) fraudulent purchases were made on several) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.77 Tw
(of the credit card numbers in al-Marri's possession, at a fraudulent) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.88 Tw
(online business set up by an individual purporting to be named "Ab-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.3 Tw
(dulkareem A. Almuslam," who had a signature in handwriting similar) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.86 Tw
(to al-Marri's, was identified by an eye doctor as actually being al-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(Marri, and had fingerprints that matched al-Marri's. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
3.64 Tw
(When al-Marri received this declassified Rapp Declaration \(in) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
3.32 Tw
(which only small portions remained redacted\), he again objected) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.56 Tw
(because he could not see the few passages that had been blacked out.) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.94 Tw
(With respect to what was disclosed, he "respectfully decline[d]" to) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.64 Tw
(come forward with evidence. Because al-Marri elected not to make) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.75 Tw
(a factual showing, the magistrate judge prepared a report and recom-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.44 Tw
(mendation to the district court based on al-Marri's refusal to take) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(issue with the facts. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.31 Tw
(In the magistrate judge's report and recommendation, he noted that) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.76 Tw
(al-Marri had received most of the Rapp Declaration, with only a few) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.68 Tw
(passages blacked out because they were classified, and stated that al-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.91 Tw
(Marri "ha[d] been given notice and opportunity, but ha[d] responded) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.5 Tw
(with merely a general denial and an election not to further participate) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.55 Tw
(in these proceedings." The judge noted that "[a]lthough [al-Marri]) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1 Tw
(apparently has evidence he believes relevant, he refuses to present it) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(before this court." The magistrate judge concluded:) Tj
22 -25.9 Td
1.78 Tw
(Accordingly, while recognizing the importance of respect-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.12 Tw
(ing the acts of the Executive Branch in times of national) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.58 Tw
(emergency, and after providing the petitioner a threshold) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.15 Tw
(opportunity reasonable under the circumstances to contest) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.22 Tw
(the Executive Branch's actions and factual assertions in an) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.9 Tw
(incremental and deliberate manner, it appears to the court) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.57 Tw
(that the Executive Declaration is more persuasive than Peti-) Tj
0 -12.6 Td
.41 Tw
(tioner's general denial on the issue of whether the petitioner) Tj
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(-M) Tj
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( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(meets the enemy combatant criteria, and there is no basis for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(concluding that an erroneous deprivation has occurred. ) Tj
-10 -25.1 Td
1.05 Tw
(Al-Marri filed objections to the magistrate judge's report and rec-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.45 Tw
(ommendation, and the district court considered al-Marri's petition for) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(writ of habeas corpus ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(de ) Tj
(novo) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. In its opinion, the court stated:) Tj
22 -25.1 Td
.7 Tw
() Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
.7 Tw
(Despite being given numerous opportunities to come for-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.02 Tw
(ward with evidence supporting this general denial, Petitioner) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(has refused to do so. ) Tj
127.3 -25.2 Td
(* * *) Tj
-127.3 -25.2 Td
2.33 Tw
(Petitioner's refusal to participate at this stage renders the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.71 Tw
(Government's assertions uncontested. This leaves the Court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.61 Tw
(with "nothing specific . . . to dispute even the simplest of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.43 Tw
(assertions [by the Government] which [Petitioner] could) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(easily" refute were they inaccurate. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.2 Td
2.59 Tw
(Al-Marri ex rel. Berman v. Wright) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 443 F. Supp. 2d 774, 784-85) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.11 Tw
(\(D.S.C. 2006\) \(quoting magistrate judge's report\) \(alterations and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(omission in original\). The court concluded:) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
.97 Tw
() Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
.97 Tw
(Given Petitioner's refusal to participate in the initial evi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.53 Tw
(dentiary process and his failure to offer ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(any) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( evidence on his) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.09 Tw
(behalf, it is beyond question that he has failed to present) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.45 Tw
("more persuasive evidence" to rebut Respondent's classifi-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.05 Tw
(cation and detention of him as an enemy combatant. Further,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(given the imbalance between the evidence presented by the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(parties, the Government clearly meets any burden of persua-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.91 Tw
(sion which could reasonably be imposed on it at this initial) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.11 Tw
(stage. Proceeding incrementally, as ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( directs, the Court) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(need go no further today. Accordingly, under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
('s out-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.46 Tw
(line of the procedures applicable in enemy combatant pro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.77 Tw
(ceedings, the Court finds that Petitioner has received notice) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.9 Tw
(of the factual basis supporting his detention and has been) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(afforded a meaningful opportunity to rebut that evidence. As) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.89 Tw
(a review of that evidence does not indicate that an "errone-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.63 Tw
(ous deprivation" has occurred, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 534, this) Tj
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1.2 Tw
(petition should be dismissed. ) Tj
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(L) Tj
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1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 785. From the district court's order of dismissal, al-Marri filed) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(this appeal. ) Tj
158.1705 -25.1 Td
(II) Tj
-146.1705 -25.1 Td
1.09 Tw
(I conclude that the district court in this case provided al-Marri all) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.09 Tw
(the procedure that was due. While the court was disposing of a habeas) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(2241, it also kept its focus on the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(procedure described in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the only guidance then available to the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
(district court for application of habeas corpus to detained enemy com-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.41 Tw
(batants. But it can be readily demonstrated that the procedure the dis-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.14 Tw
(trict court provided al-Marri satisfied not only ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( but also ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.14 Tw
(2241,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(which the Court in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( found to be sufficient.) Tj
157.8485 -25.2 Td
(A) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-145.8485 -25.2 Td
3.75 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( remains relevant to our consideration even in light of) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-12 -12.3 Td
3.36 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. While ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( considered whether the Detainee) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.18 Tw
(Treatment Act was an adequate substitute for ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.18 Tw
(2241 habeas corpus,) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
2.28 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( considered the appropriate process due ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(in a ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
2.28 Tw
(2241 habeas) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.04 Tw
(proceeding) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(See ) Tj
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, slip op. at 55 \("[) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(] does not con-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.25 Tw
(trol the matter at hand. None of the parties in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( argued there had) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.15 Tw
(been a suspension of the writ. Nor could they. The ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.15 Tw
(2241 habeas cor-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.29 Tw
(pus process remained in place"\). As in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.29 Tw
(2241 habeas cor-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(pus process "remain[s] in place" here. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.6 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, a plurality of the Court articulated that process which is) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.46 Tw
(constitutionally owed to an American citizen seeking to challenge his) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.81 Tw
(classification and detention as an enemy combatant. There, Yaser) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.07 Tw
(Esam Hamdi, a United States citizen, was detained by the government) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.9 Tw
(on allegations that he had taken up arms with the Taliban during the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.21 Tw
(conflict in Afghanistan. Hamdi had been seized in Afghanistan by) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.92 Tw
(members of the Northern Alliance, a coalition of military groups) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.59 Tw
(opposed to the Taliban, and was eventually turned over to the United) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.2 Tw
(States military and detained as an enemy combatant. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.24 Tw
(at 510. Subsequently, Hamdi's father filed a petition for a writ of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.2 Tw
(2241. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 511. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.71 Tw
(Although Hamdi's habeas petition contained no details regarding) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.22 Tw
(the factual circumstances of his capture or detention, other documents) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(that were part of the record asserted that Hamdi "went to Afghanistan) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.44 Tw
(to do `relief work,' and that he had been in that country less than two) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.26 Tw
(months before September 11, 2001, and could not have received mili-) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.83 Tw
(tary training." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Furthermore, Hamdi's father explained his view of) Tj
0 -12.8 Td
.03 Tw
(the case that Hamdi, who was 20 years old at the time, "was travel-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.27 Tw
(ing on his own for the first time," and "`[b]ecause of his lack of expe-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.42 Tw
(rience, he was trapped in Afghanistan once the military campaign) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
3.32 Tw
(began.'" ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 511-12 \(alteration in original\). The sole evidence) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
(offered by the government against Hamdi was contained in an affida-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.81 Tw
(vit from Michael Mobbs, the Special Advisor to the Under Secretary) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(of Defense for Policy \(the "Mobbs Declaration"\). ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 512. ) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
2.98 Tw
(In its review, a plurality of the Supreme Court first looked at) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
.99 Tw
(whether the detention of Hamdi, a U.S. citizen taken into custody in) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2 Tw
(Afghanistan as an enemy combatant, was authorized. Confining its) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.86 Tw
(holding to the specific factual scenario before it and expressing no) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.4 Tw
(view as to the bounds of the enemy-combatant category, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 516,) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.17 Tw
(the plurality held that Congress authorized the detention of enemy) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.62 Tw
(combatants, at least in the circumstances alleged in Hamdi's case, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(at 516-17.) Tj
12 -25.9 Td
.69 Tw
(The plurality then turned to the question of what process was con-) Tj
-12 -12.7 Td
1.35 Tw
(stitutionally due a citizen who, in a habeas proceeding, disputed his) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.29 Tw
(status as an enemy combatant, ultimately declining to adopt either the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.93 Tw
(narrow view of process advocated by the government or the broad) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.55 Tw
(view advocated by Hamdi. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 524-34. The plurality explained that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.97 Tw
("[b]oth of [the] positions highlight legitimate concerns. And both) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.26 Tw
(emphasize the tension that often exists between the autonomy that the) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.91 Tw
(Government asserts is necessary in order to pursue effectively a par-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.39 Tw
(ticular goal and the process that a citizen contends he is due before) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.91 Tw
(he is deprived of a constitutional right"; "[i]t is beyond question that) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.94 Tw
(substantial interests lie on both sides of the scale in this case." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.01 Tw
(528, 529. Recognizing that "the risk of erroneous deprivation of a citi-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
.46 Tw
(zen's liberty in the absence of sufficient process . . . [was] very real,") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.7 Td
1.54 Tw
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 530, the plurality held that a citizen-detainee seeking to chal-) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.93 Tw
(lenge his classification as an enemy combatant must \(1\) "receive) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(notice of the factual basis for his classification"; \(2\) be given "a fair) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
2.53 Tw
(opportunity to rebut the Government's factual assertions"; and \(3\)) Tj
0 -12.7 Td
1.34 Tw
(have this process conducted "before a neutral decisionmaker," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
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(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(533. But the plurality was quick to point out the consequences of the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(practical requirements attending the government's interests:) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
2.7 Tw
() Tj
8.62 Tw
( ) Tj
2.7 Tw
(At the same time, the exigencies of the circumstances) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.62 Tw
(may demand that, aside from these core elements, enemy-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.08 Tw
(combatant proceedings may be tailored to alleviate their) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.96 Tw
(uncommon potential to burden the Executive at a time of) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.48 Tw
(ongoing military conflict. Hearsay, for example, may need) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(to be accepted as the most reliable available evidence from) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(the Government in such a proceeding. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.2 Td
.44 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 533-34. In addition to allowing for hearsay in specified circum-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.89 Tw
(stances, the plurality recognized that a presumption in favor of the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(government's evidence could be acceptable:) Tj
22 -25.2 Td
.86 Tw
(Likewise, the Constitution would not be offended by a pre-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(sumption in favor of the Government's evidence, so long as) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.06 Tw
(that presumption remained a rebuttable one and fair oppor-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.93 Tw
(tunity for rebuttal were provided. Thus, once the Govern-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.97 Tw
(ment puts forth credible evidence that the habeas petitioner) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.93 Tw
(meets the enemy-combatant criteria, the onus could shift to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.93 Tw
(the petitioner to rebut that evidence with more persuasive) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(evidence that he falls outside the criteria. ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
-22 -25.2 Td
.39 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534. The plurality explained that such a burden-shifting scheme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
("would sufficiently address the `risk of an erroneous deprivation' of) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.57 Tw
(a detainee's liberty interest," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( \(quoting ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Mathews v. Eldridge) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 424) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.62 Tw
(U.S. 319, 335 \(1976\)\), and would "meet the goal of ensuring that the) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(errant tourist, embedded journalist, or local aid worker has a chance) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.61 Tw
(to prove military error while giving due regard to the Executive once) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.26 Tw
(it has put forth meaningful support for its conclusion that the detainee) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(is in fact an enemy combatant," ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.06 Tw
(Finally and particularly apropos here, the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality stated) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.06 Tw
(that "a habeas court in a case such as this may accept [hearsay] affida-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.76 Tw
(vit evidence like that contained in the Mobbs Declaration, so long as) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(it also permits the alleged combatant to present his own factual case) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.57 Tw
(to rebut the Government's return." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 538. Ulti-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.32 Tw
(mately, the plurality envisioned "a factfinding process that is both) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(prudent and incremental) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 539 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
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(ARRI) Tj
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( v. P) Tj
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(Here, the government detained al-Marri, based on facts much better) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.13 Tw
(developed and more detailed than those presented in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, and al-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.9 Tw
(Marri was given a habeas corpus process consistent with the process) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(described in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. He was given notice of the factual basis for his) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.51 Tw
(designation as an enemy combatant and "a meaningful opportunity to) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.09 Tw
(contest the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(factual basis) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( for that detention before a neutral decision-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(maker."*) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 509 \(emphasis added\). ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.8 Tw
(First, as for notice, al-Marri was provided the Rapp Declaration,) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(which contained a full statement of the factual basis for the govern-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.48 Tw
(ment's determination that he was an enemy combatant. The Rapp) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.61 Tw
(Declaration set forth clearly and comprehensively the government's) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(theory of the case, providing specific details of the basis for the gov-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ernment's assertions. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
3.07 Tw
(Second, al-Marri was undoubtedly given "a fair opportunity to) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.12 Tw
(rebut the Government's factual assertions." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.72 Tw
(In its statements to the district court, the government invited and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.19 Tw
(urged al-Marri "to actually respond in a substantive way to the factual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.23 Tw
(allegations" made by the government, observing that "[t]his is [al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(Marri's] opportunity to be heard on . . . his version of [the] events.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1 Tw
(That's the primary purpose for this process, as we read the Supreme) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(Court's ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( decision." \(J.A. 132-33, 134\). In addition, the district) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.04 Tw
(court directed al-Marri to respond to the government's factual asser-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(tions. In its December 19, 2005 order, the court instructed al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
("to file any rebuttal evidence [to the government's factual assertions]) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
10.5 -25.8 Td
.07 Tw
(*Al-Marri objects to the district court's denial of his motion for disclo-) Tj
-10.5 -11.4 Td
.71 Tw
(sure by the government of an array of sources and witnesses, and Judge) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.85 Tw
(Traxler's opinion suggests al-Marri may be entitled to such discovery) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.38 Tw
(even before placing any of the government's facts in dispute. But in a) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(factfinding process that is to be "both prudent and incremental," taking) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.42 Tw
(into account the Executive's unique interests in detaining enemy comba-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.58 Tw
(tants during wartime, ) Tj
/F4 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 10.5 Tf 104.7 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 539, it would be inappropriate) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
2.05 Tw
(for us to consider these discovery requests without first requiring the) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
.62 Tw
(petitioner to at least constructively respond to the government's detailed) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.09 Tw
(factual submission, particularly in a case such as this in which all rele-) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.24 Tw
(vant facts are within the petitioner's personal knowledge. Absent some) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.75 Tw
(credible theory to rebut the government's factual case, a court has no) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.82 Tw
(basis to contemplate further steps such as discovery or an evidentiary) Tj
0 -11.4 Td
1.05 Tw
(hearing. ) Tj
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(within sixty days from the date hereof." Yet, al-Marri did not respond) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.17 Tw
(in any substantive way. Even though he had been given the govern-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.06 Tw
(ment's factual assertions indeed, many months before the court) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
3.55 Tw
(ordered him to respond, during which time he had unmonitored) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.96 Tw
(access to his attorneys he still refused to provide any explanation) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.93 Tw
(to the court or to state his own version of the facts. Rather, his) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.54 Tw
(response was simply to give a general denial and to decline further) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(engagement in the process. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.29 Tw
(In ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the plurality stated that "once the Government puts forth) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
5.12 Tw
(credible evidence that the habeas petitioner meets the enemy-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.72 Tw
(combatant criteria" \(which could be satisfied by a hearsay affidavit) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.88 Tw
(such as the Rapp Declaration, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(see) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( 542 U.S. at 533-34, 538\), the bur-) Tj
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(den shifts to the detainee "to rebut that evidence ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(with more persuasive) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.24 Tw
(evidence that he falls outside the criteria) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 534 \(emphasis) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(added\). Al-Marri did not even attempt to carry this burden. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
.26 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( plurality explained that this burden-shifting scheme did) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.7 Tw
(not impose a large burden on the detainee but rather was designed to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.37 Tw
(allow him to show that he is an innocent "tourist, . . . journalist, or) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.15 Tw
(. . . aid worker." 542 U.S. at 534. The approach of this scheme was) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.67 Tw
("limited to [rebutting or challenging] the alleged combatant's acts.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
.68 Tw
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 535. Thus, this narrow focus required al-Marri only "to present) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.99 Tw
(his own factual case) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( to rebut the Government's return." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Id.) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( at 538) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
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(\(emphasis added\). Indeed, in this case, almost every important fact on) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(which the government relied was imputable to al-Marri directly and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(could be responded to through his own personal knowledge. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
1.44 Tw
(For example, the Rapp Declaration cited specific dates and times) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.4 Tw
(when the government alleged al-Marri was in specific places taking) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.02 Tw
(specific actions all facts that would have been known to al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.28 Tw
(personally. Al-Marri could thus have contested or explained, among) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.18 Tw
(other things: \(1\) the source of his financial support, if it was not al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.34 Tw
(Hawsawi, as alleged; \(2\) the assertions that he rarely attended his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(graduate courses and was in failing status; \(3\) the allegations that his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.65 Tw
(laptop computer contained research regarding the use of chemical) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.64 Tw
(weapons and poisons, as well as files concerning jihad and martyr-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.5 Tw
(dom, lectures of Osama bin Laden, and thousands of false credit card) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.32 Tw
(numbers and other fraudulent financial documents; and \(4\) the facts) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.18 Tw
(that he possessed and used telephone credit cards, telephone numbers,) Tj
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(216) Tj
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(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(and e-mail accounts connected to known al Qaeda operatives and) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.81 Tw
(leaders. Because the accuracy of these facts would have been known) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.58 Tw
(by al-Marri personally, he could have offered an explanation for or) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.3 Tw
(denial of each, if the government's characterizations and explanations) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.03 Tw
(were untrue. Yet, he chose to "respectfully decline" the district court's) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.53 Tw
("invitation" to respond to or contest them. His failure to rebut such) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.43 Tw
(facts amounted to a total failure to meet his burden under the burden-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.37 Tw
(shifting scheme of ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. As a result, there was nothing specific) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.17 Tw
(before the district court, and there remains nothing specific before our) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.95 Tw
(court, to dispute even the simplest of assertions against al-Marri,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.11 Tw
(despite the fact that he was given "a fair opportunity to rebut the Gov-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(ernment's assertions." ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.08 Tw
(Finally, the third prong of the process articulated in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( was ful-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
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(filled. Al-Marri unquestionably received the opportunity to challenge) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.58 Tw
(the government's factual assertions "before a neutral decisionmaker.") Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
1.67 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, 542 U.S. at 533. A duly appointed and experienced federal) Tj
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2.8 Tw
(district court judge entertained al-Marri's arguments regarding his) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.7 Tw
(habeas petition, and ultimately decided to reject them and deny his) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.03 Tw
(petition. There has been no allegation that the district court was in any) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
2.67 Tw
(way biased. Indeed, the court gave al-Marri ample opportunity to) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(make his case. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
.09 Tw
(In sum, al-Marri was given notice of the government's facts, allow-) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(ing for a presumption in its favor under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(; he was given a fair) Tj
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(opportunity to respond to the asserted facts; and his proceeding in) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.81 Tw
(which he could contest the facts was before a neutral decisionmaker.) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(This is all of the process that was due him under ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
158.1647 -25.2 Td
(B) Tj
-146.1647 -25.2 Td
1.62 Tw
(Although the district court in this case was functioning under 28) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.97 Tw
(U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.97 Tw
(2241 and was attempting at the same time to accommodate) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.7 Tw
(the process described in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, the process it actually afforded al-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(Marri readily comported with both ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.54 Tw
(2241 and ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, thus including) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(the elements described as essential in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.54 Tw
(The ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( Court allowed that some process short of that) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.33 Tw
(required by ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.33 Tw
(2241 process could be sufficient. Slip op. at 64 \(stating,) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.86 Tw
("we do not hold that an adequate substitute must duplicate ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.86 Tw
(2241 in) Tj
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1.1 Tw
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(217) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(all respects"\). It nonetheless found essential in any process employed) Tj
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.71 Tw
(that \(1\) the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(petitioner) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( be given the opportunity to submit exculpatory) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
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(evidence and to supplement the record on review; and \(2\) the ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(court) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.3 Td
.22 Tw
(have authority to assess the sufficiency of the government's evidence,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
2.28 Tw
(to receive the petitioner's exculpatory evidence, to supplement the) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.05 Tw
(record, to correct errors in the executive process, and to grant relief,) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(including release of the detainee. Slip op. at 57-58, 63. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.62 Tw
(The process in this case readily fulfilled these minimum require-) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
.32 Tw
(ments. Indeed, it satisfied all of those imposed by 28 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.32 Tw
(2241-) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.2 Tw
(2243. ) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
1.88 Tw
(Al-Marri was given a detailed 15-page statement of the facts ) Tj
-12 -12.3 Td
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(stated under oath on which the government was relying. Even) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
1.49 Tw
(though most, if not all, of the facts were within al-Marri's personal) Tj
0 -12.3 Td
.56 Tw
(knowledge, he elected not to dispute them or present other facts, giv-) Tj
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1.43 Tw
(ing instead only a general denial and a refusal to participate further) Tj
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1.25 Tw
(in the process. Likewise, he did not request that anything further be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.08 Tw
(included in the record. Thus, his challenge amounted to only a legal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.67 Tw
(challenge to the AUMF and the President's right to detain him under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.22 Tw
(the AUMF. Nevertheless, he was given the opportunity to raise fac-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.99 Tw
(tual disputes, and the court would have resolved them with a factual) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.94 Tw
(hearing, as it so advised al-Marri. The district court, operating under) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.23 Tw
() Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.23 Tw
(2241, had the full authority to receive evidence from al-Marri and) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(to supplement the record, and it urged al-Marri to respond to the facts.) Tj
12 -25.2 Td
2.66 Tw
(The court also understood that it had authority to rule that the) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
2.76 Tw
(detainment was illegal as a matter of law. With that authority, it) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.64 Tw
(devoted an entire memorandum to the issue, denying al-Marri's legal) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.34 Tw
(challenge. Had it sustained al-Marri's arguments, the court, as a) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.66 Tw
(habeas court, surely had the authority under ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.66 Tw
(2241 to fashion appro-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.51 Tw
(priate relief, including release. Indeed, it exercised this power at an) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.54 Tw
(earlier stage when it sanctioned the government by excluding consid-) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
1.16 Tw
(eration of classified information. In short, the court's process in this) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
3.45 Tw
(case was fully compliant with the essential process described in) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.4 Td
1.2 Tw
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. ) Tj
12 -25.3 Td
2.93 Tw
(In addition, the district court comported fully with the process) Tj
-12 -12.4 Td
.05 Tw
(required by ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
.05 Tw
(2241. Section 2243 requires that al-Marri's custodian be) Tj
0 -12.4 Td
.3 Tw
(ordered to file an answer \(a "return"\), "certifying the true cause of the) Tj
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1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(218) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
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(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
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(UCCIARELLI) Tj
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(detention." That order was issued in this case and the government) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(filed an answer, providing the "true cause of the detention." ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
.74 Tw
(Section 2243 also requires a hearing at which the detainee is pres-) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
1.03 Tw
(ent, "[u]nless the application for the writ and the return present only) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1 Tw
(issues of law." This too was satisfied. Since al-Marri raised no issue) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.26 Tw
(of fact, the hearings before the magistrate judge involved only legal) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(arguments. ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
.45 Tw
(Section 2243 requires that al-Marri be afforded the opportunity, by) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.11 Tw
(affidavit or otherwise under oath, to deny facts or to assert other facts.) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
(This opportunity was given him, but al-Marri opted not to take advan-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(tage of it. ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
1.01 Tw
(Finally, ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.01 Tw
(2243 requires the court to "dispose of the matter as law) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.89 Tw
(and justice require." This the court did. In disposing of the matter as) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.72 Tw
(law and justice required, the district court accepted the government's) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.62 Tw
(facts as true it had no others before it and concluded, based on) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.25 Tw
(those facts, that as a matter of law al-Marri was legally detained by) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(the President under the AUMF. ) Tj
12 -23.9 Td
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(Al-Marri received the process described in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Boumediene) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(,) Tj
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(and 28 U.S.C. ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.34 Tw
(2241-2243. That he elected not to contest facts to) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.64 Tw
(require their further development was ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(his choice) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(, not a denial of pro-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.09 Tw
(cess. And on his purely legal challenge he received a full hearing with) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
1.2 Tw
(a reasoned disposition. ) Tj
156.2557 -23.9 Td
(III) Tj
-144.2557 -23.9 Td
.57 Tw
(With respect to the legal question decided by the district court that) Tj
-12 -11.7 Td
.44 Tw
(al-Marri was legally detained under the AUMF based on the facts the) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.74 Tw
(government presented, I agree with the opinions of Chief Judge Wil-) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
3.2 Tw
(liams, Judge Wilkinson, and Judge Traxler, which conclude that,) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.59 Tw
(based on the Rapp Declaration, the President had the power to detain) Tj
0 -11.7 Td
.61 Tw
(al-Marri as an enemy combatant under the AUMF and that the Presi-) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
.07 Tw
(dent lawfully exercised that power in detaining al-Marri. I specifically) Tj
0 -11.8 Td
1.2 Tw
(join Part II of Judge Traxler's opinion, laying out the reasons. ) Tj
155.9337 -23.9 Td
(IV) Tj
-143.9337 -23.9 Td
1.91 Tw
(Accordingly, I concur in that part of the judgment affirming the) Tj
-12 -11.8 Td
3.92 Tw
(district court's conclusion that the President possessed the legal) Tj
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0 Tc
(219) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
( v. P) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(UCCIARELLI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
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(authority under the AUMF to detain al-Marri as an enemy combatant) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.61 Tw
(and that he did so in accordance with the AUMF. I dissent, however,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.79 Tw
(from the decision to vacate the district court's dismissal order and to) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.49 Tw
(remand this case to the district court to provide al-Marri with more) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.95 Tw
(process to contest his detention. In my judgment, because al-Marri) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.68 Tw
(has already received a ) Tj
0 Tw
( ) Tj
1.68 Tw
(2241 habeas process, such a remand order) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.12 Tw
(leads only to duplicative process, unnecessarily protracting the consti-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.33 Tw
(tutionally fair and adequate process that the district court already pro-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(vided al-Marri. ) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
(Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the district court. ) Tj
-12 -25.5 Td
1.6 Tw
(DUNCAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:) Tj
12 -25.5 Td
1 Tw
(I agree with the majority of my colleagues today that, if the Gov-) Tj
-12 -12.5 Td
1.32 Tw
(ernment's allegations about al-Marri are true, Congress has empow-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.67 Tw
(ered the President to detain him as an enemy combatant. However,) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.88 Tw
(with ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( as a guidepost, I am unable to conclude that the process) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
(afforded al-Marri thus far was insufficient. Indeed, the government's) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.73 Tw
(evidence, in the form of the Rapp Declaration, was far more detailed) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.13 Tw
(than that proffered in ) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
(. Further, as noted by Chief Judge Wil-) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.49 Tw
(liams and Judge Niemeyer, the magistrate judge and the district court) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.25 Tw
(in fact accommodated al-Marri's only specific requestthat the Rapp) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.92 Tw
(Declaration be substantially declassified to provide him with better) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.33 Tw
(notice of the factual basis for his detention. In the face of the Rapp) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.01 Tw
(Declaration's specific and comprehensive allegations \(which, as Chief) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
3.41 Tw
(Judge Williams and Judge Niemeyer point out, relate to matters) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.85 Tw
(uniquely within al-Marri's knowledge\), it is al-Marri's unilateral and) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
.25 Tw
(absolute refusal to participate in the incremental process suggested by) Tj
/F4 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
0 -12.5 Td
.52 Tw
(Hamdi) Tj
/F2 11.5 Tf 100 Tz
( that warrants affirmance. For that reason, with due respect for) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.63 Tw
(the varying views presented by my colleagues, I also concur in the) Tj
0 -12.5 Td
1.2 Tw
(separate opinion authored by Chief Judge Williams.) Tj
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144 -148.5 Td
1.1 Tw
0 Tc
(220) Tj
105.3934 0 Td
(A) Tj
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.79 Tw
(L) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
(-M) Tj
/F2 7.7 Tf 101.2 Tz
.79 Tw
(ARRI) Tj
/F2 11 Tf 100 Tz
0 Ts
1.1 Tw
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